followingn.¹

Brit.

/ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/

Forms: see follow v. and -ing suffix¹; also Old English fylgincg- (Northumbrian, inflected form), Old English fylging (Northumbrian), Old English fyliging- (inflected form).

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian folginge , Middle Dutch volginge (Dutch volging ), Middle Low German volginge , volgunge , Old High German folgunga (early modern German volgunge , folgung ), all < the Germanic base of follow v. + the Germanic base of -ing suffix¹.With sense 2 compare Old English æfterfylgung in the sense ‘sect’ (rare; compare after- prefix). With the variation of the verbal stem in the derived noun in the older Germanic languages compare discussion of stem class at follow v.

1. The action of follow v. (in various senses); an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > following behind > [noun] > pursuit

chase1297

suitc1300

pursuita1387

chasingc1440

prosecution1567

dogging1611

pursuement1615

followinga1649

pursuance1648

pursual1797

the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > following behind > [noun]

following1801

OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 16 [P]raesta, quesumus, omnipotens deus, ut familia tua, quę se..ab alimentis abstinet, sectando iustitiam, a culpa ieiunet : gionn ue bidd' allmæhtig God þætte higo ðin ða ðe hia..from giriordum gihaldað mið fylginge soðfæstnise from synne gifeasta.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Prov. xi. 19 Noble mercy shal greiþen lijf: and folewyng [L. sectatio] of euelis deþ.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 27832 O couaitise..cums..fals foluing, fals wittnesing.

R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 66 In filoing of vertew.

1553 Articles agreed on by Bishoppes 1552 viii Originall Sinne standeth not in the following of Adam.

a1649 W. Drummond Hist. Scotl. (1655) 212 That the chase and following of Hereticks is more necessary than that of Infidels.

1747 J. J. Hornyold Sacraments Explain'd 39 There is no following of Christ without taking up his Cross.

1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod i. i. 13 Queen Elizabeth..frequently indulged herself in following of the hounds.

1836 W. Dunlap Thirty Years Ago II. viii. 87 What have you seen in me that could induce you to persecute me with your detestable doggings and followings?

1936 W. Pach Vincent van Gogh 38 The best drawing results not from a following of the outline of an object.

2002 D. Mann Struct. Idealism i. 41 There is more to social action than the mere following of rules.

2. concrete. A body of followers; a group of attendants, supporters, admirers, adherents, etc.; followers collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > retainer or follower > [noun] > collective or retinue

hirdc888

douthOE

gingc1175

folkc1275

hirdfolcc1275

tail1297

meiniec1300

routc1325

suitc1325

peoplec1330

leading1382

retinuea1387

repairc1390

retenancea1393

farneta1400

to-draughta1400

sembly14..

sequelc1420

manya1425

followingc1429

affinity?1435

family1438

train1489

estatec1500

port1545

retain1548

equipage1579

suite1579

attendancy1586

attendance1607

tendancea1616

sequacesa1660

cortège1679

c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 1879 Abraham and his fylowing discomfit thaym be Gods grace.

c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 2 (MED) Prechynge es in a place where es clepynge to-gedyr or foluynge of pepyl in holy dayes in chyrches.

1695 B. Blair in R. Blackmore Hist. Conspiracy (1723) 117 He was a Man of great following and Interest in his Country.

1830 W. Scott Old Mortality xviii, in Tales of my Landlord (new ed.) II. 276 The unfortunate Duke of Monmouth, who had..a numerous following, as it was called, in the southern parts of that kingdom.

1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars i. 39 Before a week was out they..had started lectures and secured a large following.

1929 H. W. Haggard Devils, Drugs, & Doctors xv. 352 If a theory thus palpably based upon superstition were enthusiastically introduced today it would still obtain a following.

1994 Guardian 7 Jan. ii. 28/1 ‘Manga’ (Japanese for comic strip) has a huge following in Japan in both magazine and video form.

Compounds

With adverbs, in compound nouns of action corresponding to adverbial combinations of follow (see follow v. Phrasal verbs 1).

following on n. [after to follow on at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1]

ΚΠ

1569 W. Samuel Abridgem. Olde Test.: 1 Chron. vi. sig. K.i^v Folowing on of Leuies ligne expressed is at large.

1684 W. Tomlinson Synopsis 19 Now, where this new birth is, there will be a following on to know the Lord.

2006 S. Schweizer Well, I Wonder xii. 199 These are not punishments, but merely reasonable followings-on from certain behaviour.

following out n. [after to follow out at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1]

ΚΠ

1582 in D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1843) III. 678 The prosecutioun and following out of the said good and godlie caus..is..most acceptable to all that feare the Majestie of God aright.

1891 Eng. Hist. Rev. 6 422 (note) The complete following out of the Frank idea..was reserved for Henry II.

2000 Ploughshares Spring 207 It is a following out of implications latent in the work at least since Quoof, and the effect on the poetry culture has been tonic.

following through n. [after to follow through at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1]

ΚΠ

1870 Vermont Watchman & State Jrnl. 30 Mar. The argument on this point, either for producing grasses for pasturage or hay, is too self-evident to require following through.

1907 Science 13 Sept. 350/2 The Carnegie Institution, one of the chief functions of which is to discover just such ‘leads’ and provide for their following through to a successful issue.

