freemartinn.

Brit.

/ˈfriːˌmɑːtɪn/, U.S.

/ˈfriˌmɑrtn/

Forms: 1600s– freemartin, 1800s freemarten (English regional (Dorset)).

Origin: Of unknown origin.

Etymology: Origin unknown. The first element perhaps shows free adj., although the semantic motivation is unclear. With the second element perhaps compare Irish mart carcass of beef, live heifer or bullock fattened for slaughter, live piece of cattle, in Early Irish in sense ‘killing, butchery, victim of butchery, meat (esp. beef)’ ( < the base of marb dead (see murder n.¹), perhaps influenced by classical Latin mort- , mors death or mortuus dead: see mort n.¹).

1. A female calf that is born as a twin to a male calf and is partly masculinized in anatomy and typically sterile, apparently from the action of male hormones in the womb; an adult animal of this kind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > cow > [noun] > freemartin

freemartin1681

martin1695

twin-barren1778

1583 R. Madox Diary 22 Feb. in D. Callaghan Shakespeare Without Women (2000) ii. 71 Went to the theatre to see a scurvie play set out by one virgin, which proved a fyemartin [perh. read fremartin] without voice.]

1681 London Gaz. No. 1651/4 The Heifer..is supposed to be Spaied, or else a Free-Martin.

1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. vii. 447 If a Cow has Two Calves at a Birth, Male and Female, the Female, which when grown up is called in some places, for what reason I know not, a free Martin, is always barren, never goes to Bull, and has Horns as large as those of Oxen.

1779 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 69 286 The bellow of the free martin is similar to that of an ox.

1869 W. McCombie Cattle & Cattle-breeders (ed. 2) v. 118 The almost universal belief is, that the free-martin will not breed; and generally this holds good. I have had, however,..two free-martins that have bred.

1880 Times 7 Dec. 10/2 Sir C. M. Lampson's Gwynne heifer..seems a free-martin—so masculine is it in appearance. It, however, takes first prize.

1917 Jrnl. Exper. Zool. 23 371 (title) The free-martin; a study of the action of sex hormones in the foetal life of cattle.

1965 F. Gerrard Macgregor's Struct. Meat Animals (ed. 2) x. 188 Not all non-identical twin calves are freemartins, probably not more than one in eight, but the phenomenon is sufficiently common for farmers to dislike cattle of twinning strains.

1994 H. Nyborg Hormones, Sex, & Soc. vi. 71 This phenomenon has been referred to as the inter-sex freemartin syndrome and is routinely noted in multiple births in cows.

2. A sterile female of this kind occurring in another species, esp. sheep; (in works of fiction) a human female of this kind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > genus Ovus > [noun] > Ovus Aries (domestic sheep) > female > unfit for or unable to breed or inferior

crock1528

freemartina1722

draft ewe1794

shot1796

draft1844

yeld1856

a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 361 An ewe-sheep, that is a free-martin..has a..lanker bearing than other sheep.

1916 Science 28 Apr. 612/2 Bateson states that sterile free-martins are found also in sheep, but rarely.

1929 Amer. Naturalist 63 136 The tortoiseshell tomcat may be in reality a freemartin, in which masculinization is more complete than in cattle.

1932 A. Huxley Brave New World xi. 191 Most of our girls are freemartins, of course... But we have about eight hundred unsterilized ones.

1984 P. O'Brian Far Side of World i. 27 She would not stomach an open affront from anyone on earth, man, woman, or freemartin.

1995 Nature 20 Apr. 684/3 Freemartins are rarely found in other species such as sheep and goats, and the condition seems to be absent in primates.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	freemartin
释义	freemartinn. Brit. /ˈfriːˌmɑːtɪn/, U.S. /ˈfriˌmɑrtn/ Forms: 1600s– freemartin, 1800s freemarten (English regional (Dorset)). Origin: Of unknown origin. Etymology: Origin unknown. The first element perhaps shows free adj., although the semantic motivation is unclear. With the second element perhaps compare Irish mart carcass of beef, live heifer or bullock fattened for slaughter, live piece of cattle, in Early Irish in sense ‘killing, butchery, victim of butchery, meat (esp. beef)’ ( < the base of marb dead (see murder n.¹), perhaps influenced by classical Latin mort- , mors death or mortuus dead: see mort n.¹). 1. A female calf that is born as a twin to a male calf and is partly masculinized in anatomy and typically sterile, apparently from the action of male hormones in the womb; an adult animal of this kind. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > cow > [noun] > freemartin freemartin1681 martin1695 twin-barren1778 1583 R. Madox Diary 22 Feb. in D. Callaghan Shakespeare Without Women (2000) ii. 71 Went to the theatre to see a scurvie play set out by one virgin, which proved a fyemartin [perh. read fremartin] without voice.] 1681 London Gaz. No. 1651/4 The Heifer..is supposed to be Spaied, or else a Free-Martin. 1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. vii. 447 If a Cow has Two Calves at a Birth, Male and Female, the Female, which when grown up is called in some places, for what reason I know not, a free Martin, is always barren, never goes to Bull, and has Horns as large as those of Oxen. 1779 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 69 286 The bellow of the free martin is similar to that of an ox. 1869 W. McCombie Cattle & Cattle-breeders (ed. 2) v. 118 The almost universal belief is, that the free-martin will not breed; and generally this holds good. I have had, however,..two free-martins that have bred. 1880 Times 7 Dec. 10/2 Sir C. M. Lampson's Gwynne heifer..seems a free-martin—so masculine is it in appearance. It, however, takes first prize. 1917 Jrnl. Exper. Zool. 23 371 (title) The free-martin; a study of the action of sex hormones in the foetal life of cattle. 1965 F. Gerrard Macgregor's Struct. Meat Animals (ed. 2) x. 188 Not all non-identical twin calves are freemartins, probably not more than one in eight, but the phenomenon is sufficiently common for farmers to dislike cattle of twinning strains. 1994 H. Nyborg Hormones, Sex, & Soc. vi. 71 This phenomenon has been referred to as the inter-sex freemartin syndrome and is routinely noted in multiple births in cows. 2. A sterile female of this kind occurring in another species, esp. sheep; (in works of fiction) a human female of this kind. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > genus Ovus > [noun] > Ovus Aries (domestic sheep) > female > unfit for or unable to breed or inferior crock1528 freemartina1722 draft ewe1794 shot1796 draft1844 yeld1856 a1722 E. Lisle Observ. Husbandry (1757) 361 An ewe-sheep, that is a free-martin..has a..lanker bearing than other sheep. 1916 Science 28 Apr. 612/2 Bateson states that sterile free-martins are found also in sheep, but rarely. 1929 Amer. Naturalist 63 136 The tortoiseshell tomcat may be in reality a freemartin, in which masculinization is more complete than in cattle. 1932 A. Huxley Brave New World xi. 191 Most of our girls are freemartins, of course... But we have about eight hundred unsterilized ones. 1984 P. O'Brian Far Side of World i. 27 She would not stomach an open affront from anyone on earth, man, woman, or freemartin. 1995 Nature 20 Apr. 684/3 Freemartins are rarely found in other species such as sheep and goats, and the condition seems to be absent in primates. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1681
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