filamentn.

Brit.

/ˈfɪləm(ə)nt/, U.S.

/ˈfɪləmənt/

Etymology: < modern Latin fīlāmentum, < late Latin fīlāre to spin, < fīlum thread. Compare French filament.

(a) A tenuous thread-like body, resembling a fibre of tow; a minute fibre. Often in scientific use, as applied to animal or vegetable structure.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > condition of being long in relation to breadth > [noun] > thread-like object

thread1398

filament1594

film1597

tendril1615

fibre1827

filamentule1837

fibril1876

threadlet1882

the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > villosity or ciliation > [noun] > fibre or filament

filament1594

fibre1607

fibra1648

1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 31 The..filaments..are litle long threeds, slender & white, solide & strong.

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 66 Those long filaments of which the substance of Brain..consists.

1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. 162 Every one having a Seed appendent to it, whose Coats it entreth by a double Filament.

1774 J. Bryant New Syst. (new ed.) I. 364 The rivers conveyed down their streams fine filaments of brass.

1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing I. i. ii. i. 123 Differences in wool consist in the length and fineness of its filaments.

1841 H. Miller Old Red Sandstone i. 12 The stone..was of..filamentary texture, the filaments radiating in straight lines from the centre to the circumference.

1854 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circle Sci. Chem. 6 The suspending filament should be..unspun silk.

1855 A. Bain Senses & Intellect Introd. ii. 42 The part where the filaments of the nerve are distributed.

1870 D. Rock Textile Fabrics (S. Kensington Mus.) Introd. p x The filaments drawn out of the leaves of the yucca..and other plants.

(b) figurative. = ‘Scrap’, ‘shred’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > a small quantity or amount > the smallest amount > a jot

cornc888

grotc888

prickleOE

prickOE

pointc1300

grain1377

hair1377

motec1390

twynt1399

mitec1400

tarec1405

drop1413

ace?1440

tittlea1450

whita1450

jot1526

Jack1530

plack1530

farthingc1540

minima1585

scintil1599

atom1626

scintillation1650

punct1653

doit1660

scintilla1674

rap1792

haet1802

dottle1808

smiggot1823

hooter1839

heartbeat1855

pick1866

filament1868

hoot1878

the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > small piece > specifically of something immaterial

shredc1400

scrap1607

filament1868

1868 R. W. Emerson Quot. & Originality in N. Amer. Rev. 545 From the slenderest filament of fact a good fable is constructed.

1870 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. (1873) 1st Ser. 356 Is there the least filament of truth in it?

b. spec. The infusible conductor (originally some form of carbon; now commonly tungsten), placed in the glass bulb of an incandescent electric lamp and raised to incandescence by the passage of the current; a similar conductor in a thermionic valve that serves as a heater or as a directly heated cathode.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > artificial light defined by light-source > electric light > [noun] > filament lamp > filament

filament1881

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > thermionic valve > [noun] > filament

filament1930

1881 S. P. Thompson Elem. Lessons Electr. & Magn. §374 In these lamps the carbon filament is mounted upon conducting wires..which pass into a glass bulb, into which they are sealed, the bulbs being afterwards exhausted of air.

1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 219 If a galvanometer G be connected between a, the positive electrode, and e, a derived current will be observed to pass..through the rarefied space ec when the main current is increased to a certain strength, and the filament reaches a certain degree of incandescence.

1905 J. A. Fleming Brit. Patent 24,850/1904 1 An appliance which..constitutes..an electrical valve. I construct it as follows:—In a glass bulb, I seal two or more carbon filaments... These filaments each have their own separate terminals.

1930 Engineering 28 Nov. 671/3 The filaments of all the five valves are connected in parallel.

1950 P. Parker Electronics xviii. 900 Hum may be introduced into the output of a valve by the magnetic and electric fields of its filament or heater.

1965 M. Mandl Fund. Electronics (ed. 2) xi. 200 The heater filament is placed sufficiently close to the cathode so that the heater will raise the temperature of the cathode to the point where it will emit electrons.

c. Zoology. The shaft of a down feather.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > feather > [noun] > part of

pen1381

quill?a1425

dowlc1535

rib1545

web1575

pilec1600

twill1664

beard1688

pinion1691

vane1713

shaft1748

beardlet1804

medulla1826

barb1835

barbule1835

stem1845

feather-pulp1859

aftershaft1867

barbicel1869

filament1870

vexillum1871

scape1872

rachis1874

harl1877

calamus1878

radius1882

ramus1882

scapus1882

cilia1884

1870 P. Gillmore tr. L. Figuier Reptiles & Birds Introd. 185 These smaller filaments are the barbules, by means of which the barbs are retained in position.