2015 Times & Transcript (New Brunswick) (Nexis) 2 Apr. a9 We need a following through on government's commitment to restore the funding.

following up n. [after to follow up at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1]

ΚΠ

1767 L. Sterne Let. 19 Sept. in Lett. 1765–8 (2009) 619 The following up of that affair (I mean farming) made me lose my temper, and a cart load of turneps was (I thought) very dear at two hundred pounds.

1837 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey (new ed.) in Wks 17/1 How beautiful he fought..! his stops quick as lightning! and his followings up confounding his adversary!

1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. viii. 143 The following-up of a series of acts.

2005 Å. G. Dahlstedt & A. Persson in A. Aurum & C. Wohlin Engin. & managing Software Requirements i. v. 102 The system should support a following up of the customer orders after their delivery.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

followingadj.n.²

Brit.

/ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/

Forms: see follow v. and -ing suffix².

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: follow v., -ing suffix².

Etymology: < follow v. + -ing suffix².With sense A. 3 compare classical Latin ventus secundus following wind.

A. adj.

a. That comes after or next in order, sequence, or time; succeeding, subsequent, ensuing.In most collocations the adjective may either precede or follow the noun, e.g. in the following year, (somewhat less frequently) in the year following.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > succession or following in time > [adjective] > succeeding or subsequent

followingOE

afterOE

nextOE

suinga1325

suant1422

succedentc1450

after-comingc1454

secondary1471

subsequent1472

succeeding1561

supervenient1565

subsequent1568

consequent1581

proceeding1592

ensuing1604

subsecutive1611

sequenta1616

insequentc1620

postliminious1625

sequel1632

postnate1638

supervening1640

descending1642

forward1643

postventional1645

yondersa1650

succrescent1653

pedissequous1657

subsequential1657

assequent1659

post-nated1659

posthume1662

posterious1672

survenient1677

succedent1688

postliminous1714

first1746

sequelled1805

postliminary1826

thereafter1830

descensive1882

akoluthic1889

the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > preceding or following in order > [adjective] > coming next in order

othereOE

followingOE

nextc1300

succeeding1838

OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark xvi. 20 Domino cooperante et sermonem confirmante sequentibus signis : drihtne miðwyrcende & þæt word trymende mið fylgendum becenum uel tacenum.

OE Regularis Concordia (Tiber.) (1993) lxvi. 139 Residentes circa corpus die noctuque sequenti : sittende abutan þæt lic on dæge & nihte fyligendre.

c1396 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 234 Þe friday folwynge in þe same Woke of Estarne.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11378 Þe nest yeire Foluand.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Macc. xii. 39 Vpon the daye folowinge.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 278 Living Carcasses design'd For death, the following day, in bloodie fight.

1742 S. Johnson in J. Swan tr. T. Sydenham Entire Wks. p. ix How unlikely it is..that he should have leisure to continue the same office upon all following occasions.

1829 F. Marryat Naval Officer III. iii. 68 They were asked in church the Sunday following.

1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. iv. 46 A sibilant with following palatal mute.

1906 Brit. Jrnl. Dental Sci. 49 1018 He..had rarely seen a man who took three or four prizes in the medical schools fail to maintain a leading position in his following career.

2012 Guardian 13 Dec. 42/2 Shankar gave his first concert in 1939, and the following year began giving recitals.

b. Introducing a statement, list, etc.: that is about to be set forth, mentioned, or recounted.In early use also as postmodifier, as the chapter following.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adjective] > that which follows (in a book, etc.)

following1340

underwritten1389

underfollowing14..

sequent1575

under-mentioned1640

below-mentioned1665

below1822

underhanded1884

postludial1935

the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > preceding or following in order > [adjective] > coming next in order > that now follows

following1340

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 1 Þise byeþ þe capiteles of þe boc uolȝinde.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) §458 The speces of this pas shullen ben moore largely declared in hir chapitres folwynge.

1504 W. Copulldyke Will in B. Cusack Everyday Eng. 1500–1700 (1998) 327 I William Cupuldyke of haryngtonn..makys my testament & last Wille in this maner and forme folyng.

1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler To Rdr. sig. A5 I think fit to tell thee these following truths.

1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 152. ⁋2 My Friend answered what I said in the following manner.

1804 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 2) I. 599 The following bodies have the property of converting nitric oxide into nitrous oxide.

1941 N. Coward Could you please oblige us with Bren Gun? in Compl. Lyrics (1998) 205/1 He wrote the following letter to the Minister of Supply.

2014 L. Webster Workbook: Pharmacy Pract. Today vii. 30 Based on what you have learned in the textbook, answer the following questions.

c. Ensuing or arising as an effect, consequence, or inference; resulting. Now chiefly in collocation with logically.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adjective]

corollaryc1449

consequent1509

resulting?a1560

sequent1575

pursuant1593

following1594

ensuing1604

eventual1607

attendant1617

emergentc1619

resultant1639

resultative1645

consecutive1647

reflexed1653

redundant1654

reflex1654

consequential1655

resultive1655

attending1682

propter hoc1889

ensuant1897

sequential1899

pursuivant1941

1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. C1^v In his inward mind he doth debate, What following sorrow may on this arise.

1687 T. Shadwell tr. Juvenal Tenth Satyr x. 46 The Conquerors used to put the following spoyls upon the stumps of Trees, which were call'd Trophies.

1897 Twentieth Cent. 25 Dec. 12/1 If you possess that readiness and broadness of mind, which listens to arguments patiently, weighs them impartially, and accepts the logically following conclusions.

2006 Univ. Toronto Law Jrnl. 56 219 We have this right and the logically following right to defend ourselves from attacks on our external freedom.

