Europeanadj.n.

Brit.

/ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/,

/ˌjɔːrəˈpiːən/, U.S.

/ˌjərəˈpiən/,

/ˌjʊrəˈpiən/

Forms: 1500s–1800s Europian, 1500s– Europaean (now archaic), 1500s– European, 1600s Europoean.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin Eurōpaeus , -an suffix.

Etymology: < classical Latin Eurōpaeus of or belonging to Europe ( < ancient Greek Εὐρωπαῖος < Εὐρώπη (classical Latin Eurōpa ) Europe (see Europe n.) + -αῖος, suffix forming adjectives) + -an suffix. Compare post-classical Latin Europianus (1518) and Middle French, French européen (1563 as europien).

A. adj.

a. Of, relating to, or characteristic of Europe or its inhabitants.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > [adjective]

European1555

Western European1639

pan-European1856

intra-European1949

1555 R. Eden in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 291 Yet dooth he yearely appoynte garrysons of .xx. thousande menne in places abowt Tanais and Occa to represse the incursions and robberyes of the European Tartars cauled Precopites.

1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 95 So in these Europian countries, the times and seasons of the sommer, excessively inforceth heate vppon the extreame parts of man.

1624 W. Bedell Copies Certaine Lett. iv. 78 On the Christian and Europæan side, was the word, Et erunt Reges nutritij tui.

1632 P. Massinger Maid of Honour i. i. sig. C England, The Empresse of the European Isles.

1686 tr. J. Chardin Trav. Persia 30 That the Grand Signior should not entertain..any European Nation, except what were already setl'd there, but under the French Banners.

1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i Polish'd Arts of Europæan Courts.

1790 W. Bligh Narr. Mutiny on Bounty 77 The [Timorese] women treated them with European politeness.

1811 Niles' Reg. 1 45 Strong heavy goods..were the most advanced above the European goods of the same kinds.

1863 J. D. Dana Man. Geol. 559 The European Caves were mostly Caves of Bears.

1878 J. Morley Carlyle in Crit. Misc. 1st Ser. 198 Spain was finally thrust from among the efficient elements in the European State-system.

1917 H. B. Guppy Plants, Seeds & Currents in W. Indies & Azores xviii. 416 The parent stocks have since been driven from their European home.

1939 Contemp. Jewish Rec. 2 iii. 32 Charges of alleged brutality have been made the basis for the prohibition of Shehitah in several European countries.

1980 New Grove Dict. Music XII. 377/1 These three stages of modality in European music were historically continuous.

2006 Science 11 Aug. 747/2 In a 2004 Lancet paper, a large group of European researchers blamed both phenomena on a new strain within genogroup II4.

b. spec. Of, relating to, or characteristic of continental Europe or its inhabitants.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > [adjective] > continental Europe

European1714

continental1760

1714 Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) 28 33 (heading) English and European Plants.

1862 R. W. Emerson in H. D. Thoreau Excursions (1863) 13 His aversation from English and European manners.

1969 Sunday Times 20 Apr. 27 It comes as a pleasant surprise to find this Scots conglomerator bringing Scottish, English and European textiles to the market on a modest..forward P/E of 11.6.

1980 Times 8 May 32/6 (advt.) Information Scientist required for Customer Service/Help Desk Function to answer queries from European users.

2001 Financial Times 27 Jan. (Personal Finance Q. Review) 34/5 The UK's only daytrading centre..has started rolling out links to UK and European exchanges to complement its existing Nasdaq service.

2. Occurring in, or extending over, Europe.

ΚΠ

1575 T. Newton tr. C. A. Curione Notable Hist. Saracens iii. f. 110 ^v Which thing the Emperoure as being encoumbred with Europian Warres [L. Europæis bellis] was very glad of, and willinglye therevnto condescended.

1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 675 Their Ancestors..were not content with European Victories.

1714 tr. C. I. C. de Saint-Pierre Project for Everlasting Peace in Europe ii. 39 Now who can say, that there were fewer Difficulties..in getting the Germanick Treaty sign'd by two hundred Sovereigns,..than there will be in getting the European Treaty signed by eighteen or four and twenty Sovereigns of Europe.

1797 W. Cobbett Bone to gnaw for Democrats 40 Let any man take a review of their conduct since the beginning of the present European war.

1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1839) IX. 359 The popularity of Sir Walter Scott, European and more than European as it was.

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. 751 It is not such petty cavilling which can destroy an European reputation.

1889 Times 28 Oct. 5/6 The Greeks..glamoured with the prospect of an addition to their European consequence and greatness.

1920 19th Cent. Nov. 801 They can see nothing in..his Balkanising policy but a continual threat to European peace.

1940 H. F. Armstrong Chronol. Failure xi. 190 The on-rush of European events from 1935 to September 1939.

1992 J. M. Kelly Short Hist. Western Legal Theory vii. 252 Gibbon..was a European celebrity at his home in the Swiss town of Lausanne.

a. Of or designating a person of European origin or descent living outside the boundaries of Europe; (hence) of or designating a white person, esp. in a country with a multiracial population. Cf. non-European adj. 2a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [adjective]

European1666

white1726

whitey1798

Caucasian1807

paleface1830

blue-eyed1838

papalagi1844

Caucasic1890

Caucasoid1902

ofay1911

leucoderm1924

pinko-grey1924

pink1930

ladino1934

mzungu1961

honky1967

mlungu1973

umlungu1976

palagi1977

1666 J. Davies tr. C. de Rochefort Hist. Caribby-Islands i. xi. 62 The Plant called by the Caribbians Akoulerou, some of the European Inhabitants of these Islands call the Torch [Fr. Le Cierge, qui est ainsi nommé par nos François à cause de la forme, est appellée par les Caraibes Akoulerou].

1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb Present State Cape Good-Hope II. 335 The European women at the Cape suffer but little in Travail... Women born in Europe, and brought to Bed at the Cape, have altogether as happy a Time as the Women born in the Settlements.

1795 D. Campbell Journey over Land to India iii. lxvii. 162 I scarcely ever heard a man in India, Native or European, censure him.

1844 J. B. Williams N.Z. Jrnl. (1956) 69 Six eighths of all the European houses are nothing more than grogeries.

1879 ‘Australian’ Adventures Queensland 116 Wing Lee was indeed a good shepherd..and though a good deal chaffed and teased by his European mates—as all Celestials are sure to be—he was nevertheless well liked by them.

1954 Drum (Johannesburg) Dec. 29 Regina B—, a European woman, and Richard K—, an African, were charged under the Immorality Act with living together in a house at Orlando.

2005 Evening Standard (Palmerstown North, N.Z.) (Nexis) 5 Apr. 6 All outsiders of goodwill will be hoping for the sake of the ordinary folk of Zimbabwe, the European minority and black majority, that conditions improve in the country.

b. spec. Designating British troops serving in the army in colonial India. Opposed to Native. Now historical and rare.

ΚΠ

1758 B. Martin in Misc. Corr. (1759) II. 765/2 Mr. Law, who was the French Chief at Coffimbuzar, and who had collected near two Hundred French European Troops, was coming to the Assistance of the late Nabob.]

1788 J. Rennell Mem. Map Hindoostan (new ed.) p. cxv The Company's military establishment in India, in time of peace, is about 10,000 Europeans, and 52,000 regular sepoy infantry.

1829 W. Buckland & W. Clift in J. Crawfurd Jrnl. Embassy Court of Ava App. 41 They were afraid of the European troops, and not of the Native.

1834 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 41 19 When a European soldier lands in India, he receives a daily allowance of two drams of spirits, usually arrack.

1880 R. Temple India in 1880 xxv. 402 If the Native officers were not of a superior stamp, still there were European officers to enforce strictness.

1918 E. Jenks Govt. Brit. Empire iv. 95 The British army in India consists partly of troops raised in the United Kingdom..partly of native regiments, voluntarily recruited, and led by European officers.

1944 Blackwood's Mag. June 453/2 Invitations were sent as of right to European officers, but not to Indian officers of equal rank.

4. Designating animals and plants native to or originating in Europe, chiefly to distinguish them from similar or related species native to America or other parts of the world, as European beaver, bison, mink, etc.European mouflon, pond terrapin, rabbit, robin, etc.: see the second element.