1959 J. Van Tyne & A. J. Berger Fund. Ornithol. iii. 71 It is probable that in their evolutionary history birds began with a covering of scales and a few feather filaments (cryptoptiles) scattered between them.

d. Textiles. A thread of man-made fibre.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > thread or yarn > [noun] > man-made

monofil1916

filament1927

monofilament1935

mono1979

1927 T. Woodhouse Artificial Silk: Manuf. & Uses 34 The introduction of small pumps near the filament-forming tubes.

1955 Times 10 May 18/3 More inquiry continues to come forward for filament rayon and staple yarns.

1957 R. W. Moncrieff Man-made Fibres (ed. 3) xxii. 342 The fibre is spun from the molten polymer..through a spinneret with circular holes; the individual filaments solidify almost immediately.

a. transferred, e.g. in filament of air, filament of light, etc.; also in Hydromechanics (see quot. 1850).

ΚΠ

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iv. 80 Effluvium passing out in a smaller thred and more enlengthened filament..stirreth not the bodies interposed.

1712 R. Blackmore Creation ii. 76 The ever-rolling Orb's impulsive Ray On the next Threads and Filaments does bear.

1810 S. Vince Elem. Astron. (ed. 3) xxi. 229 Part of that exceedingly fine filament of light was intercepted.

1828 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner 200 The lateral pressure of a filament of fluid is equal to its vertical pressure.

1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 154 A Filament is an imaginary portion of a stream, of very small breadth, consisting of a row of corpuscles, or of an indefinite number of particles, following each other in the same direction.

1856 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay V. 73 Slender as a filament of air.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxi. 146 The fog was drawn away in long filaments by the wind.

1879 G. B. Prescott Speaking Telephone (new ed.) 128 The action of the helix..upon filings, consists in grouping them under the forms of filaments parallel to the axis.

b. Astronomy. A narrow thread-like streamer from the sun's chromosphere or in its corona.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > sun > solar activity > [noun] > solar prominence

streamer1697

solar prominence1852

sun pillar1853

filamenta1869

solar protuberance1869

plume1885

panache1886

a1869 J. Nasmyth in E. Dunkin Midnight Sky (1869) 224 The filaments in question are seen..at the edges of the luminous surface.

1871 Eng. Mechanic 24 Nov. 243/1 The chromosphere is surmounted by filaments like brilliant hairs.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 630/2 The drawings in the volume quoted show its polar rays, wings, interlacing filaments, and rifts as they are now known to be, as well as the forms and details of the prominences.

1955 Sci. Amer. Feb. 44/3 Certain hydrogen clouds in the sun's atmosphere known as ‘filaments’.

1968 P. Moore Sun ix. 81 The prominences..can..be examined when full on the disk, when the Sun is observed or photographed in hydrogen light, but they then look rather like dark snakes, and are called filaments.

3. Botany. That part of the stamen which supports the anther; also (see quot. 1884).

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > stamen(s)

thrum1578

chive1664

stamen1668

attire1672

semet1672

capillament1726

filament1756

phalanx1771

androphore1821

staminodium1821

andrœcium1839

staminode1857

phalange1872

1756 P. Browne Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica ii. ii. 123 Vegetables that have three distinct Filaments or male generative parts in every flower.

1759 B. Stillingfleet Misc. Tracts Pref. p. xxviii Six long thready substances, called The filaments, Each terminated by an oblong body..called The anthera.

1776 W. Withering Brit. Plants (1796) I. 22, 10 Stamens in each, and the Filaments not united.

1858 E. Lankester & W. B. Carpenter Veg. Physiol. (new ed.) §9 The filaments of the Berberry stamen.

1884 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Sexual Filament, the one-celled stalk of the oogonium of some Algæ when it also bears an antheridium.

4. nonce-uses.

a. A thread-like band.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > parts of headgear > [noun] > band

hatband1412

filament1715

swirl1909

1715 tr. G. Panciroli Hist. Memorable Things Lost I. iv. ii. 157 The Pagan Priests had a Cap upon their Heads, which..they bound..with a woollen Filament.

b. (With etymological reference.) A spun thread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > thread or yarn > [noun] > spun

spun-yarn1376

spinning?c1510

spinstry1611

filament1791

twist1805

spun1869

spin1884

1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. viii. 345 Hung them numerous from the roof diffused Like spider's filaments.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

filament bulb n.