†2. Conformable, corresponding; matching in appearance. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [adjective]

followingc1400

conformable1526

conform1553

pursuant1593

conformala1645

fashionable1657

persecutory1774

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 859 Tapyteȝ tyȝt to þe woȝe, of Tuly & Tars, & vnder fete, on þe flet, of folȝande sute.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 145 His wombe & his wast were worthily smale, & alle his fetures folȝande in forme.

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 502 Willingis and nyllingis and gode affecciouns, and þe oþere werkis þerto comaundable and folewing.

3. Of wind or tide: moving in the same direction as the course of a ship, aeroplane, or other object in motion.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > direction of sea > [adjective] > in direction of ship's course

followinga1522

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > favourable (of wind)

fairlOE

likinga1387

menablea1393

goodc1425

merrya1571

furthering1599

foreright1605

following1839

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of wind > [adjective] > types of wind for sailing

fairlOE

contraryc1384

favourablec1460

prosperous1555

scant1600

crossa1617

baffling1778

adverse1807

following1839

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iii. ii. l. 123 The followand wynd blew strek in our tail [L. prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis].

1661 T. Ross Contin. iii. 70 in tr. Silius Italicus Second Punick War While Fortune, that..inclin'd To favour Hannibal, extends his Sails With following Gusts so, that his speed prevails, And bears his Gally on against his Fo.

1810 Naval Chron. 23 406 Though our ship had but little sail set, yet we went at the rate of nine miles an hour: for she was assisted by a high following sea.

1839 F. Marryat Phantom Ship I. viii. 171 You may sail for weeks with a cloudless sky and a following breeze, without starting tack or sheet.

1925 Flight 2 Apr. 200/2 The planes, urged on by the following wind, were some two hours ahead of schedule.

1966 C. Middlecoff in L. Robinson & J. Graham Golfer's Digest 86 (caption) In a strong following wind over 20 miles-an-hour, a 2 Wood or a 3 Wood will usually produce more carry off the tee.

2005 G. M. Flynn Currach Race & Other Stories viii. 70 The extra length would improve speed especially in a following wind.

4. With reference to motion: that follows behind a person or thing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > following behind > [adjective]

following1546

sequenta1625

1546 tr. A. P. Gasser Prognostication sig. b.iii^v Venus the folowyng mayde of the sunne.

1633 W. Watts Swedish Intelligencer: 3rd & 4th Pts. iv. 14 Some of his horse, and 2 Commissaries..being sent over Triers bridge into the Huntsruck, to discover the posture of the Rhinegrave, and to make provisions for the following Armie: were light upon by the Swedish.

1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xiv. 489 His following Shield the fallen Chief o'erspread.

1796 Instr. & Regulations Cavalry 165 The three's wheel from the pivot flank, which then becomes the following one.

1830 P. E. Butler Raymond i. xiv. 2 He look'd not on his following child; And forth impetuous rush'd again.

2014 L. Elefteriadou Introd. to Traffic Flow Theory ii. 32 The following vehicle must take care not to collide with the vehicle in front.

5. Astronomy. Of a celestial object: situated to the east of another object in the sky; having a higher right ascension than another. Also (of a point on a celestial object, esp. the sun): coming into view after another point in the course, as a consequence of the object's rotation. Contrasted with preceding adj. 3.Earlier currency of this sense is perhaps indicated by quot. 1546 at sense A. 4.

ΚΠ

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iv. xxxi. f. 229^v (table) The first starre of the taile of Capricorne... The following starre thereof.

1620 tr. P. Du Moulin Anat. Arminianisme xvii. 118 For if the rising starre doth in order goe before the following starre, doth therefore the latter rest on the former?

1722 E. Halley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 113 The interval of time between the Transit thereof, and that of the following Star.

1829 Edinb. Jrnl. Sci. 10 292 The following side of the brighter portion of the nebula.

1915 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1 383 The preceding (western) spot of a bipolar group usually lasts longer than the following spot.

1992 K. J. H. Phillips Guide to Sun (1995) iii. 106 As sunspot groups start to decay, the areas of magnetic polarity associated with the following spots move to higher latitudes.

2005 S. Dunlop Atlas Night Sky 6/2 Whatever the orientation of the image, preceding objects will move away from the center of the field, while following ones will approach it.

a. Designating stone, dirt, etc., that forms the roof of a coal seam and comes away with the coal. Also: designating such a roof.

ΚΠ

1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. i. 73 Sometimes the stratum of lime is the immediate roof of the coal, and sometimes there is a thin argillaceous stratum or following clod a foot thick, less or more, found betwixt the stratum of lime and the stratum of coal.

1820 Edinb. Encycl. (1830) XIV. 353/1 When a coal has a following or roof stone, which comes regularly away with the coal, this renders the work easy.

1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining Following dirt, loose shale, etc., in a thin bed forming the roof of a coal seam.

1967 Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) xi. 8 Following roof, a layer of roof which falls as coal is excavated, or soon after.

2002 Proc. 21st Internat. Conf. Ground Control in Mining 57 The continuous increase in the specific support resistance of the shield supports has..dramatically reduced the number of production stoppages due to cases of following roof or overbreak on the coal face.

b. Designating a wheel or gear to which no motive force is applied; designating a wheel or gear that receives motion from another (driving) wheel or gear. Cf. trailing adj. 2a.