ΚΠ

1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. iii. 289 The Brasilian Spoon-bill... In figure..agrees with the European Platea, differing only in colour.

1707 H. Sloane Voy. Islands I. 126 The Oil-Nut-Tree..seems not to be different from the European Ricinus.

1771 T. Pennant Synopsis Quadrupeds 202 Kalm says, he saw the European badger in the province of Pennsylvania, where it is called the Ground Hog.

1797 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 762/1 The..European spruce fir..includes the Norway spruce and long-coned Cornish fir.

1801 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. II. 288 It is about the size of the common or European Roebuck.

1847 P. H. Gosse & R. Hill Birds of Jamaica 252 The Grass-birds remind me much of the European Sparrow.

1866 C. A. Johns in J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. I. 506/2 Several American species of ash resemble the European ash in general appearance and qualities.

1880 Libr. Universal Knowl. VIII. 817 Leporide, the name given by the French to a remarkably prolific hybrid between the common European hare and the rabbit.

1900 H. L. Keeler Our Native Trees 44 The severity of our climate forbids the European Holly, with its deep green, glossy foliage and coral berries, to live here.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1386 The European bison..suffered terribly from slaughtering..towards the end of the Great War and afterwards.

1980 G. Corbet & D. Ovenden Mammals Brit. & Europe 151 Canadian beaver. Castor canadensis... Difficult to distinguish from the European beaver but darker.

1998 New Scientist 5 Dec. 7/1 Over most of its former range, the European mink (Mustela lutreola) has been replaced by the American species (M. vison).

2006 Nature 16 Mar. 291/2 Potier..with Guénard and Françoise Guéritte..first synthesized docetaxel (Taxotere) using a semi-synthetic pathway based on a reaction with 10-deacetylbaccatin III extracted from the needles of the European yew.

a. Originally: designating a notional or prospective union or association of European countries. In later use usually: designating various intergovernmental, esp. economic, organizations of western (and later also eastern) Europe.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [adjective] > relating to alliance > relating to specific alliance

European1714

Atlantic1931

Atlanticist1957

Monrovia1961

1714 tr. C. I. C. de Saint-Pierre Project for Everlasting Peace in Europe Pref. p. iv If the eighteen Principal Sovereignties of Europe,..would make a Treaty of Union, and a perpetual Congress.., and form an European Union.., the weakest would have a sufficient Security, that the great Power of the strongest could not hurt them.

1856 J. Wade England's Greatness xxxv. 779 The war with Russia is an instance of the instinct of self- preservation which governs the members of what may be deemed a proximate European federation.

1876 Macmillan's Mag. July 229/2 The nation in its turn is destined to be subordinated to some larger whole, such as the European Confederation sketched by Professor Seeley.

1916 Mind 25 423 The least Utopian of Unions is a Franco-Italian Union, as a prelude to a Latin Union and as a preparation for a European Union.

1948 Amer. Econ. Rev. 38 523 A European Economic Union is impossible without complete political unification.

1952 Ann. Reg. 1951 164 The..project for a European Defence Community was the subject of intensive negotiations.

1955 Times 30 July 5/3 The council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to-day approved the plans that had been submitted to it for renewing for a year the European Payments Union.

1961 Ann. Reg. 1960 500 Efforts to ‘bridge the gap’ between the Common Market and the European Free Trade Association continued.

1963 Contemp. Rev. May 240 The Benelux countries are ready to join a European Union resembling the American pattern... General de Gaulle, on the other hand, wants..a loose confederation.

1990 EuroBusiness June 43/3 The EC and the European Free Trade Association (Efta) are heading for a difficult start to talks aimed at creating a European Economic Space by the end of 1992.

2004 BusinessWeek 26 Apr. 64/2 His sponsor..has developed a ‘space ski’ with technology borrowed from the European Space Agency.

b. spec. Designating a developing series of economic and political unions between certain countries of western (and later also eastern) Europe from 1952 onwards, as European Economic Community, European Community, European Union. Cf. Europe n. 1, common market n. 1aThe European Coal and Steel Community (abbreviated ECSC) was created by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, coming into being in 1952, to regulate pricing, transport, and tariffs for the coal and steel industries of the member countries. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (abbreviated EEC), broadening the cooperation on trade and tariffs between these countries, and a second treaty signed the same day created the European Atomic Energy Community (see Euratom n.). In Britain, the EEC was often referred to as the Common Market, and was also known under the shortened name European Community from at least the early 1960s. European Community (abbreviated EC) became a technical term in 1967, when the organizational structures of the three communities were merged under a treaty signed in Brussels in 1965; in legal contexts, the plural European Communities was used. After the United Kingdom joined the European Community in 1973, EEC and Common Market remained the dominant terms in British use, but over the course of the 1980s, European Community or EC came to take precedence, at least in official and journalistic use. In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty, signed by the member countries of the European Community, established the European Union (abbreviated EU), which came into force on 1 November 1993. It comprises the former European Community, by now with complete internal free trade and common external tariffs, and two new inter-governmental arrangements: on common foreign and security policy and on enhanced cooperation on interior policy, legal, and immigration issues. Legally, the term European Community now refers to what was the EEC, with European Communities used to refer to this and Euratom together (the ECSC ceased to exist in 2002), but it is still often used with its old designation, equivalent to European Communities. In popular British use, European Community, European Economic Community, and their abbreviated forms continue to be used loosely to refer to what is now the European Union.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > customs union or common market > specific

zollverein1843

Benelux1947

Comecon1949

common market1950

European Economic Community1952

Europe1957

the Six1957

Brussels1968

EC1969

the Nine1972

Euroland1981

APEC1989

the Ten-

1952 Ann. Reg. 1951 164 Signature on 18 April in Paris of the treaty establishing a European Coal and Steel Community among the six participating countries.

1958 Spectator 7 Feb. 184/3 The Common Market Treaty, laying down the conditions under which the European Economic Community..is to be established, came into force on 1st January 1958.

1961 Listener 17 Aug. 252/1 Britain's application to join the European Community.

1970 G. Chapman et al. Monty Python's Flying Circus (1989) II. xxxii. 127 The kind of two-up, two-down house that most French workers throughout the European Community are living in today.

1975 Act Eliz. II c. 33 §1 A referendum shall be held on the question whether the United Kingdom is to remain a member of the European Economic Community.

1983 A. Spinelli et al. (Comm. Inst. Affairs) (title) Report on the substance of the preliminary draft treaty establishing the European Union/European Parliament.

1989 Independent 31 Oct. 1/4 Britain yesterday lost all hope of recruiting last-minute allies in its fight against the European Community's proposed Social Charter.

1993 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 16 Dec. 59/2 That faith has been sorely tested by the selfish response of the leading members of the existing European Community (now the ‘European Union’) to the needs and fears of its eastern neighbors.

2000 Nature 30 Mar. 430/1 Leaders of the European Union agreed on a timetable for introducing a benchmarking system for member states' research policies at their summit in Lisbon last week.

2007 Collect It! Jan. 9/4 Hungary has been a member of the European Union for just under three years and, not being in the euro-zone, foreign currency earnings are important.

c. Of or relating to the European Union or its predecessors; designating agencies and institutions of the European Union or its predecessors. Cf. sense A. 5b.

ΚΠ

1952 Washington Post 25 Apr. 25/3 Disputes arising from interpretation of the treaty and the laws of the community will be settled by a European court of justice.

1962 Times 12 Jan. 9/7 This proposal is that the European Assembly of the Community..should in fact be directly elected... They propose that the European election should not take place for two or three years.

1981 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 28 Mar. Ottawa used the 1976 framework agreement as a lever for formal consultations and negotiations with the European bureaucracy at Brussels.

1996 Economist 12 Oct. 96/2 The European Medicines Evaluation Agency passed Norvir for use in all 15 EU countries.

2003 Wired June 132/2 Even US companies have been forced to follow European regulations in at least three spheres: M&A, GM foods, and data privacy.

