farmingn.²

Brit.

/ˈfɑːmɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈfɑrmɪŋ/

Forms: see farm v.² and -ing suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: farm v.², -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < farm v.² + -ing suffix¹.

The action of farm v.²

1. The action or system of letting land or property for a regular fixed payment (rare in later use). Also: the action or system of leasing the right to collect and keep the fees and profits of a tax, duty, place, etc. Also with out. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > [noun] > profit-making > type of

farming1443

1443 in J. Raine Corr., Inventories, Acct. Rolls, & Law Proc. Priory of Coldingham (1841) 148 Then ȝe grawntit..the change of Ald Cambos to gidder with the fining of certayne lands the maynis of the same, for othir lands of my sonnis & myne... Item the said dan John gafe the said S^r Alex. the balȝery of Coldingham..& the ferming of Ald Cambos.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xx. f. clx By the same veritie of the gospell was taken awaye from theim the farming of the vineyarde, the propre owning and possession wherof they had promised vnto themselues.

1603 Answer Vicechancelour Oxf. 24 Farming out of Iurisdictions and Registers places, though we commende it not, nor greatly like of it; yet it is of it selfe a matter indifferent; neither good nor ill, but as it is vsed.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 89 This and other Practices of Farming..hath been a great Trade in Ireland.

1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation Introd. 33 Bentham..has endeavoured to show that farming is in every case the preferable mode of collection.

1877 E. Dowden Shakspere (Macmillan Lit. Primers) vi. 88 His farming of the realm.

1959 R. Lennard Rural Eng. Pref. v. The farming-out of manors on stock-and-land leases was so common that [etc.].

2005 L. Capponi Augustan Egypt ix. 124 Only a minor number of publicani continued to be employed for the farming of indirect taxes.

2. The action or business of cultivating crops, raising livestock, etc.This sense is used in the contexts of aquaculture, commercial mushroom growing, etc., as well as traditional forms of agriculture.For chicken farming, dairy-farming, factory farming, fish farming, fruit-farming, fur farming, sheep-farming, etc., see first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > [noun]

tiltha1100

husbandrya1398

agriculture?1440

tillagea1538

tilture1573

farming1642

gainery1670

farmery1759

terraculture1847

ag1905

1642 E. Symmons Foure Serm. 16 The third sort are they that..that plunge themselves in multitude of worldly affaires, unbeseeming their profession, as farming, ploughing, or the like.

1729 Let. in R. Bradley Gentleman & Farmer's Guide i. 24 I have for many Years been curious in the several Branches of Farming, but more particularly in the breeding and feeding of Cattle.

1866 Chambers's Jrnl. 22 Sept. 602/2 After the process of about a year's farming has been undergone, the mussels are considered to be ready for the market.

1920 Wall St. Jrnl. 9 Oct. 7/4 Farming of wild fur-bearing animals..is urged by the Department of Agriculture as the only sure means of preserving the fur supply.

2010 M. S. Swaminathan in Sunday Times of India 15 Aug. 20/2 We need a large number of educated young people to go into farming using science and new eco-technologies.

3. With out. The action of contracting out a task or responsibility, esp. the care of a person, for monetary payment. Also in extended use: the action of delegating or passing on a task or responsibility.

ΚΠ

1841 T. Heywood On Want of Remedial Treatm. Poor 11 The farming out of pauper children is abandoned by the metropolitan parishes.

1959 Cambr. Rev. 7 Mar. 399/1 Politics is often taught by history tutors or by research students; there is a great deal of ‘farming out’ which naturally undermines the purpose of the tutorial system.

2018 @dawnafinch 15 Jan. in twitter.com (accessed 3 July 2019) When will they admit that this sort of farming out of essential services is doomed to fail?

4. The culturing of organs, tissues, or cells for harvesting or exploitation; the growing or keeping of organisms as a source of organs or tissue for transplantation, or of substances of high value (such as pharmaceuticals from genetically modified organisms). Chiefly with modifying word. Cf. pharming n.

ΚΠ

1962 Nature 10 Feb. 552/2 This..makes available the use of frozen cells as a partial substitute for cell ‘farming’.

1989 Lancet 13 May 1068/2 A..law to allow ‘farming’ of warm, respiring, and pulsating brain dead bodies for a ‘harvest’ of transplantable organs is expected to give rise to a..debate.