ΚΠ

1806 J. Prosser Brit. Patent 2982 (1856) 4 When a pinion is required on the axis or side of the first worm wheel d, for the increase of power, the teeth of the following wheels may be cut straight.

1895 Proc. Electr. Soc. Cornell University 2 74 The following gear has a hollow axle, through which a bar holding the drill moves.

1906 Hoisting Appliances (Internat. Corr. Schools) iii. 25 The following wheel f is coupled to the main wheel by a pair of parallel rods, one on each side.

2011 H. Klee & R. Allen Simulation Dynamic Syst. (ed. 2) ii. 73 The following gear does not move until contact is made after the leading gear is displaced.

B. n.²

With the. That which is about to be mentioned or specified. Also: (with plural agreement) those which are about to be mentioned.

ΚΠ

1448 Acct. in Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæol. Jrnl. (1907) 13 49 The folwyng partayne to the Alter of the Blessed Marie in le Jesan. Fyrst a palle of Rede wt lyonnes of gold embroudyd.

1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 15 The practise of this and the following is easily performed by the help of a square.

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. xvii. 225 The following..may not, as an example, be unworthy of notice.

1838 E. W. Lane in tr. Thousand & One Nights (1839) I. ii. Notes 123 Among the more common dishes are the following:—lamb or mutton cut into small pieces, [etc.].

1921 Ohio Teacher Nov. 112/1 Who wrote the following: And wisest is he in this whole wide land?

2009 S. M. Spann Tax Resol. ii. 53 A list of current estimated value of your assets might include the following: home, personal assets, collectibles, jewelry.

Compounds

following edge n. the rear edge of a moving body, esp. a propeller blade.

ΚΠ

1764 J. Robertson Elements Navigation (ed. 2) I. v. vii. 266 Mark the times shown by the clock, when the preceding edge of the sun touches each of the wires; and also when the following edge touches those wires.

1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. Following edge, that edge of the blade of a screw propeller which leaves the water behind it, as distinguished from the leading edge.

1970 Motor Boating Apr. 55/1 The wood rudder was sanded until the following edge had become sharp.

2017 Jrnl. Coastal Res. 33 354/1 The pressure at the leading edge was greater than that at the following edge on the face of the blades.

following shot n. Cinematography a shot during which the camera follows or tracks the movements of a subject; cf. tracking shot n. at tracking n.¹ Compounds.

ΚΠ

1961 Hudson Rev. 14 273 After watching them for half an hour you'd not be too surprised by a following-shot fifty feet above the ground, implacably recording their hand-over-hand passage through the tree-tops.

1998 L. Forbes Bombay Ice (1999) 341 An opening scene something like Hitchcock's Strangers on a Train, with a series of symbolic following shots on feet going first one way and then the other.

2018 @kevinburden 20 May in twitter.com (accessed 22 Oct. 2019) There was a Russian film which was just that, one long following shot.

† following state n. Grammar Obsolete the objective case (see objective adj. 7).

ΚΠ

1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 104 The Pronouns have a twofold State... The first State we shall call the Foregoing State, as, I, We; the second State we shall call the Following State, as, Me, Us.

1793 J. Nicholson Rudim. of Eng. Gram. 33 A preposition has the following state of a pronoun after it.

following stroke n. Billiards and Croquet a stroke which causes the cue ball (in billiards) or player's ball (in croquet) to roll on after the ball which it has set in motion.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > croquet > [noun] > types of stroke

following stroke1837

rush1868

stop-stroke1868

cut1874

cut-over1874

jump-stroke1874

take-off1874

tice1874

passing croquet1877

split1896

split stroke1897

passing stroke1901

jump shot1909

Hong Kong1957

split shot1975

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > billiards, pool, or snooker > [noun] > actions or types of play > type of stroke

hazard1674

carambole1775

carom1779

cannon1802

screw1825

sidestroke1834

following stroke1837

cannonade1844

five-stroke1847

follow1850

scratch1850

fluke1857

jenny1857

bank shot1859

angle shot1860

draw shot1860

six-stroke1861

run-through1862

spot1868

quill1869

dead-stroke1873

loser1873

push1873

push stroke1873

stab1873

stab screw1873

draw1881

force1881

plant1884

anchor cannon1893

massé1901

angle1902

cradle-cannon1907

pot1907

jump shot1909

carry-along1913

snooker1924

1837 D. Walker Games & Sports i. ii. 83 There is no following stroke after a cannon.

1868 W. J. Whitmore Croquet Tactics 15 In making a following stroke, the player must follow with the mallet head, as a person follows with the cue at billiards.