B. n.

1. A native or inhabitant of Europe, or of any of the countries of Europe (also spec. of the European Union).

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [noun]

Roumia1576

European1578

Feringhee1634

topi-wallah1826

continental1828

continentalist1834

Dutchman1857

Atlanticist1885

roundeye1955

mainland European1975

Euro1980

1578 J. Banister Hist. Man sig. Biii The Europæans contrariwise are in magnitude much different among them selves.

1598 I. D. tr. L. Le Roy Aristotles Politiques iii. x. 168 The Barbarians are of more seruile manners then the Grecians, and Asians, and Europians [Fr. ceux d'Europe].

1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum 40 As this worlds Sunne..Makes the More black, & th'European white, Th'American tawnie, and th'East Indian red.

a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) iii. iii. 127 You are learn'd Europians, and wee worse Then ignorant Americans.

a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry IV ccciv, in Poems (1878) IV. 77 Iudging Soules (Europeans are soe) Laught at them afeard.

1672 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 7 4003 Monsieur Bernier being lately returned from the Mogolians, gives us..assurance, that they..are now worthy to teach the Europeans.

1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks I. iii. 217 [The Elizabethan dramatists] have been the first of Europeans, who since the Gothick Model of Poetry, attempted to throw off the horrid Discord of jingling Rhyme.

1774 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry I. Diss. i. sig. c3^v I have considered the Saracens..the first authors of romantic fabling among the Europeans.

1802 W. Somerville Jrnl. in Narr. Journeys Eastern Cape Frontier (1979) App. ii. 240 I am disposed to think that the styloid process of the Temporal bone is generally longer, smaller and consequently more elastic, than in Europeans.

1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. vii. 360 Europeans in India rarely possessing..the inclination to invest capital in landed property.

1858 J. B. Norton Topics for Indian Statesmen 64 He had saved the lives of three Europeans.

1925 St. Nicholas Nov. 460/1 One of these great passenger-planes, which Europeans are so readily forming the habit of using.

1970 Times 27 Feb. 10/8 For many Europeans Jackson Pollock probably is the chef d'école, though Rothko was closer in spirit to William Baziotes.

2005 C. Mann 1491 i. iv. 123 ‘Jade and quetzal feathers’ was a synecdoche for great value, in the way that Europeans might refer to ‘gold and silver’.

2. A person of European origin or descent living outside Europe; (hence) a white person, esp. in a country with a large non-white population.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [noun]

white mana1398

Christian1622

European1666

white-face1684

long knife1784

buckra1794

sahib1796

white-skin1803

whitey1811

Pakeha1817

papalagi1817

paleface1823

whitefellow1826

Abelungu1836

haole1843

gringo1849

lightiea1855

umlungu1859

mzungu1860

heaven-burster1861

ladino1877

mooniasc1880

Conchy Joe1888

béké1889

ofay1899

ridge runner1904

Ngati Pakeha1905

kelch1912

pink1913

leucoderm1924

fay1927

Mr Charlie1928

pinkie1935

devil1938

wonk1938

oaf1941

grey1943

paddy1945

Caucasoid1956

Jumble1957

Caucasian1958

white boy1958

pinko-grey1964

honky1967

toubab1976

palagi1977

1666 J. Davies tr. C. de Rochefort Hist. Caribby-Islands ii. i. 157 In the first place we shall speak of those Inhabitants thereof who are Strangers, or Europeans [Fr. ou des Européens].

1678 in Notes & Extracts Rec. Fort St. George (1871) 88 Europeans, Musteeses, and Topasees.

1696 J. Ovington Voy. Suratt 79 She takes her liberty with Subject or Foreigner, African or European at her will.

1705 tr. W. Bosman New Descr. Coast of Guinea xiv. 252 The Negroes call it Berbe, and the Europeans Wine-bibber, because 'tis very greedy of Palm-Wine.

1791 G. Carter Narr. Loss Grosvenor xli. 154 This party or detachment consisted of one hundred Europeans, and three hundred Hottentots.

1832 A. Earle Narr. Resid. N.Z. 73 Several Europeans who had accompanied various tribes to battle.

1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. v. 104 By Griquas is meant any mixed race sprung from natives and Europeans.

1879 Amer. Naturalist 13 73 As the Maori rat was destroyed by the Pakeha rat, so our people also will be gradually supplanted and exterminated by the Europeans.

1905 W. Baucke Where White Man Treads 286 No ‘native’..may bequeath or divert his land to a European without valuable consideration.

1913 W. W. Thompson Sea Fisheries Cape Colony ii. 42 At Somerset West Strand the industry is carried on by Malays and coloured men with a few Europeans; at Hermanus and East London nearly all those engaged in boat fishing are Europeans.

1959 Cape Argus 23 Jan. 4/3 More and more the landladies of London are talking of ‘Europeans’ when they mean people of white skin.

1961 Observer 19 Mar. 23/3 I, a ‘European’ from Canada, listened to an African Sunday orator in Trafalgar Square.

2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 27 Apr. 39/4 The unexplained appearance of a European, or mzungu, is an event.

3. A person who believes in or supports European unity and brotherhood; spec. a state or national of a state belonging to the European Union or its predecessors (see sense A. 5b); a person who is committed to the European Union. Frequently with modifying word, as convinced European, good European, etc.Between the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957 and British and Irish membership of this in 1973, commonly used to describe an advocate of this membership.

ΚΠ

1881 tr. Corr. Talleyrand & Louis XVIII during Congr. Vienna I. Pref. p. xi We must be good Europeans and moderate. France ought to demand, and does demand, nothing, absolutely nothing, beyond a just redivision among the Powers; that is to say, the balance of power.

1897 Daily News 29 Mar. 6/3 The widespread conviction that the English are not good Europeans.

1943 W. S. Churchill in Times 22 Mar. 5/7 I believe myself to be what is called a good European.

1955 Trans. Grotius Soc. 41 45 I want us to acquire the habit of co-operation on technical matters like this... I am sure you can recognize that I am speaking as a convinced European.

1957 Times 16 Jan. 6/5 A strong speech in favour of the common market plan came from M. Teitgen, one of the most dedicated ‘Europeans’ in the Chamber.

1959 Listener 31 Dec. 1142/2 By ‘convinced Europeans’ I mean those who are consciously constructing a new European entity... ‘Europeans’..feel that the Community of the Six is still very fragile.

1962 Listener 8 Feb. 241/2 I am also worried that perhaps the Europeans do not value the adhesion of Britain sufficiently.

1970 Daily Tel. 20 Feb. (Colour Suppl.) 7/1 As a dedicated European of long standing I must now face the plain fact that the Common Market is in a mess.

1976 N.Y. Times Mag. 9 May 70 Indeed, the best ‘Europeans’ were the Americans, and European integration was a major policy goal.

1981 Economist (Nexis) 2 May 15 He was a convinced European and a convinced Atlanticist.

1990 Times 3 Nov. 2/3 Most cabinet members are moderate Europeans.

2007 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 13 Mar. During his pre-presidential political career, Mr Chirac was, at various times, a fierce Eurosceptic and a convinced European.

Compounds

C1.

a. Forming adjectives parasynthetically or with participles, as European-born, European-built, European-minded, etc.

ΚΠ

1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 68 They had five or six European built Ships.

1802 J. Charnock Hist. Marine Archit. III. xii. 312 The care taken in construction, and the materials used..have caused this vessel to render much more service than any European-built ship has done.

1852 W. Knighton Househ. Words 24 Jan. 423/1 The scrubby, European-looking vegetation.

1863 W. H. Russell My Diary North & South II. ix. 128 The rest being Irish, German, English, and European-born generally.

1897 M. Loyd tr. K. Waliszewski Peter the Great i. i. ii. 41 The weapon..is..destined to hasten the retaliation of conservative and anti-European ideas, on the most European-minded man Moscow has ever seen.

1922 Geogr. Jrnl. 60 188 A very fascinating town,..traversed by a number of fair roads, intersected by rivers, which are spanned by some European-built bridges.

1964 G. Barraclough Introd. Contemp. Hist. i. 16 The European-centred world of the nineteenth century.

1987 W. Bayer Pattern Crimes 248 The older generation of European-born Israelis.

2002 German Stud. Rev. 25 667 The editors are rather realistic as to Britain's chances of being more European-minded.

b. With words denoting inhabitants of regions or countries outside Europe. Forming nouns (and related adjectives) with the sense ‘a —— of European descent; a white ——’, as European American, European Australian, etc. Cf. senses A. 3a, B. 2.