ΚΠ

1905 J. A. Fleming Brit. Patent 24,850/1904 2 The above described multiple carbon filament bulb..may be used as a receiving instrument in wireless telegraphy.

filament-cathode n.

ΚΠ

1966 R. G. Kloeffler Electron Tubes i. 6 Directly heated filament-cathodes require comparatively little heating power and are used in tubes designed for use with dry batteries.

filament current n.

ΚΠ

1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 227 Returned to 90 volts and repeated the experiments. Filament current readings the same as before.

1921 W. H. Eccles Contin. Wave Wireless Telegr. i. 266 The filament current and the length of the filament which could be used directly on a 10-volt battery at a temperature of 2,300°K.

C2.

filament battery n. a battery that provides the current for the filament of a valve.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > galvanism, voltaism > voltaic or galvanic battery > [noun] > other types of battery

alkaline battery1874

tray-batterya1884

filament battery1919

nickel–iron1920

nuclear battery1955

rechargeable1960

alkaline1980

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > thermionic valve > [noun] > filament > battery serving

filament battery1919

1919 Radio Rev. Oct. 47 The filament battery is used to supply the anode circuit voltage, as well as for lighting the filament.

1949 A. V. Eastman Fund. Vacuum Tubes (ed. 3) iii. 45 A 45-volt battery is used to supply the plate voltage, its negative terminal being connected to the negative terminal of the filament battery.

filament lamp n. an electric light bulb in which the light is produced by an incandescent filament.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > artificial light defined by light-source > electric light > [noun] > filament lamp

filament lamp1885

1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 220 The lamp..was a short (75 mm.) filament lamp, with a platinum plate.