1938 Times of India 1 Sept. 15/4 His ability to nurse the balls for a following stroke enabled him to pile up points.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	following
释义	followingn.¹ Brit. /ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/ Forms: see follow v. and -ing suffix¹; also Old English fylgincg- (Northumbrian, inflected form), Old English fylging (Northumbrian), Old English fyliging- (inflected form). Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian folginge , Middle Dutch volginge (Dutch volging ), Middle Low German volginge , volgunge , Old High German folgunga (early modern German volgunge , folgung ), all < the Germanic base of follow v. + the Germanic base of -ing suffix¹.With sense 2 compare Old English æfterfylgung in the sense ‘sect’ (rare; compare after- prefix). With the variation of the verbal stem in the derived noun in the older Germanic languages compare discussion of stem class at follow v. 1. The action of follow v. (in various senses); an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > following behind > [noun] > pursuit chase1297 suitc1300 pursuita1387 chasingc1440 prosecution1567 dogging1611 pursuement1615 followinga1649 pursuance1648 pursual1797 the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > following behind > [noun] following1801 OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 16 [P]raesta, quesumus, omnipotens deus, ut familia tua, quę se..ab alimentis abstinet, sectando iustitiam, a culpa ieiunet : gionn ue bidd' allmæhtig God þætte higo ðin ða ðe hia..from giriordum gihaldað mið fylginge soðfæstnise from synne gifeasta. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1965) Prov. xi. 19 Noble mercy shal greiþen lijf: and folewyng [L. sectatio] of euelis deþ. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 27832 O couaitise..cums..fals foluing, fals wittnesing. R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 66 In filoing of vertew. 1553 Articles agreed on by Bishoppes 1552 viii Originall Sinne standeth not in the following of Adam. a1649 W. Drummond Hist. Scotl. (1655) 212 That the chase and following of Hereticks is more necessary than that of Infidels. 1747 J. J. Hornyold Sacraments Explain'd 39 There is no following of Christ without taking up his Cross. 1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod i. i. 13 Queen Elizabeth..frequently indulged herself in following of the hounds. 1836 W. Dunlap Thirty Years Ago II. viii. 87 What have you seen in me that could induce you to persecute me with your detestable doggings and followings? 1936 W. Pach Vincent van Gogh 38 The best drawing results not from a following of the outline of an object. 2002 D. Mann Struct. Idealism i. 41 There is more to social action than the mere following of rules. 2. concrete. A body of followers; a group of attendants, supporters, admirers, adherents, etc.; followers collectively. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > retainer or follower > [noun] > collective or retinue hirdc888 douthOE gingc1175 folkc1275 hirdfolcc1275 tail1297 meiniec1300 meiniec1300 routc1325 suitc1325 peoplec1330 leading1382 retinuea1387 repairc1390 retenancea1393 farneta1400 to-draughta1400 sembly14.. sequelc1420 manya1425 followingc1429 affinity?1435 family1438 train1489 estatec1500 port1545 retain1548 equipage1579 suite1579 attendancy1586 attendance1607 tendancea1616 sequacesa1660 cortège1679 c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 1879 Abraham and his fylowing discomfit thaym be Gods grace. c1450 Speculum Christiani (Harl. 6580) (1933) 2 (MED) Prechynge es in a place where es clepynge to-gedyr or foluynge of pepyl in holy dayes in chyrches. 1695 B. Blair in R. Blackmore Hist. Conspiracy (1723) 117 He was a Man of great following and Interest in his Country. 1830 W. Scott Old Mortality xviii, in Tales of my Landlord (new ed.) II. 276 The unfortunate Duke of Monmouth, who had..a numerous following, as it was called, in the southern parts of that kingdom. 1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars i. 39 Before a week was out they..had started lectures and secured a large following. 1929 H. W. Haggard Devils, Drugs, & Doctors xv. 352 If a theory thus palpably based upon superstition were enthusiastically introduced today it would still obtain a following. 1994 Guardian 7 Jan. ii. 28/1 ‘Manga’ (Japanese for comic strip) has a huge following in Japan in both magazine and video form. Compounds With adverbs, in compound nouns of action corresponding to adverbial combinations of follow (see follow v. Phrasal verbs 1). following on n. [after to follow on at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1] ΚΠ 1569 W. Samuel Abridgem. Olde Test.: 1 Chron. vi. sig. K.i^v Folowing on of Leuies ligne expressed is at large. 1684 W. Tomlinson Synopsis 19 Now, where this new birth is, there will be a following on to know the Lord. 2006 S. Schweizer Well, I Wonder xii. 199 These are not punishments, but merely reasonable followings-on from certain behaviour. following out n. [after to follow out at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1] ΚΠ 1582 in D. Calderwood Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1843) III. 678 The prosecutioun and following out of the said good and godlie caus..is..most acceptable to all that feare the Majestie of God aright. 1891 Eng. Hist. Rev. 6 422 (note) The complete following out of the Frank idea..was reserved for Henry II. 2000 Ploughshares Spring 207 It is a following out of implications latent in the work at least since Quoof, and the effect on the poetry culture has been tonic. following through n. [after to follow through at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1] ΚΠ 1870 Vermont Watchman & State Jrnl. 30 Mar. The argument on this point, either for producing grasses for pasturage or hay, is too self-evident to require following through. 1907 Science 13 Sept. 350/2 The Carnegie Institution, one of the chief functions of which is to discover just such ‘leads’ and provide for their following through to a successful issue. 2015 Times & Transcript (New Brunswick) (Nexis) 2 Apr. a9 We need a following through on government's commitment to restore the funding. following up n. [after to follow up at follow v. Phrasal verbs 1] ΚΠ 1767 L. Sterne Let. 19 Sept. in Lett. 1765–8 (2009) 619 The following up of that affair (I mean farming) made me lose my temper, and a cart load of turneps was (I thought) very dear at two hundred pounds. 