ΚΠ

1795 A. Mackenzie in G. M. Theal Rec. Cape Colony (1897) I. 46 It is composed of six members who are European Africans who regulate every thing in the most despotick manner and have monopolised all the public Offices.

1816 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 7 146 The whites, or European Americans, derived their first knowledge of the antilithic powers of this plant from the Indians.

1879 Jrnl. Anthropol. 8 357 It is blending by a process of absorption into the dominant race, not without leaving some enduring influence on the European-American population.

1946 Social Forces 24 475/2 Many colored women were the wives of European Brazilians.

1993 Up Here (Yellowknife, N.W. Territories) June 6/2 Some 88,000 of us—blending Inuit, Dene and European-Canadian cultures—live in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories.

2007 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 14 Apr. This is a very special site for European Australians as well as Aborigines.

C2.

European corn borer n. the larva of a small pyralid moth, Ostrinia nubilalis, which is a pest of maize and other crops; (also) the moth itself, which was introduced to the U.S. from Europe.

ΚΠ

1918 Science 1 Nov. 443/1 Stuart C. Vinal..discovered the presence of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, in this country [sc. the U.S.] last year.

1955 Sci. News Let. 10 Sept. 164/1 European corn borers and boll weevils appear to be causing the nation's farmers the greatest losses at present.

2001 G. C. McGavin Essent. Entomol. 251 The cosmopolitan meal moth, Pyralis farinalis is a pest in stored grain and caterpillars of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, damage young corn.

European plan n. North American the method or practice at a hotel of charging for lodging and service without inclusion of meals; opposed to American plan.

ΚΠ

1834 Sun (N.Y.) 26 May 2/1 The hard times did not warrant his taking board on the ‘European Plan’.

1914 Maclean's June 109/3 Windsor Hotel..Rates: American Plan, $1.50–$2.50. European Plan, 75c. to $1.50.

1993 Island News for Seniors Mar. 22/3 European Plan (EP): Hotel rate only.

European-style adj. made or done in a characteristically European style.

ΚΠ

1907 Daily Chron. 24 July 3/3 A prosperous European-style city.

1957 P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound vi. 115 He..had built himself a European-style house.

2004 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 68 769 Malone points out the European-style modifications made to Narragansett forts in the 1670s.

European-wide adj. extending throughout Europe; of or relating to the whole of Europe.

ΚΠ

1928 Folk-lore 39 85 Just this one Masque lives. It is, I believe, only one more example of the European-wide Spring Rite.

1955 G. Mattingly Renaissance Diplomacy 22 Because of the European-wide nature of its interests.., the papacy had been the first Western power to make a systematic use of diplomacy.

2006 Daily Tel. 17 Oct. 29/1 It reflects, too, the European-wide impact of Carravaggesque realism.

European Commission n. the executive body of the European Union and its predecessors (see sense A. 5b), based in Brussels, on which representatives of each of the member states sit.The European Commission was established in 1958 and was a direct development of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1951.The collocation is found earlier referring to various commissions set up by European nations or to deal with European questions.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > types of body or spec. bodies > [noun] > commission > other types of commission

conservacy1434

conservice1571

conservation1580

conservancy1618

Royal Commission1747

county commission1763

railroad commission1855

Audit Commission1866

European Commission1956

Countryside Commission1964

Truth and Reconciliation Commission1990

Truth Commission1991

1956 Times 28 Apr. 6/4 To ensure effective control of the system, a council of ministers will draft a joint economic policy. There will also be a European commission, with limited and precise powers.

1964 P.-H. Spaak in L. B. Krause Common Market iv. 173 The European Coal and Steel Community was formed, the Treaty of Rome was concluded and ratified, and the European Commission was set up.

1975 World Politics 27 498 An attempt by the European Commission to enforce a policy or program decided upon in typical ‘Brussels decision-making’ fashion.

2004 A. Smith Politics & European Comm. 1 The European Commission, with its reputation as a ‘bureaucrat's paradise’, has come to both fascinate and repulse a wide range of politicians, journalists and social scientists.

European Court n. (a) (in full European Court of Human Rights) the court, based in Strasbourg, established under the European Convention on Human Rights in 1959 to give judgment in cases concerning human rights; (b) (in full European Court of Justice) the highest court of the European Union and its predecessors (see sense A. 5b), based in Luxembourg.Established in 1958, the European Court of Justice was a direct development of the Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1952, extending the jurisdiction of that court to the European Economic Community and Euratom.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > specific international courts

International Criminal Court1879

world court1904

International Court of Justice1944

European Court1959

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > specific international courts > of human rights

European Court1959

1951 Trans. Grotius Soc. 37 46 A European Court of Human Rights competent to deal with cases referred to it by a contracting party.]

1959 Times 18 Sept. 9/7 Lord McNair..has been confirmed as president of the newly established European Court of Human Rights at Strasbourg.

1961 Whitaker's Almanack 966/2 The European Court superseded the Court of Justice of ECSC and is common to the three European Communities.

1973 Times 3 Jan. 4/4 It was not abnormal for member countries to be taken to the European Court.

1985 R. C. A. White Admin. of Justice i. i. 8 It is possible, and sometimes obligatory, for questions on the interpretation of the treaties establishing the European Communities..to be referred to the European Court from an English court.

1986 Financial Times 28 Feb. i. 12/2 The Government is urgently considering legislation to comply with the ruling of the European Court..that Britain's different retirement ages for men and women breach EEC directives.

2006 Daily Tel. 8 Mar. 1/2 Her lawyers said they would apply for her case to be heard by the European Court's Grand Chamber, a full court of 17 judges.

European economic area n. (a) a group of European nations whose economies are in some way linked or integrated; (b) spec. (in form European Economic Area) a free-trade zone operative from 1994, composed of the states of the European Union (when first mooted, the European Economic Community), and certain members of the European Free Trade Association (see Efta n.); abbreviated EEA.

ΚΠ

1942 Population Index 8 298 The question of the labor force in the European economic area.

1960 Times 25 July 7/3 It would seem to be in the Commonwealth's interests that Britain should share in the greater opportunities for prosperity created by a wider European economic area.

1985 Financial Times 9 May i. 8/4 The European Commission yesterday approved a plan of action to reinforce links between the European Community and Efta, with the ultimate objective of creating a single European Economic Area.

2000 J. Klosek Data Privacy in Information Age iv. 68 The Personal Data Act 1999 prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the European Union or European Economic Area unless those third countries guarantee an adequate level of protection to personal data.

European monetary system n. a monetary system prevailing in the whole or a part of Europe; spec. (in form European Monetary System) a monetary system based on the Exchange Rate Mechanism, agreed on by the European Community in 1978 and inaugurated in 1979, intended to coordinate and stabilize the exchange rates of the currencies of member states in preparation for monetary union (abbreviated EMS); (since 2001) the monetary system of those countries that have adopted the single European currency.

ΚΠ

1892 Times 3 Nov. 10/3 They should endeavour to return to that system of bimetallism which existed previously to 1873, as the present depression in every kind of industry throughout the world appeared to date from the change in the European monetary system which began at that date.

1933 N.Y. Times 1 Dec. 18/1 The apprehension had been dispelled that a Western Goth was determined to upset the European monetary system.

1968 K. N. Chaudhuri in Econ. Hist. Rev. 21 480 In the mid-seventeenth century the European monetary system was such as to make its dependence on a metallic currency for domestic use almost overwhelming.

1978 Washington Post 8 July c7/5 West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt..said the new European Monetary System (EMS) would have a positive effect on the dollar.

2001 Independent on Sunday (Electronic ed.) 10 June From 28 February 2002, when the euro becomes the official currency of those states belonging to the European Monetary System, any francs or pesetas you have will eventually become worthless.

European monetary union n. (also European Monetary Union) (a programme for) the phased introduction of a single monetary policy across Europe or (in later use) among the member states of the European Union; spec. the adoption of a shared single currency unit, the euro (financial transactions in and between the first participating nations began to be calculated in euros, frequently alongside the individual currencies, on 1 January 1999).