2014 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) (Nexis) 23 July There are also plans for a £5m molecular farming facility which aims to establish Norwich as a leading international centre for research and development in the use of plants to produce high value compounds.

Compounds

C1. Uses relating to agriculture; cf. sense 2.

a. As a modifier with the sense ‘of, relating to, or characteristic of the action or business of growing crops and raising livestock’, as in farming interest, farming life, farming operation, farming regulation, farming system.

ΚΠ

1659 Lady Alimony iii. iv. sig. G3 I heard of late what I did never dream Thy farming life had drawn thee to a Team.

1799 Morning Post in Spirit of Public Jrnls. (1800) III. 10 Any bye-laws or farming-regulations.

1829 P. F. Tytler Hist. Scotl. II. iii. 219 The farming operations of ploughing and harrowing.

1852 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation (ed. 2) ii. iv. 202 The farming interest was far more depressed after the peace.

2019 @organicUK 1 July in twitter.com (accessed 3 July 2019) We take a look at how avoiding GM can support a sustainable and productive farming system for all.

b. As a modifier with the sense ‘used in the business of growing crops and raising livestock’, as in farming apparatus, farming implement, farming utensil, etc.

ΚΠ

1765 Museum Rusticum 3 lxii. 283 Cart-Lodges recommended for keeping Farming Utensils under cover.

1832 F. A. Butler Jrnl. 8 Oct. (1835) I. 167 The farms had the same desolate, untidy, untended look: the gates broken, the..farming utensils scattered about.

1872 Cecil (Maryland) Whig 7 Dec. That catalogue of farming apparatus which happens to need repairing.

2013 Africa News (Nexis) 1 May He slowly lays down his farming implements and sack containing assorted agricultural materials.

c. As a modifier with the sense ‘used for or suitable for agricultural purposes’, as in farming country, farming ground, farming land.

ΚΠ

1784 W. Walton Narr. Captivity B. Gilbert 20 Here is a large Extent of rich farming Land.

1908 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Daily Tribune 28 May 6/1 The town is surrounded by rich, reasonably level, farming country.

2011 Southeast Farm Press (Clarksdale, Mississippi) 12 July Rows of new homes rising from prime farming ground may not be as good for the community as one might think.

farming office n. (a) (usually plural) an outbuilding, barn, shed, etc., on a farm (obsolete); (b) a municipal office concerned with agricultural policies and administration.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmstead > [noun] > farm-offices

steading1472

farmery1656

farming office1770

farm office1778

1770 A. Young Six Months Tour N. Eng. II. xiii. 451 To put a cessation to breaking up fresh land until the farming offices were all ready for housing the cattle.

1811 Times 29 May 2/2 A farm-house, and all domestic and farming offices, folds and gardens adjoining.

1923 High Point (N. Carolina) Enterprise 11 June 2/3 A. Arey, head of the farming office.

2011 Daily Post (N. Wales) (Nexis) 10 Feb. 4 Jones has dispelled rumours that the Welsh Assembly Government farming offices in Dolgellau are under threat.

farming stock n. the livestock and produce of a farm; also (occasionally) the tools of a farm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock

feec900

auchtOE

orfOE

avers1292

storea1300

bestialc1350

cattlea1400

ware1422

quickc1450

goods1472

stock?1523

chattel1627

live goods1635

team1655

creature1662

livestocka1687

living stock1690

farming stock1749

farm animal1805

fat-stock1881

the world > food and drink > farming > [noun] > farm-stock

stock1519

steelbow1532

strength1594

farm stock1680

stockinga1732

farming stock1749

dead stock1836

1749 London Evening-post 28–30 Sept. (advt.) Will be Sold by Auction..All the Houshold Furniture, Pictures,..and Farming Stock of Philip Herbert, Esq.

1850 Observer 29 July 3/5 The plaintiff had insured his farming stock from the year 1843 to 1849.

2019 Integrated Devel. Plan 2019–20 (Joe Gqabi District Municipality) iv. 63 Although very little land is suitable for cultivation, grazing for farming stock is feasible.