1837 B. Disraeli Vivian Grey (new ed.) in Wks 17/1 How beautiful he fought..! his stops quick as lightning! and his followings up confounding his adversary! 1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. viii. 143 The following-up of a series of acts. 2005 Å. G. Dahlstedt & A. Persson in A. Aurum & C. Wohlin Engin. & managing Software Requirements i. v. 102 The system should support a following up of the customer orders after their delivery. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). followingadj.n.² Brit. /ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/ Forms: see follow v. and -ing suffix². Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: follow v., -ing suffix². Etymology: < follow v. + -ing suffix².With sense A. 3 compare classical Latin ventus secundus following wind. A. adj. 1. a. That comes after or next in order, sequence, or time; succeeding, subsequent, ensuing.In most collocations the adjective may either precede or follow the noun, e.g. in the following year, (somewhat less frequently) in the year following. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > succession or following in time > [adjective] > succeeding or subsequent followingOE afterOE nextOE suinga1325 suant1422 succedentc1450 after-comingc1454 secondary1471 subsequent1472 succeeding1561 supervenient1565 subsequent1568 consequent1581 proceeding1592 ensuing1604 subsecutive1611 sequenta1616 insequentc1620 postliminious1625 sequel1632 postnate1638 supervening1640 descending1642 forward1643 postventional1645 yondersa1650 succrescent1653 pedissequous1657 subsequential1657 assequent1659 post-nated1659 posthume1662 posterious1672 survenient1677 succedent1688 postliminous1714 first1746 sequelled1805 postliminary1826 thereafter1830 descensive1882 akoluthic1889 the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > preceding or following in order > [adjective] > coming next in order othereOE followingOE nextc1300 succeeding1838 OE (Northumbrian) Lindisf. Gospels: Mark xvi. 20 Domino cooperante et sermonem confirmante sequentibus signis : drihtne miðwyrcende & þæt word trymende mið fylgendum becenum uel tacenum. OE Regularis Concordia (Tiber.) (1993) lxvi. 139 Residentes circa corpus die noctuque sequenti : sittende abutan þæt lic on dæge & nihte fyligendre. c1396 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 234 Þe friday folwynge in þe same Woke of Estarne. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11378 Þe nest yeire Foluand. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) 2 Macc. xii. 39 Vpon the daye folowinge. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 278 Living Carcasses design'd For death, the following day, in bloodie fight. View more context for this quotation 1742 S. Johnson in J. Swan tr. T. Sydenham Entire Wks. p. ix How unlikely it is..that he should have leisure to continue the same office upon all following occasions. 1829 F. Marryat Naval Officer III. iii. 68 They were asked in church the Sunday following. 1875 W. D. Whitney Life & Growth Lang. iv. 46 A sibilant with following palatal mute. 1906 Brit. Jrnl. Dental Sci. 49 1018 He..had rarely seen a man who took three or four prizes in the medical schools fail to maintain a leading position in his following career. 2012 Guardian 13 Dec. 42/2 Shankar gave his first concert in 1939, and the following year began giving recitals. b. Introducing a statement, list, etc.: that is about to be set forth, mentioned, or recounted.In early use also as postmodifier, as the chapter following. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > [adjective] > that which follows (in a book, etc.) following1340 underwritten1389 underfollowing14.. sequent1575 under-mentioned1640 below-mentioned1665 below1822 underhanded1884 postludial1935 the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > preceding or following in order > [adjective] > coming next in order > that now follows following1340 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 1 Þise byeþ þe capiteles of þe boc uolȝinde. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Parson's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) §458 The speces of this pas shullen ben moore largely declared in hir chapitres folwynge. 1504 W. Copulldyke Will in B. Cusack Everyday Eng. 1500–1700 (1998) 327 I William Cupuldyke of haryngtonn..makys my testament & last Wille in this maner and forme folyng. 1653 I. Walton Compl. Angler To Rdr. sig. A5 I think fit to tell thee these following truths. View more context for this quotation 1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 152. ⁋2 My Friend answered what I said in the following manner. 1804 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 2) I. 599 The following bodies have the property of converting nitric oxide into nitrous oxide. 1941 N. Coward Could you please oblige us with Bren Gun? in Compl. Lyrics (1998) 205/1 He wrote the following letter to the Minister of Supply. 2014 L. Webster Workbook: Pharmacy Pract. Today vii. 30 Based on what you have learned in the textbook, answer the following questions. c. Ensuing or arising as an effect, consequence, or inference; resulting. Now chiefly in collocation with logically. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adjective] corollaryc1449 consequent1509 resulting?a1560 sequent1575 pursuant1593 following1594 ensuing1604 eventual1607 attendant1617 emergentc1619 resultant1639 resultative1645 consecutive1647 reflexed1653 redundant1654 reflex1654 consequential1655 resultive1655 attending1682 propter hoc1889 ensuant1897 sequential1899 pursuivant1941 1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. C1^v In his inward mind he doth debate, What following sorrow may on this arise. View more context for this quotation 1687 T. Shadwell tr. Juvenal Tenth Satyr x. 46 The Conquerors used to put the following spoyls upon the stumps of Trees, which were call'd Trophies. 1897 Twentieth Cent. 25 Dec. 12/1 If you possess that readiness and broadness of mind, which listens to arguments patiently, weighs them impartially, and accepts the logically following conclusions. 