ΚΠ

1949 Internat. Organization 3 732 A French proposal urged an immediate creation of a western European monetary union.]

1961 Times 21 July 17/1 Support is growing within the Common Market for the formation of a European Monetary union of some kind.

1970 Euromoney Dec. 7 The Prime Minister of Luxembourg chaired the committee on European monetary union and gave his name to their report.

1995 Independent on Sunday 1 Oct. 2/1 In a clear attempt to halt the growing doubt about European Monetary Union, Germany's finance minister, Theo Waigel, yesterday backed the 1999 deadline and proposed that the single currency should be called the ‘Euro’.

1998 Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 31 Dec. An immensely powerful multinational media group has produced a comic for young readers with the message ‘The euro: it's easy!’ ahead of European Monetary Union tomorrow.

2006 Cato Jrnl. 26 49 On January 1, 1999, 11 European countries gave up the independence of their monetary policy by joining the European Monetary Union (EMU).

European Parliament n. the legislative assembly of the European Union and its predecessors (see sense A. 5b), based in Brussels and Strasbourg; cf. Euro Parliament n. at Euro- comb. form 4.Established in 1958, the assembly was a direct development of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1952. It was first called the European Parliamentary Assembly, but changed its name in 1962. Originally a consultative and supervisory body consisting of representatives selected by the national parliaments of member states, it has been elected by direct universal suffrage since 1979. The administrative body of the Parliament is based in Luxembourg.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > European parliament

Strasbourg Parliament1954

Euro Parliament1962

European Parliament1962

Strasbourg1969

1961 Ann. Reg. 1960 170 On 17 May..the European Parliamentary Assembly..adopted a draft convention on the election of a European parliament by direct universal suffrage.

1953 Internat. Affairs 29 143 If its recommendations are followed up, the peoples of the six signatory countries of the..projected European Defence Community will, for the first time in history, be called upon to elect a real European Parliament.]

1962 W. Hallstein United Europe i. 25 The European Parliament..is not strictly a legislative body, but it has the task of exerting democratic supervision over the workings of the Community.

1992 Economist 14 Mar. 61/2 He is getting stick from all parties, including his own Christian Democrats, for not insisting that far greater powers should be given to the European Parliament.