C2. Other uses.

† farming plan Obsolete the system of letting land for a regular fixed payment; cf. sense 1.

ΚΠ

1764 R. Lloyd Spirit Contradiction in London Mag. May 261/1 Friend Jerkin..rented, on the farming plan, Grounds at much greater sums per ann.

1876 A. W. Hughes Gazeteer Province of Sind (ed. 2) ii. 45 In their land revenue system the Mirs adopted the ‘zamindāri’, or farming plan.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	farming
释义	farmingn.¹ Brit. /ˈfɑːmɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈfɑrmɪŋ/ Forms: see farm v.¹ and -ing suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: farm v.¹, -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < farm v.¹ + -ing suffix¹. Now rare (English regional (Oxfordshire and Northamptonshire)). The action of farm v.¹; the action of cleaning something; the action or an act of emptying out a ditch, latrine, etc. Now only in farming-out.In quot. OE figurative, with reference to the cleansing of sins. ΚΠ OE tr. Defensor Liber Scintillarum (1969) li. 321 Magna purgatione sacrificiorum deluende sunt culpę uitiorum : mid micelre feormunge offrunga to adiligenne synd gyltas leahtra. 1423 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt Bk. London Eng. (1931) 154 (MED) Item, For Fermyng of þe olde pryvie yn þe Almesse hous. 1587 L. Mascall First Bk. Cattell i. 73 For the clensing and farming of them, they do vse morning and euening to shoouell downe their dung. 1659 F. M. Narr. Causes & Events Civil-war 6 He laid abroad..the infinite toil and pain of the Commons buried as it were under ground, with cleansing and casting of Ditches, voiding and farming of the Sinks. 1851 T. Sternberg Dial. & Folk-lore Northants. 36 Them housen want well farmin. 1987 S. Stewart Lifting Latch (2003) v. 46 From nine to half-past we was signalled to eat our bite of lunch. Then comed the farming-out, thoroughly brushing down and sluicing the cowsheds and byres. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). farmingn.² Brit. /ˈfɑːmɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈfɑrmɪŋ/ Forms: see farm v.² and -ing suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: farm v.², -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < farm v.² + -ing suffix¹. The action of farm v.² 1. The action or system of letting land or property for a regular fixed payment (rare in later use). Also: the action or system of leasing the right to collect and keep the fees and profits of a tax, duty, place, etc. Also with out. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > getting or making money > [noun] > profit-making > type of farming1443 1443 in J. Raine Corr., Inventories, Acct. Rolls, & Law Proc. Priory of Coldingham (1841) 148 Then ȝe grawntit..the change of Ald Cambos to gidder with the fining of certayne lands the maynis of the same, for othir lands of my sonnis & myne... Item the said dan John gafe the said S^r Alex. the balȝery of Coldingham..& the ferming of Ald Cambos. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xx. f. clx By the same veritie of the gospell was taken awaye from theim the farming of the vineyarde, the propre owning and possession wherof they had promised vnto themselues. 1603 Answer Vicechancelour Oxf. 24 Farming out of Iurisdictions and Registers places, though we commende it not, nor greatly like of it; yet it is of it selfe a matter indifferent; neither good nor ill, but as it is vsed. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 89 This and other Practices of Farming..hath been a great Trade in Ireland. 1845 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation Introd. 33 Bentham..has endeavoured to show that farming is in every case the preferable mode of collection. 1877 E. Dowden Shakspere (Macmillan Lit. Primers) vi. 88 His farming of the realm. 1959 R. Lennard Rural Eng. Pref. v. The farming-out of manors on stock-and-land leases was so common that [etc.]. 2005 L. Capponi Augustan Egypt ix. 124 Only a minor number of publicani continued to be employed for the farming of indirect taxes. 2. The action or business of cultivating crops, raising livestock, etc.This sense is used in the contexts of aquaculture, commercial mushroom growing, etc., as well as traditional forms of agriculture.For chicken farming, dairy-farming, factory farming, fish farming, fruit-farming, fur farming, sheep-farming, etc., see first element. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > [noun] tiltha1100 husbandrya1398 agriculture?1440 tillagea1538 tilture1573 farming1642 gainery1670 farmery1759 terraculture1847 ag1905 1642 E. Symmons Foure Serm. 16 The third sort are they that..that plunge themselves in multitude of worldly affaires, unbeseeming their profession, as farming, ploughing, or the like. 1729 Let. in R. Bradley Gentleman & Farmer's Guide i. 24 I have for many Years been curious in the several Branches of Farming, but more particularly in the breeding and feeding of Cattle. 1866 Chambers's Jrnl. 22 Sept. 602/2 After the process of about a year's farming has been undergone, the mussels are considered to be ready for the market. 1920 Wall St. Jrnl. 9 Oct. 7/4 Farming of wild fur-bearing animals..is urged by the Department of Agriculture as the only sure means of preserving the fur supply. 2010 M. S. Swaminathan in Sunday Times of India 15 Aug. 20/2 We need a large number of educated young people to go into farming using science and new eco-technologies. 3. With out. The action of contracting out a task or responsibility, esp. the care of a person, for monetary payment. Also in extended use: the action of delegating or passing on a task or responsibility. ΚΠ 1841 T. Heywood On Want of Remedial Treatm. Poor 11 The farming out of pauper children is abandoned by the metropolitan parishes. 1959 Cambr. Rev. 7 Mar. 399/1 Politics is often taught by history tutors or by research students; there is a great deal of ‘farming out’ which naturally undermines the purpose of the tutorial system. 2018 @dawnafinch 15 Jan. in twitter.com (accessed 3 July 2019) When will they admit that this sort of farming out of essential services is doomed to fail? 4. The culturing of organs, tissues, or cells for harvesting or exploitation; the growing or keeping of organisms as a source of organs or tissue for transplantation, or of substances of high value (such as pharmaceuticals from genetically modified organisms). Chiefly with modifying word. Cf. pharming n. ΚΠ 1962 Nature 10 Feb. 552/2 This..makes available the use of frozen cells as a partial substitute for cell ‘farming’. 1989 Lancet 13 May 1068/2 A..law to allow ‘farming’ of warm, respiring, and pulsating brain dead bodies for a ‘harvest’ of transplantable organs is expected to give rise to a..debate. 2014 Eastern Daily Press (Norwich) (Nexis) 23 July There are also plans for a £5m molecular farming facility which aims to establish Norwich as a leading international centre for research and development in the use of plants to produce high value compounds. Compounds C1. Uses relating to agriculture; cf. sense 2. a. As a modifier with the sense ‘of, relating to, or characteristic of the action or business of growing crops and raising livestock’, as in farming interest, farming life, farming operation, farming regulation, farming system. ΚΠ 1659 Lady Alimony iii. iv. sig. G3 I heard of late what I did never dream Thy farming life had drawn thee to a Team. 1799 Morning Post in Spirit of Public Jrnls. (1800) III. 10 Any bye-laws or farming-regulations. 1829 P. F. Tytler Hist. Scotl. II. iii. 219 The farming operations of ploughing and harrowing. 1852 J. R. McCulloch Treat. Taxation (ed. 2) ii. iv. 202 The farming interest was far more depressed after the peace. 2019 @organicUK 1 July in twitter.com (accessed 3 July 2019) We take a look at how avoiding GM can support a sustainable and productive farming system for all. b. As a modifier with the sense ‘used in the business of growing crops and raising livestock’, as in farming apparatus, farming implement, farming utensil, etc. ΚΠ 1765 Museum Rusticum 3 lxii. 283 Cart-Lodges recommended for keeping Farming Utensils under cover. 1832 F. A. Butler Jrnl. 8 Oct. (1835) I. 167 The farms had the same desolate, untidy, untended look: the gates broken, the..farming utensils scattered about. 1872 Cecil (Maryland) Whig 7 Dec. That catalogue of farming apparatus which happens to need repairing. 2013 Africa News (Nexis) 1 May He slowly lays down his farming implements and sack containing assorted agricultural materials. c. As a modifier with the sense ‘used for or suitable for agricultural purposes’, as in farming country, farming ground, farming land. ΚΠ 1784 W. Walton Narr. Captivity B. Gilbert 20 Here is a large Extent of rich farming Land. 1908 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Daily Tribune 28 May 6/1 The town is surrounded by rich, reasonably level, farming country. 