2006 Univ. Toronto Law Jrnl. 56 219 We have this right and the logically following right to defend ourselves from attacks on our external freedom. †2. Conformable, corresponding; matching in appearance. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > agreement, harmony, or congruity > conformity to or with a pattern, etc. > [adjective] followingc1400 conformable1526 conform1553 pursuant1593 conformala1645 fashionable1657 persecutory1774 c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 859 Tapyteȝ tyȝt to þe woȝe, of Tuly & Tars, & vnder fete, on þe flet, of folȝande sute. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 145 His wombe & his wast were worthily smale, & alle his fetures folȝande in forme. c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 502 Willingis and nyllingis and gode affecciouns, and þe oþere werkis þerto comaundable and folewing. 3. Of wind or tide: moving in the same direction as the course of a ship, aeroplane, or other object in motion. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > direction of sea > [adjective] > in direction of ship's course followinga1522 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > favourable (of wind) fairlOE likinga1387 menablea1393 goodc1425 merrya1571 furthering1599 foreright1605 following1839 society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of wind > [adjective] > types of wind for sailing fairlOE contraryc1384 favourablec1460 prosperous1555 scant1600 crossa1617 baffling1778 adverse1807 following1839 a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iii. ii. l. 123 The followand wynd blew strek in our tail [L. prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis]. 1661 T. Ross Contin. iii. 70 in tr. Silius Italicus Second Punick War While Fortune, that..inclin'd To favour Hannibal, extends his Sails With following Gusts so, that his speed prevails, And bears his Gally on against his Fo. 1810 Naval Chron. 23 406 Though our ship had but little sail set, yet we went at the rate of nine miles an hour: for she was assisted by a high following sea. 1839 F. Marryat Phantom Ship I. viii. 171 You may sail for weeks with a cloudless sky and a following breeze, without starting tack or sheet. 1925 Flight 2 Apr. 200/2 The planes, urged on by the following wind, were some two hours ahead of schedule. 1966 C. Middlecoff in L. Robinson & J. Graham Golfer's Digest 86 (caption) In a strong following wind over 20 miles-an-hour, a 2 Wood or a 3 Wood will usually produce more carry off the tee. 2005 G. M. Flynn Currach Race & Other Stories viii. 70 The extra length would improve speed especially in a following wind. 4. With reference to motion: that follows behind a person or thing. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > order of movement > following behind > [adjective] following1546 sequenta1625 1546 tr. A. P. Gasser Prognostication sig. b.iii^v Venus the folowyng mayde of the sunne. 1633 W. Watts Swedish Intelligencer: 3rd & 4th Pts. iv. 14 Some of his horse, and 2 Commissaries..being sent over Triers bridge into the Huntsruck, to discover the posture of the Rhinegrave, and to make provisions for the following Armie: were light upon by the Swedish. 1718 A. Pope tr. Homer Iliad IV. xiv. 489 His following Shield the fallen Chief o'erspread. 1796 Instr. & Regulations Cavalry 165 The three's wheel from the pivot flank, which then becomes the following one. 1830 P. E. Butler Raymond i. xiv. 2 He look'd not on his following child; And forth impetuous rush'd again. 2014 L. Elefteriadou Introd. to Traffic Flow Theory ii. 32 The following vehicle must take care not to collide with the vehicle in front. 5. Astronomy. Of a celestial object: situated to the east of another object in the sky; having a higher right ascension than another. Also (of a point on a celestial object, esp. the sun): coming into view after another point in the course, as a consequence of the object's rotation. Contrasted with preceding adj. 3.Earlier currency of this sense is perhaps indicated by quot. 1546 at sense A. 4. ΚΠ 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iv. xxxi. f. 229^v (table) The first starre of the taile of Capricorne... The following starre thereof. 1620 tr. P. Du Moulin Anat. Arminianisme xvii. 118 For if the rising starre doth in order goe before the following starre, doth therefore the latter rest on the former? 1722 E. Halley in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 113 The interval of time between the Transit thereof, and that of the following Star. 1829 Edinb. Jrnl. Sci. 10 292 The following side of the brighter portion of the nebula. 1915 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1 383 The preceding (western) spot of a bipolar group usually lasts longer than the following spot. 1992 K. J. H. Phillips Guide to Sun (1995) iii. 106 As sunspot groups start to decay, the areas of magnetic polarity associated with the following spots move to higher latitudes. 2005 S. Dunlop Atlas Night Sky 6/2 Whatever the orientation of the image, preceding objects will move away from the center of the field, while following ones will approach it. 6. a. Designating stone, dirt, etc., that forms the roof of a coal seam and comes away with the coal. Also: designating such a roof. ΚΠ 1789 J. Williams Nat. Hist. Mineral Kingdom I. i. 73 Sometimes the stratum of lime is the immediate roof of the coal, and sometimes there is a thin argillaceous stratum or following clod a foot thick, less or more, found betwixt the stratum of lime and the stratum of coal. 1820 Edinb. Encycl. (1830) XIV. 353/1 When a coal has a following or roof stone, which comes regularly away with the coal, this renders the work easy. 1883 W. S. Gresley Gloss. Terms Coal Mining Following dirt, loose shale, etc., in a thin bed forming the roof of a coal seam. 1967 Gloss. Mining Terms (B.S.I.) xi. 8 Following roof, a layer of roof which falls as coal is excavated, or soon after. 2002 Proc. 21st Internat. Conf. Ground Control in Mining 57 The continuous increase in the specific support resistance of the shield supports has..dramatically reduced the number of production stoppages due to cases of following roof or overbreak on the coal face. b. Designating a wheel or gear to which no motive force is applied; designating a wheel or gear that receives motion from another (driving) wheel or gear. Cf. trailing adj. 2a. ΚΠ 1806 J. Prosser Brit. Patent 2982 (1856) 4 When a pinion is required on the axis or side of the first worm wheel d, for the increase of power, the teeth of the following wheels may be cut straight. 