2005 P. R. Keefe Chatter viii. 188 The European Parliament complex in Brussels is an imposing hodgepodge of stone and semireflective glass.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	european
释义	Europeanadj.n. Brit. /ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/, /ˌjɔːrəˈpiːən/, U.S. /ˌjərəˈpiən/, /ˌjʊrəˈpiən/ Forms: 1500s–1800s Europian, 1500s– Europaean (now archaic), 1500s– European, 1600s Europoean. Origin: A borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Etymons: Latin Eurōpaeus , -an suffix. Etymology: < classical Latin Eurōpaeus of or belonging to Europe ( < ancient Greek Εὐρωπαῖος < Εὐρώπη (classical Latin Eurōpa ) Europe (see Europe n.) + -αῖος, suffix forming adjectives) + -an suffix. Compare post-classical Latin Europianus (1518) and Middle French, French européen (1563 as europien). A. adj. 1. a. Of, relating to, or characteristic of Europe or its inhabitants. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > [adjective] European1555 Western European1639 pan-European1856 intra-European1949 1555 R. Eden in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde f. 291 Yet dooth he yearely appoynte garrysons of .xx. thousande menne in places abowt Tanais and Occa to represse the incursions and robberyes of the European Tartars cauled Precopites. 1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 95 So in these Europian countries, the times and seasons of the sommer, excessively inforceth heate vppon the extreame parts of man. 1624 W. Bedell Copies Certaine Lett. iv. 78 On the Christian and Europæan side, was the word, Et erunt Reges nutritij tui. 1632 P. Massinger Maid of Honour i. i. sig. C England, The Empresse of the European Isles. 1686 tr. J. Chardin Trav. Persia 30 That the Grand Signior should not entertain..any European Nation, except what were already setl'd there, but under the French Banners. 1702 N. Rowe Tamerlane i. i Polish'd Arts of Europæan Courts. 1790 W. Bligh Narr. Mutiny on Bounty 77 The [Timorese] women treated them with European politeness. 1811 Niles' Reg. 1 45 Strong heavy goods..were the most advanced above the European goods of the same kinds. 1863 J. D. Dana Man. Geol. 559 The European Caves were mostly Caves of Bears. 1878 J. Morley Carlyle in Crit. Misc. 1st Ser. 198 Spain was finally thrust from among the efficient elements in the European State-system. 1917 H. B. Guppy Plants, Seeds & Currents in W. Indies & Azores xviii. 416 The parent stocks have since been driven from their European home. 1939 Contemp. Jewish Rec. 2 iii. 32 Charges of alleged brutality have been made the basis for the prohibition of Shehitah in several European countries. 1980 New Grove Dict. Music XII. 377/1 These three stages of modality in European music were historically continuous. 2006 Science 11 Aug. 747/2 In a 2004 Lancet paper, a large group of European researchers blamed both phenomena on a new strain within genogroup II4. b. spec. Of, relating to, or characteristic of continental Europe or its inhabitants. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > [adjective] > continental Europe European1714 continental1760 1714 Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) 28 33 (heading) English and European Plants. 1862 R. W. Emerson in H. D. Thoreau Excursions (1863) 13 His aversation from English and European manners. 1969 Sunday Times 20 Apr. 27 It comes as a pleasant surprise to find this Scots conglomerator bringing Scottish, English and European textiles to the market on a modest..forward P/E of 11.6. 1980 Times 8 May 32/6 (advt.) Information Scientist required for Customer Service/Help Desk Function to answer queries from European users. 2001 Financial Times 27 Jan. (Personal Finance Q. Review) 34/5 The UK's only daytrading centre..has started rolling out links to UK and European exchanges to complement its existing Nasdaq service. 2. Occurring in, or extending over, Europe. ΚΠ 1575 T. Newton tr. C. A. Curione Notable Hist. Saracens iii. f. 110 ^v Which thing the Emperoure as being encoumbred with Europian Warres [L. Europæis bellis] was very glad of, and willinglye therevnto condescended. 1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 675 Their Ancestors..were not content with European Victories. 1714 tr. C. I. C. de Saint-Pierre Project for Everlasting Peace in Europe ii. 39 Now who can say, that there were fewer Difficulties..in getting the Germanick Treaty sign'd by two hundred Sovereigns,..than there will be in getting the European Treaty signed by eighteen or four and twenty Sovereigns of Europe. 1797 W. Cobbett Bone to gnaw for Democrats 40 Let any man take a review of their conduct since the beginning of the present European war. 1837 J. G. Lockhart Mem. Life Scott (1839) IX. 359 The popularity of Sir Walter Scott, European and more than European as it was. 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. 751 It is not such petty cavilling which can destroy an European reputation. 1889 Times 28 Oct. 5/6 The Greeks..glamoured with the prospect of an addition to their European consequence and greatness. 1920 19th Cent. Nov. 801 They can see nothing in..his Balkanising policy but a continual threat to European peace. 1940 H. F. Armstrong Chronol. Failure xi. 190 The on-rush of European events from 1935 to September 1939. 1992 J. M. Kelly Short Hist. Western Legal Theory vii. 252 Gibbon..was a European celebrity at his home in the Swiss town of Lausanne. 3. a. Of or designating a person of European origin or descent living outside the boundaries of Europe; (hence) of or designating a white person, esp. in a country with a multiracial population. Cf. non-European adj. 2a. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [adjective] European1666 white1726 whitey1798 Caucasian1807 paleface1830 blue-eyed1838 papalagi1844 Caucasic1890 Caucasoid1902 ofay1911 leucoderm1924 pinko-grey1924 pink1930 ladino1934 mzungu1961 honky1967 mlungu1973 umlungu1976 palagi1977 1666 J. Davies tr. C. de Rochefort Hist. Caribby-Islands i. xi. 62 The Plant called by the Caribbians Akoulerou, some of the European Inhabitants of these Islands call the Torch [Fr. Le Cierge, qui est ainsi nommé par nos François à cause de la forme, est appellée par les Caraibes Akoulerou]. 1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb Present State Cape Good-Hope II. 335 The European women at the Cape suffer but little in Travail... Women born in Europe, and brought to Bed at the Cape, have altogether as happy a Time as the Women born in the Settlements. 1795 D. Campbell Journey over Land to India iii. lxvii. 162 I scarcely ever heard a man in India, Native or European, censure him. 1844 J. B. Williams N.Z. Jrnl. (1956) 69 Six eighths of all the European houses are nothing more than grogeries. 1879 ‘Australian’ Adventures Queensland 116 Wing Lee was indeed a good shepherd..and though a good deal chaffed and teased by his European mates—as all Celestials are sure to be—he was nevertheless well liked by them. 1954 Drum (Johannesburg) Dec. 29 Regina B—, a European woman, and Richard K—, an African, were charged under the Immorality Act with living together in a house at Orlando. 2005 Evening Standard (Palmerstown North, N.Z.) (Nexis) 5 Apr. 6 All outsiders of goodwill will be hoping for the sake of the ordinary folk of Zimbabwe, the European minority and black majority, that conditions improve in the country. b. spec. Designating British troops serving in the army in colonial India. Opposed to Native. Now historical and rare. ΚΠ 1758 B. Martin in Misc. Corr. (1759) II. 765/2 Mr. Law, who was the French Chief at Coffimbuzar, and who had collected near two Hundred French European Troops, was coming to the Assistance of the late Nabob.] 1788 J. Rennell Mem. Map Hindoostan (new ed.) p. cxv The Company's military establishment in India, in time of peace, is about 10,000 Europeans, and 52,000 regular sepoy infantry. 1829 W. Buckland & W. Clift in J. Crawfurd Jrnl. Embassy Court of Ava App. 41 They were afraid of the European troops, and not of the Native. 1834 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 41 19 When a European soldier lands in India, he receives a daily allowance of two drams of spirits, usually arrack. 1880 R. Temple India in 1880 xxv. 402 If the Native officers were not of a superior stamp, still there were European officers to enforce strictness. 1918 E. Jenks Govt. Brit. Empire iv. 95 The British army in India consists partly of troops raised in the United Kingdom..partly of native regiments, voluntarily recruited, and led by European officers. 1944 Blackwood's Mag. June 453/2 Invitations were sent as of right to European officers, but not to Indian officers of equal rank. 4. Designating animals and plants native to or originating in Europe, chiefly to distinguish them from similar or related species native to America or other parts of the world, as European beaver, bison, mink, etc.European mouflon, pond terrapin, rabbit, robin, etc.: see the second element. ΚΠ 1678 J. Ray tr. F. Willughby Ornithol. iii. 289 The Brasilian Spoon-bill... In figure..agrees with the European Platea, differing only in colour. 1707 H. Sloane Voy. Islands I. 126 The Oil-Nut-Tree..seems not to be different from the European Ricinus. 1771 T. Pennant Synopsis Quadrupeds 202 Kalm says, he saw the European badger in the province of Pennsylvania, where it is called the Ground Hog. 1797 Encycl. Brit. XIV. 762/1 The..European spruce fir..includes the Norway spruce and long-coned Cornish fir. 1801 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. II. 288 It is about the size of the common or European Roebuck. 1847 P. H. Gosse & R. Hill Birds of Jamaica 252 The Grass-birds remind me much of the European Sparrow. 1866 C. A. Johns in J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. I. 506/2 Several American species of ash resemble the European ash in general appearance and qualities. 1880 Libr. Universal Knowl. VIII. 817 Leporide, the name given by the French to a remarkably prolific hybrid between the common European hare and the rabbit. 1900 H. L. Keeler Our Native Trees 44 The severity of our climate forbids the European Holly, with its deep green, glossy foliage and coral berries, to live here. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1386 The European bison..suffered terribly from slaughtering..towards the end of the Great War and afterwards. 1980 G. Corbet & D. Ovenden Mammals Brit. & Europe 151 Canadian beaver. Castor canadensis... Difficult to distinguish from the European beaver but darker. 1998 New Scientist 5 Dec. 7/1 Over most of its former range, the European mink (Mustela lutreola) has been replaced by the American species (M. vison). 2006 Nature 16 Mar. 291/2 Potier..with Guénard and Françoise Guéritte..first synthesized docetaxel (Taxotere) using a semi-synthetic pathway based on a reaction with 10-deacetylbaccatin III extracted from the needles of the European yew. 5. a. Originally: designating a notional or prospective union or association of European countries. In later use usually: designating various intergovernmental, esp. economic, organizations of western (and later also eastern) Europe. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [adjective] > relating to alliance > relating to specific alliance European1714 Atlantic1931 Atlanticist1957 Monrovia1961 1714 tr. C. I. C. de Saint-Pierre Project for Everlasting Peace in Europe Pref. p. iv If the eighteen Principal Sovereignties of Europe,..would make a Treaty of Union, and a perpetual Congress.., and form an European Union.., the weakest would have a sufficient Security, that the great Power of the strongest could not hurt them. 1856 J. Wade England's Greatness xxxv. 779 The war with Russia is an instance of the instinct of self- preservation which governs the members of what may be deemed a proximate European federation. 1876 Macmillan's Mag. July 229/2 The nation in its turn is destined to be subordinated to some larger whole, such as the European Confederation sketched by Professor Seeley. 1916 Mind 25 423 The least Utopian of Unions is a Franco-Italian Union, as a prelude to a Latin Union and as a preparation for a European Union. 1948 Amer. Econ. Rev. 38 523 A European Economic Union is impossible without complete political unification. 1952 Ann. Reg. 1951 164 The..project for a European Defence Community was the subject of intensive negotiations. 1955 Times 30 July 5/3 The council of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation to-day approved the plans that had been submitted to it for renewing for a year the European Payments Union. 1961 Ann. Reg. 1960 500 Efforts to ‘bridge the gap’ between the Common Market and the European Free Trade Association continued. 1963 Contemp. Rev. May 240 The Benelux countries are ready to join a European Union resembling the American pattern... General de Gaulle, on the other hand, wants..a loose confederation. 1990 EuroBusiness June 43/3 The EC and the European Free Trade Association (Efta) are heading for a difficult start to talks aimed at creating a European Economic Space by the end of 1992. 2004 BusinessWeek 26 Apr. 64/2 His sponsor..has developed a ‘space ski’ with technology borrowed from the European Space Agency. b. spec. Designating a developing series of economic and political unions between certain countries of western (and later also eastern) Europe from 1952 onwards, as European Economic Community, European Community, European Union. Cf. Europe n. 1, common market n. 1aThe European Coal and Steel Community (abbreviated ECSC) was created by the Treaty of Paris in 1951, coming into being in 1952, to regulate pricing, transport, and tariffs for the coal and steel industries of the member countries. In 1957, the Treaty of Rome established the European Economic Community (abbreviated EEC), broadening the cooperation on trade and tariffs between these countries, and a second treaty signed the same day created the European Atomic Energy Community (see Euratom n.). In Britain, the EEC was often referred to as the Common Market, and was also known under the shortened name European Community from at least the early 1960s. European Community (abbreviated EC) became a technical term in 1967, when the organizational structures of the three communities were merged under a treaty signed in Brussels in 1965; in legal contexts, the plural European Communities was used. After the United Kingdom joined the European Community in 1973, EEC and Common Market remained the dominant terms in British use, but over the course of the 1980s, European Community or EC came to take precedence, at least in official and journalistic use. In 1992, the Maastricht Treaty, signed by the member countries of the European Community, established the European Union (abbreviated EU), which came into force on 1 November 1993. It comprises the former European Community, by now with complete internal free trade and common external tariffs, and two new inter-governmental arrangements: on common foreign and security policy and on enhanced cooperation on interior policy, legal, and immigration issues. Legally, the term European Community now refers to what was the EEC, with European Communities used to refer to this and Euratom together (the ECSC ceased to exist in 2002), but it is still often used with its old designation, equivalent to European Communities. In popular British use, European Community, European Economic Community, and their abbreviated forms continue to be used loosely to refer to what is now the European Union. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > international agreements > [noun] > customs union or common market > specific zollverein1843 Benelux1947 Comecon1949 common market1950 European Economic Community1952 Europe1957 the Six1957 Brussels1968 EC1969 the Nine1972 Euroland1981 APEC1989 the Ten- 1952 Ann. Reg. 1951 164 Signature on 18 April in Paris of the treaty establishing a European Coal and Steel Community among the six participating countries. 1958 Spectator 7 Feb. 184/3 The Common Market Treaty, laying down the conditions under which the European Economic Community..is to be established, came into force on 1st January 1958. 1961 Listener 17 Aug. 252/1 Britain's application to join the European Community. 1970 G. Chapman et al. Monty Python's Flying Circus (1989) II. xxxii. 127 The kind of two-up, two-down house that most French workers throughout the European Community are living in today. 1975 Act Eliz. II c. 33 §1 A referendum shall be held on the question whether the United Kingdom is to remain a member of the European Economic Community. 1983 A. Spinelli et al. (Comm. Inst. Affairs) (title) Report on the substance of the preliminary draft treaty establishing the European Union/European Parliament. 1989 Independent 31 Oct. 1/4 Britain yesterday lost all hope of recruiting last-minute allies in its fight against the European Community's proposed Social Charter. 1993 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 16 Dec. 59/2 That faith has been sorely tested by the selfish response of the leading members of the existing European Community (now the ‘European Union’) to the needs and fears of its eastern neighbors. 2000 Nature 30 Mar. 430/1 Leaders of the European Union agreed on a timetable for introducing a benchmarking system for member states' research policies at their summit in Lisbon last week. 2007 Collect It! Jan. 9/4 Hungary has been a member of the European Union for just under three years and, not being in the euro-zone, foreign currency earnings are important. c. Of or relating to the European Union or its predecessors; designating agencies and institutions of the European Union or its predecessors. Cf. sense A. 5b. ΚΠ 1952 Washington Post 25 Apr. 25/3 Disputes arising from interpretation of the treaty and the laws of the community will be settled by a European court of justice. 1962 Times 12 Jan. 9/7 This proposal is that the European Assembly of the Community..should in fact be directly elected... They propose that the European election should not take place for two or three years. 1981 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 28 Mar. Ottawa used the 1976 framework agreement as a lever for formal consultations and negotiations with the European bureaucracy at Brussels. 1996 Economist 12 Oct. 96/2 The European Medicines Evaluation Agency passed Norvir for use in all 15 EU countries. 2003 Wired June 132/2 Even US companies have been forced to follow European regulations in at least three spheres: M&A, GM foods, and data privacy. B. n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Europe, or of any of the countries of Europe (also spec. of the European Union). ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > [noun] Roumia1576 European1578 Feringhee1634 topi-wallah1826 continental1828 continentalist1834 Dutchman1857 Atlanticist1885 roundeye1955 mainland European1975 Euro1980 1578 J. Banister Hist. Man sig. Biii The Europæans contrariwise are in magnitude much different among them selves. 1598 I. D. tr. L. Le Roy Aristotles Politiques iii. x. 168 The Barbarians are of more seruile manners then the Grecians, and Asians, and Europians [Fr. ceux d'Europe]. 1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum 40 As this worlds Sunne..Makes the More black, & th'European white, Th'American tawnie, and th'East Indian red. a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) iii. iii. 127 You are learn'd Europians, and wee worse Then ignorant Americans. a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia: Henry IV ccciv, in Poems (1878) IV. 77 Iudging Soules (Europeans are soe) Laught at them afeard. 1672 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 7 4003 Monsieur Bernier being lately returned from the Mogolians, gives us..assurance, that they..are now worthy to teach the Europeans. 1711 Ld. Shaftesbury Characteristicks I. iii. 217 [The Elizabethan dramatists] have been the first of Europeans, who since the Gothick Model of Poetry, attempted to throw off the horrid Discord of jingling Rhyme. 1774 T. Warton Hist. Eng. Poetry I. Diss. i. sig. c3^v I have considered the Saracens..the first authors of romantic fabling among the Europeans. 1802 W. Somerville Jrnl. in Narr. Journeys Eastern Cape Frontier (1979) App. ii. 240 I am disposed to think that the styloid process of the Temporal bone is generally longer, smaller and consequently more elastic, than in Europeans. 1848 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 III. vii. 360 Europeans in India rarely possessing..the inclination to invest capital in landed property. 1858 J. B. Norton Topics for Indian Statesmen 64 He had saved the lives of three Europeans. 1925 St. Nicholas Nov. 460/1 One of these great passenger-planes, which Europeans are so readily forming the habit of using. 1970 Times 27 Feb. 10/8 For many Europeans Jackson Pollock probably is the chef d'école, though Rothko was closer in spirit to William Baziotes. 2005 C. Mann 1491 i. iv. 123 ‘Jade and quetzal feathers’ was a synecdoche for great value, in the way that Europeans might refer to ‘gold and silver’. 2. A person of European origin or descent living outside Europe; (hence) a white person, esp. in a country with a large non-white population. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > division of mankind by physical characteristics > white person > [noun] white mana1398 Christian1622 European1666 white-face1684 long knife1784 buckra1794 sahib1796 white-skin1803 whitey1811 Pakeha1817 papalagi1817 paleface1823 whitefellow1826 Abelungu1836 haole1843 gringo1849 lightiea1855 umlungu1859 mzungu1860 heaven-burster1861 ladino1877 mooniasc1880 Conchy Joe1888 béké1889 ofay1899 ridge runner1904 Ngati Pakeha1905 kelch1912 pink1913 leucoderm1924 fay1927 Mr Charlie1928 pinkie1935 devil1938 wonk1938 oaf1941 grey1943 paddy1945 Caucasoid1956 Jumble1957 Caucasian1958 white boy1958 pinko-grey1964 honky1967 toubab1976 palagi1977 1666 J. Davies tr. C. de Rochefort Hist. Caribby-Islands ii. i. 157 In the first place we shall speak of those Inhabitants thereof who are Strangers, or Europeans [Fr. ou des Européens]. 1678 in Notes & Extracts Rec. Fort St. George (1871) 88 Europeans, Musteeses, and Topasees. 1696 J. Ovington Voy. Suratt 79 She takes her liberty with Subject or Foreigner, African or European at her will. 1705 tr. W. Bosman New Descr. Coast of Guinea xiv. 252 The Negroes call it Berbe, and the Europeans Wine-bibber, because 'tis very greedy of Palm-Wine. 1791 G. Carter Narr. Loss Grosvenor xli. 154 This party or detachment consisted of one hundred Europeans, and three hundred Hottentots. 