1908 Chem. Abstr. 2 1929 The hourly expense of the metallic filament lamp is 60% less than that of the carbon.

1952 H. Hewitt Mod. Lighting Technique 33 This rapid development in electric lamps has derived from the employment of several different principles, the incandescence of the filament lamp being followed by the luminescence of the discharge tube.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	filament
释义	filamentn. Brit. /ˈfɪləm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ˈfɪləmənt/ Etymology: < modern Latin fīlāmentum, < late Latin fīlāre to spin, < fīlum thread. Compare French filament. 1. a. (a) A tenuous thread-like body, resembling a fibre of tow; a minute fibre. Often in scientific use, as applied to animal or vegetable structure. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > condition of being long in relation to breadth > [noun] > thread-like object thread1398 filament1594 film1597 tendril1615 fibre1827 filamentule1837 fibril1876 threadlet1882 the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > villosity or ciliation > [noun] > fibre or filament filament1594 fibre1607 fibra1648 1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 31 The..filaments..are litle long threeds, slender & white, solide & strong. 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. i. 66 Those long filaments of which the substance of Brain..consists. 1672 N. Grew Anat. Veg. vi. 162 Every one having a Seed appendent to it, whose Coats it entreth by a double Filament. 1774 J. Bryant New Syst. (new ed.) I. 364 The rivers conveyed down their streams fine filaments of brass. 1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing I. i. ii. i. 123 Differences in wool consist in the length and fineness of its filaments. 1841 H. Miller Old Red Sandstone i. 12 The stone..was of..filamentary texture, the filaments radiating in straight lines from the centre to the circumference. 1854 J. Scoffern in Orr's Circle Sci. Chem. 6 The suspending filament should be..unspun silk. 1855 A. Bain Senses & Intellect Introd. ii. 42 The part where the filaments of the nerve are distributed. 1870 D. Rock Textile Fabrics (S. Kensington Mus.) Introd. p x The filaments drawn out of the leaves of the yucca..and other plants. (b) figurative. = ‘Scrap’, ‘shred’. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] > a small quantity or amount > the smallest amount > a jot cornc888 grotc888 prickleOE prickOE pointc1300 grain1377 hair1377 motec1390 twynt1399 mitec1400 tarec1405 drop1413 ace?1440 tittlea1450 whita1450 jot1526 Jack1530 plack1530 farthingc1540 minima1585 scintil1599 atom1626 scintillation1650 punct1653 doit1660 scintilla1674 rap1792 haet1802 dottle1808 smiggot1823 hooter1839 heartbeat1855 pick1866 filament1868 hoot1878 the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > a separate part > a piece or bit > small piece > specifically of something immaterial shredc1400 scrap1607 filament1868 1868 R. W. Emerson Quot. & Originality in N. Amer. Rev. 545 From the slenderest filament of fact a good fable is constructed. 1870 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. (1873) 1st Ser. 356 Is there the least filament of truth in it? b. spec. The infusible conductor (originally some form of carbon; now commonly tungsten), placed in the glass bulb of an incandescent electric lamp and raised to incandescence by the passage of the current; a similar conductor in a thermionic valve that serves as a heater or as a directly heated cathode. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > artificial light defined by light-source > electric light > [noun] > filament lamp > filament filament1881 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > thermionic valve > [noun] > filament filament1930 1881 S. P. Thompson Elem. Lessons Electr. & Magn. §374 In these lamps the carbon filament is mounted upon conducting wires..which pass into a glass bulb, into which they are sealed, the bulbs being afterwards exhausted of air. 1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 219 If a galvanometer G be connected between a, the positive electrode, and e, a derived current will be observed to pass..through the rarefied space ec when the main current is increased to a certain strength, and the filament reaches a certain degree of incandescence. 1905 J. A. Fleming Brit. Patent 24,850/1904 1 An appliance which..constitutes..an electrical valve. I construct it as follows:—In a glass bulb, I seal two or more carbon filaments... These filaments each have their own separate terminals. 1930 Engineering 28 Nov. 671/3 The filaments of all the five valves are connected in parallel. 1950 P. Parker Electronics xviii. 900 Hum may be introduced into the output of a valve by the magnetic and electric fields of its filament or heater. 1965 M. Mandl Fund. Electronics (ed. 2) xi. 200 The heater filament is placed sufficiently close to the cathode so that the heater will raise the temperature of the cathode to the point where it will emit electrons. c. Zoology. The shaft of a down feather. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > feather > [noun] > part of pen1381 quill?a1425 dowlc1535 rib1545 web1575 pilec1600 twill1664 beard1688 pinion1691 vane1713 shaft1748 beardlet1804 medulla1826 barb1835 barbule1835 stem1845 feather-pulp1859 aftershaft1867 barbicel1869 filament1870 vexillum1871 scape1872 rachis1874 harl1877 calamus1878 radius1882 ramus1882 scapus1882 cilia1884 1870 P. Gillmore tr. L. Figuier Reptiles & Birds Introd. 185 These smaller filaments are the barbules, by means of which the barbs are retained in position. 1959 J. Van Tyne & A. J. Berger Fund. Ornithol. iii. 71 It is probable that in their evolutionary history birds began with a covering of scales and a few feather filaments (cryptoptiles) scattered between them. d. Textiles. A thread of man-made fibre. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > thread or yarn > [noun] > man-made monofil1916 filament1927 monofilament1935 mono1979 1927 T. Woodhouse Artificial Silk: Manuf. & Uses 34 The introduction of small pumps near the filament-forming tubes. 1955 Times 10 May 18/3 More inquiry continues to come forward for filament rayon and staple yarns. 1957 R. W. Moncrieff Man-made Fibres (ed. 3) xxii. 342 The fibre is spun from the molten polymer..through a spinneret with circular holes; the individual filaments solidify almost immediately. 