1895 Proc. Electr. Soc. Cornell University 2 74 The following gear has a hollow axle, through which a bar holding the drill moves. 1906 Hoisting Appliances (Internat. Corr. Schools) iii. 25 The following wheel f is coupled to the main wheel by a pair of parallel rods, one on each side. 2011 H. Klee & R. Allen Simulation Dynamic Syst. (ed. 2) ii. 73 The following gear does not move until contact is made after the leading gear is displaced. B. n.² With the. That which is about to be mentioned or specified. Also: (with plural agreement) those which are about to be mentioned. ΚΠ 1448 Acct. in Berks, Bucks & Oxon Archæol. Jrnl. (1907) 13 49 The folwyng partayne to the Alter of the Blessed Marie in le Jesan. Fyrst a palle of Rede wt lyonnes of gold embroudyd. 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 15 The practise of this and the following is easily performed by the help of a square. 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. xvii. 225 The following..may not, as an example, be unworthy of notice. 1838 E. W. Lane in tr. Thousand & One Nights (1839) I. ii. Notes 123 Among the more common dishes are the following:—lamb or mutton cut into small pieces, [etc.]. 1921 Ohio Teacher Nov. 112/1 Who wrote the following: And wisest is he in this whole wide land? 2009 S. M. Spann Tax Resol. ii. 53 A list of current estimated value of your assets might include the following: home, personal assets, collectibles, jewelry. Compounds following edge n. the rear edge of a moving body, esp. a propeller blade. ΚΠ 1764 J. Robertson Elements Navigation (ed. 2) I. v. vii. 266 Mark the times shown by the clock, when the preceding edge of the sun touches each of the wires; and also when the following edge touches those wires. 1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. Following edge, that edge of the blade of a screw propeller which leaves the water behind it, as distinguished from the leading edge. 1970 Motor Boating Apr. 55/1 The wood rudder was sanded until the following edge had become sharp. 2017 Jrnl. Coastal Res. 33 354/1 The pressure at the leading edge was greater than that at the following edge on the face of the blades. following shot n. Cinematography a shot during which the camera follows or tracks the movements of a subject; cf. tracking shot n. at tracking n.¹ Compounds. ΚΠ 1961 Hudson Rev. 14 273 After watching them for half an hour you'd not be too surprised by a following-shot fifty feet above the ground, implacably recording their hand-over-hand passage through the tree-tops. 1998 L. Forbes Bombay Ice (1999) 341 An opening scene something like Hitchcock's Strangers on a Train, with a series of symbolic following shots on feet going first one way and then the other. 2018 @kevinburden 20 May in twitter.com (accessed 22 Oct. 2019) There was a Russian film which was just that, one long following shot. † following state n. Grammar Obsolete the objective case (see objective adj. 7). ΚΠ 1711 J. Greenwood Ess. Pract. Eng. Gram. 104 The Pronouns have a twofold State... The first State we shall call the Foregoing State, as, I, We; the second State we shall call the Following State, as, Me, Us. 1793 J. Nicholson Rudim. of Eng. Gram. 33 A preposition has the following state of a pronoun after it. following stroke n. Billiards and Croquet a stroke which causes the cue ball (in billiards) or player's ball (in croquet) to roll on after the ball which it has set in motion. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > croquet > [noun] > types of stroke following stroke1837 rush1868 stop-stroke1868 cut1874 cut-over1874 jump-stroke1874 take-off1874 tice1874 passing croquet1877 split1896 split stroke1897 passing stroke1901 jump shot1909 Hong Kong1957 split shot1975 society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > billiards, pool, or snooker > [noun] > actions or types of play > type of stroke hazard1674 carambole1775 carom1779 cannon1802 screw1825 sidestroke1834 following stroke1837 cannonade1844 five-stroke1847 follow1850 scratch1850 fluke1857 jenny1857 bank shot1859 angle shot1860 draw shot1860 six-stroke1861 run-through1862 spot1868 quill1869 dead-stroke1873 loser1873 push1873 push stroke1873 stab1873 stab screw1873 draw1881 force1881 plant1884 anchor cannon1893 massé1901 angle1902 cradle-cannon1907 pot1907 jump shot1909 carry-along1913 snooker1924 1837 D. Walker Games & Sports i. ii. 83 There is no following stroke after a cannon. 1868 W. J. Whitmore Croquet Tactics 15 In making a following stroke, the player must follow with the mallet head, as a person follows with the cue at billiards. 1938 Times of India 1 Sept. 15/4 His ability to nurse the balls for a following stroke enabled him to pile up points. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). followingprep. Brit. /ˈfɒləʊɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈfɑloʊɪŋ/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: English following , follow v. Etymology: < following, present participle of follow v. Subsequent to, in consequence of, after.The use of following as a preposition has in the past been considered by some to be incorrect, particularly since it can sometimes create ambiguity. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > succession or following in time > succeeding, following, or after [preposition] afterOE afterwardOE artera1746 following1841 1841 B. Drake Life of Tecumseh x. 158 In the month of June, following this council, Tecumseh made a visit to fort Wayne. 1947 Evening News 11 Dec. The prologue was written by the company following an incident witnessed by them during anti-Jewish demonstrations following the hanging of two British soldiers in Palestine. 1968 Observer 24 Mar. 6/4 Used car prices are going up, following the Budget. 2006 U.S. News & World Rep. 13 Feb. 16/1 Federal mine regulators called for new safety checks last week following the death of two more coal miners. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹OEadj.n.²OEprep.1841
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followingn.1

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followingadj.n.2

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followingprep.

followingn.¹

followingadj.n.²