2011 Southeast Farm Press (Clarksdale, Mississippi) 12 July Rows of new homes rising from prime farming ground may not be as good for the community as one might think. d. farming office n. (a) (usually plural) an outbuilding, barn, shed, etc., on a farm (obsolete); (b) a municipal office concerned with agricultural policies and administration. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmstead > [noun] > farm-offices steading1472 farmery1656 farming office1770 farm office1778 1770 A. Young Six Months Tour N. Eng. II. xiii. 451 To put a cessation to breaking up fresh land until the farming offices were all ready for housing the cattle. 1811 Times 29 May 2/2 A farm-house, and all domestic and farming offices, folds and gardens adjoining. 1923 High Point (N. Carolina) Enterprise 11 June 2/3 A. Arey, head of the farming office. 2011 Daily Post (N. Wales) (Nexis) 10 Feb. 4 Jones has dispelled rumours that the Welsh Assembly Government farming offices in Dolgellau are under threat. farming stock n. the livestock and produce of a farm; also (occasionally) the tools of a farm. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock feec900 auchtOE orfOE avers1292 storea1300 bestialc1350 cattlea1400 ware1422 quickc1450 goods1472 stock?1523 chattel1627 live goods1635 team1655 creature1662 livestocka1687 living stock1690 farming stock1749 farm animal1805 fat-stock1881 the world > food and drink > farming > [noun] > farm-stock stock1519 steelbow1532 strength1594 farm stock1680 stockinga1732 farming stock1749 dead stock1836 1749 London Evening-post 28–30 Sept. (advt.) Will be Sold by Auction..All the Houshold Furniture, Pictures,..and Farming Stock of Philip Herbert, Esq. 1850 Observer 29 July 3/5 The plaintiff had insured his farming stock from the year 1843 to 1849. 2019 Integrated Devel. Plan 2019–20 (Joe Gqabi District Municipality) iv. 63 Although very little land is suitable for cultivation, grazing for farming stock is feasible. C2. Other uses. † farming plan Obsolete the system of letting land for a regular fixed payment; cf. sense 1. ΚΠ 1764 R. Lloyd Spirit Contradiction in London Mag. May 261/1 Friend Jerkin..rented, on the farming plan, Grounds at much greater sums per ann. 1876 A. W. Hughes Gazeteer Province of Sind (ed. 2) ii. 45 In their land revenue system the Mirs adopted the ‘zamindāri’, or farming plan. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online June 2022). farmingadj. Brit. /ˈfɑːmɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈfɑrmɪŋ/ Forms: see farm v.² and -ing suffix². Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: farm v.², -ing suffix². Etymology: < farm v.² + -ing suffix². †1. That rents the duties and profits of his or her office for a regular fixed payment. Obsolete and rare. ΚΠ 1551 King Edward VI Disc. Reformation Abuses in Lit. Remains Edward VI (1857) II. 482 True gentlemen (I meane not theis ferming gentlemen, nor clarking knightes). 1885 E. Edwards in Encycl. Brit. XIX. 580 It put a board of postmasters in room of a farming postmaster-general. 2. Engaged in the occupation of a farmer; that grows crops and raises livestock. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [adjective] land-tilling1393 colonicala1641 improving1650 farming1673 farmering1753 minifundista1969 1673 W. H. tr. F. B. de Montalvan Naked Truth (new ed.) 39 There was a plain farming Fellow in the Country. 1795 D. Davies Case Labourers in Husbandry ii. iii. 53 A great many farm-houses..each of which was formerly occupied by one farming family only, are now divided into two, three, and even four separate dwellings. 1895 Rocky Mountain News (Denver) 25 May 4/6 Her sister Ellen, who lived there with her husband, who was a farming chap. 2019 @vanmaicoffee 5 July in twitter.com (accessed 9 July 2019) Cooperatives can strengthen economic opportunities for rural farming communities through collective action. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹OEn.²1443adj.1551
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farmingn.1

farmingn.2

Compounds

farmingadj.

farmingn.¹

farmingn.²