2. a. transferred, e.g. in filament of air, filament of light, etc.; also in Hydromechanics (see quot. 1850). ΚΠ 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iv. 80 Effluvium passing out in a smaller thred and more enlengthened filament..stirreth not the bodies interposed. View more context for this quotation 1712 R. Blackmore Creation ii. 76 The ever-rolling Orb's impulsive Ray On the next Threads and Filaments does bear. 1810 S. Vince Elem. Astron. (ed. 3) xxi. 229 Part of that exceedingly fine filament of light was intercepted. 1828 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner 200 The lateral pressure of a filament of fluid is equal to its vertical pressure. 1850 J. Greenwood Sailor's Sea-bk. 154 A Filament is an imaginary portion of a stream, of very small breadth, consisting of a row of corpuscles, or of an indefinite number of particles, following each other in the same direction. 1856 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay V. 73 Slender as a filament of air. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xxi. 146 The fog was drawn away in long filaments by the wind. 1879 G. B. Prescott Speaking Telephone (new ed.) 128 The action of the helix..upon filings, consists in grouping them under the forms of filaments parallel to the axis. b. Astronomy. A narrow thread-like streamer from the sun's chromosphere or in its corona. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > sun > solar activity > [noun] > solar prominence streamer1697 solar prominence1852 sun pillar1853 filamenta1869 solar protuberance1869 plume1885 panache1886 a1869 J. Nasmyth in E. Dunkin Midnight Sky (1869) 224 The filaments in question are seen..at the edges of the luminous surface. 1871 Eng. Mechanic 24 Nov. 243/1 The chromosphere is surmounted by filaments like brilliant hairs. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVII. 630/2 The drawings in the volume quoted show its polar rays, wings, interlacing filaments, and rifts as they are now known to be, as well as the forms and details of the prominences. 1955 Sci. Amer. Feb. 44/3 Certain hydrogen clouds in the sun's atmosphere known as ‘filaments’. 1968 P. Moore Sun ix. 81 The prominences..can..be examined when full on the disk, when the Sun is observed or photographed in hydrogen light, but they then look rather like dark snakes, and are called filaments. 3. Botany. That part of the stamen which supports the anther; also (see quot. 1884). ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > reproductive part(s) > flower or part containing reproductive organs > [noun] > parts of > stamen or pistil > stamen(s) thrum1578 chive1664 stamen1668 attire1672 semet1672 capillament1726 filament1756 phalanx1771 androphore1821 staminodium1821 andrœcium1839 staminode1857 phalange1872 1756 P. Browne Civil & Nat. Hist. Jamaica ii. ii. 123 Vegetables that have three distinct Filaments or male generative parts in every flower. 1759 B. Stillingfleet Misc. Tracts Pref. p. xxviii Six long thready substances, called The filaments, Each terminated by an oblong body..called The anthera. 1776 W. Withering Brit. Plants (1796) I. 22, 10 Stamens in each, and the Filaments not united. 1858 E. Lankester & W. B. Carpenter Veg. Physiol. (new ed.) §9 The filaments of the Berberry stamen. 1884 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Sexual Filament, the one-celled stalk of the oogonium of some Algæ when it also bears an antheridium. 4. nonce-uses. a. A thread-like band. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > parts of headgear > [noun] > band hatband1412 filament1715 swirl1909 1715 tr. G. Panciroli Hist. Memorable Things Lost I. iv. ii. 157 The Pagan Priests had a Cap upon their Heads, which..they bound..with a woollen Filament. b. (With etymological reference.) A spun thread. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > thread or yarn > [noun] > spun spun-yarn1376 spinning?c1510 spinstry1611 filament1791 twist1805 spun1869 spin1884 1791 W. Cowper tr. Homer Odyssey in Iliad & Odyssey II. viii. 345 Hung them numerous from the roof diffused Like spider's filaments. Compounds C1. General attributive. filament bulb n. ΚΠ 1905 J. A. Fleming Brit. Patent 24,850/1904 2 The above described multiple carbon filament bulb..may be used as a receiving instrument in wireless telegraphy. filament-cathode n. ΚΠ 1966 R. G. Kloeffler Electron Tubes i. 6 Directly heated filament-cathodes require comparatively little heating power and are used in tubes designed for use with dry batteries. filament current n. ΚΠ 1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 227 Returned to 90 volts and repeated the experiments. Filament current readings the same as before. 1921 W. H. Eccles Contin. Wave Wireless Telegr. i. 266 The filament current and the length of the filament which could be used directly on a 10-volt battery at a temperature of 2,300°K. C2. filament battery n. a battery that provides the current for the filament of a valve. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > galvanism, voltaism > voltaic or galvanic battery > [noun] > other types of battery alkaline battery1874 tray-batterya1884 filament battery1919 nickel–iron1920 nuclear battery1955 rechargeable1960 alkaline1980 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > thermionic valve > [noun] > filament > battery serving filament battery1919 1919 Radio Rev. Oct. 47 The filament battery is used to supply the anode circuit voltage, as well as for lighting the filament. 1949 A. V. Eastman Fund. Vacuum Tubes (ed. 3) iii. 45 A 45-volt battery is used to supply the plate voltage, its negative terminal being connected to the negative terminal of the filament battery. filament lamp n. an electric light bulb in which the light is produced by an incandescent filament. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > artificial light > an artificial light > artificial light defined by light-source > electric light > [noun] > filament lamp filament lamp1885 1885 Proc. Royal Soc. 1884–5 38 220 The lamp..was a short (75 mm.) filament lamp, with a platinum plate. 1908 Chem. Abstr. 2 1929 The hourly expense of the metallic filament lamp is 60% less than that of the carbon. 1952 H. Hewitt Mod. Lighting Technique 33 This rapid development in electric lamps has derived from the employment of several different principles, the incandescence of the filament lamp being followed by the luminescence of the discharge tube. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1896; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1594
随便看	windworn windwrinkled windwrithen windy windy city windy clear windy-blowing windy-footed windy-headed windy-looking windyblowing windyfooted windyheaded windylooking wine wine alcohol wine and cheese wine and cheese etc wine and cheese party wine and dine wine and spirit wine and spirits wine and wassail wine and water wine and women