1832 A. Earle Narr. Resid. N.Z. 73 Several Europeans who had accompanied various tribes to battle. 1857 D. Livingstone Missionary Trav. S. Afr. v. 104 By Griquas is meant any mixed race sprung from natives and Europeans. 1879 Amer. Naturalist 13 73 As the Maori rat was destroyed by the Pakeha rat, so our people also will be gradually supplanted and exterminated by the Europeans. 1905 W. Baucke Where White Man Treads 286 No ‘native’..may bequeath or divert his land to a European without valuable consideration. 1913 W. W. Thompson Sea Fisheries Cape Colony ii. 42 At Somerset West Strand the industry is carried on by Malays and coloured men with a few Europeans; at Hermanus and East London nearly all those engaged in boat fishing are Europeans. 1959 Cape Argus 23 Jan. 4/3 More and more the landladies of London are talking of ‘Europeans’ when they mean people of white skin. 1961 Observer 19 Mar. 23/3 I, a ‘European’ from Canada, listened to an African Sunday orator in Trafalgar Square. 2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 27 Apr. 39/4 The unexplained appearance of a European, or mzungu, is an event. 3. A person who believes in or supports European unity and brotherhood; spec. a state or national of a state belonging to the European Union or its predecessors (see sense A. 5b); a person who is committed to the European Union. Frequently with modifying word, as convinced European, good European, etc.Between the establishment of the European Economic Community in 1957 and British and Irish membership of this in 1973, commonly used to describe an advocate of this membership. ΚΠ 1881 tr. Corr. Talleyrand & Louis XVIII during Congr. Vienna I. Pref. p. xi We must be good Europeans and moderate. France ought to demand, and does demand, nothing, absolutely nothing, beyond a just redivision among the Powers; that is to say, the balance of power. 1897 Daily News 29 Mar. 6/3 The widespread conviction that the English are not good Europeans. 1943 W. S. Churchill in Times 22 Mar. 5/7 I believe myself to be what is called a good European. 1955 Trans. Grotius Soc. 41 45 I want us to acquire the habit of co-operation on technical matters like this... I am sure you can recognize that I am speaking as a convinced European. 1957 Times 16 Jan. 6/5 A strong speech in favour of the common market plan came from M. Teitgen, one of the most dedicated ‘Europeans’ in the Chamber. 1959 Listener 31 Dec. 1142/2 By ‘convinced Europeans’ I mean those who are consciously constructing a new European entity... ‘Europeans’..feel that the Community of the Six is still very fragile. 1962 Listener 8 Feb. 241/2 I am also worried that perhaps the Europeans do not value the adhesion of Britain sufficiently. 1970 Daily Tel. 20 Feb. (Colour Suppl.) 7/1 As a dedicated European of long standing I must now face the plain fact that the Common Market is in a mess. 1976 N.Y. Times Mag. 9 May 70 Indeed, the best ‘Europeans’ were the Americans, and European integration was a major policy goal. 1981 Economist (Nexis) 2 May 15 He was a convinced European and a convinced Atlanticist. 1990 Times 3 Nov. 2/3 Most cabinet members are moderate Europeans. 2007 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 13 Mar. During his pre-presidential political career, Mr Chirac was, at various times, a fierce Eurosceptic and a convinced European. Compounds C1. a. Forming adjectives parasynthetically or with participles, as European-born, European-built, European-minded, etc. ΚΠ 1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 68 They had five or six European built Ships. 1802 J. Charnock Hist. Marine Archit. III. xii. 312 The care taken in construction, and the materials used..have caused this vessel to render much more service than any European-built ship has done. 1852 W. Knighton Househ. Words 24 Jan. 423/1 The scrubby, European-looking vegetation. 1863 W. H. Russell My Diary North & South II. ix. 128 The rest being Irish, German, English, and European-born generally. 1897 M. Loyd tr. K. Waliszewski Peter the Great i. i. ii. 41 The weapon..is..destined to hasten the retaliation of conservative and anti-European ideas, on the most European-minded man Moscow has ever seen. 1922 Geogr. Jrnl. 60 188 A very fascinating town,..traversed by a number of fair roads, intersected by rivers, which are spanned by some European-built bridges. 1964 G. Barraclough Introd. Contemp. Hist. i. 16 The European-centred world of the nineteenth century. 1987 W. Bayer Pattern Crimes 248 The older generation of European-born Israelis. 2002 German Stud. Rev. 25 667 The editors are rather realistic as to Britain's chances of being more European-minded. b. With words denoting inhabitants of regions or countries outside Europe. Forming nouns (and related adjectives) with the sense ‘a —— of European descent; a white ——’, as European American, European Australian, etc. Cf. senses A. 3a, B. 2. ΚΠ 1795 A. Mackenzie in G. M. Theal Rec. Cape Colony (1897) I. 46 It is composed of six members who are European Africans who regulate every thing in the most despotick manner and have monopolised all the public Offices. 1816 Medico-chirurg. Trans. 7 146 The whites, or European Americans, derived their first knowledge of the antilithic powers of this plant from the Indians. 1879 Jrnl. Anthropol. 8 357 It is blending by a process of absorption into the dominant race, not without leaving some enduring influence on the European-American population. 1946 Social Forces 24 475/2 Many colored women were the wives of European Brazilians. 1993 Up Here (Yellowknife, N.W. Territories) June 6/2 Some 88,000 of us—blending Inuit, Dene and European-Canadian cultures—live in the Yukon and the Northwest Territories. 2007 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 14 Apr. This is a very special site for European Australians as well as Aborigines. C2. a. European corn borer n. the larva of a small pyralid moth, Ostrinia nubilalis, which is a pest of maize and other crops; (also) the moth itself, which was introduced to the U.S. from Europe. ΚΠ 1918 Science 1 Nov. 443/1 Stuart C. Vinal..discovered the presence of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, in this country [sc. the U.S.] last year. 1955 Sci. News Let. 10 Sept. 164/1 European corn borers and boll weevils appear to be causing the nation's farmers the greatest losses at present. 2001 G. C. McGavin Essent. Entomol. 251 The cosmopolitan meal moth, Pyralis farinalis is a pest in stored grain and caterpillars of the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, damage young corn. European plan n. North American the method or practice at a hotel of charging for lodging and service without inclusion of meals; opposed to American plan. ΚΠ 1834 Sun (N.Y.) 26 May 2/1 The hard times did not warrant his taking board on the ‘European Plan’. 1914 Maclean's June 109/3 Windsor Hotel..Rates: American Plan, $1.50–$2.50. European Plan, 75c. to $1.50. 1993 Island News for Seniors Mar. 22/3 European Plan (EP): Hotel rate only. European-style adj. made or done in a characteristically European style. ΚΠ 1907 Daily Chron. 24 July 3/3 A prosperous European-style city. 1957 P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound vi. 115 He..had built himself a European-style house. 2004 Jrnl. Mil. Hist. 68 769 Malone points out the European-style modifications made to Narragansett forts in the 1670s. European-wide adj. extending throughout Europe; of or relating to the whole of Europe. ΚΠ 1928 Folk-lore 39 85 Just this one Masque lives. It is, I believe, only one more example of the European-wide Spring Rite. 1955 G. Mattingly Renaissance Diplomacy 22 Because of the European-wide nature of its interests.., the papacy had been the first Western power to make a systematic use of diplomacy. 2006 Daily Tel. 17 Oct. 29/1 It reflects, too, the European-wide impact of Carravaggesque realism. b. European Commission n. the executive body of the European Union and its predecessors (see sense A. 5b), based in Brussels, on which representatives of each of the member states sit.The European Commission was established in 1958 and was a direct development of the High Authority of the European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1951.The collocation is found earlier referring to various commissions set up by European nations or to deal with European questions. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > types of body or spec. bodies > [noun] > commission > other types of commission conservacy1434 conservice1571 conservation1580 conservancy1618 Royal Commission1747 county commission1763 railroad commission1855 Audit Commission1866 European Commission1956 Countryside Commission1964 Truth and Reconciliation Commission1990 Truth Commission1991 1956 Times 28 Apr. 6/4 To ensure effective control of the system, a council of ministers will draft a joint economic policy. There will also be a European commission, with limited and precise powers. 1964 P.-H. Spaak in L. B. Krause Common Market iv. 173 The European Coal and Steel Community was formed, the Treaty of Rome was concluded and ratified, and the European Commission was set up. 1975 World Politics 27 498 An attempt by the European Commission to enforce a policy or program decided upon in typical ‘Brussels decision-making’ fashion. 2004 A. Smith Politics & European Comm. 1 The European Commission, with its reputation as a ‘bureaucrat's paradise’, has come to both fascinate and repulse a wide range of politicians, journalists and social scientists. European Court n. (a) (in full European Court of Human Rights) the court, based in Strasbourg, established under the European Convention on Human Rights in 1959 to give judgment in cases concerning human rights; (b) (in full European Court of Justice) the highest court of the European Union and its predecessors (see sense A. 5b), based in Luxembourg.Established in 1958, the European Court of Justice was a direct development of the Court of Justice of the European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1952, extending the jurisdiction of that court to the European Economic Community and Euratom. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > specific international courts International Criminal Court1879 world court1904 International Court of Justice1944 European Court1959 society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > specific international courts > of human rights European Court1959 1951 Trans. Grotius Soc. 37 46 A European Court of Human Rights competent to deal with cases referred to it by a contracting party.] 1959 Times 18 Sept. 9/7 Lord McNair..has been confirmed as president of the newly established European Court of Human Rights at Strasbourg. 1961 Whitaker's Almanack 966/2 The European Court superseded the Court of Justice of ECSC and is common to the three European Communities. 1973 Times 3 Jan. 4/4 It was not abnormal for member countries to be taken to the European Court. 1985 R. C. A. White Admin. of Justice i. i. 8 It is possible, and sometimes obligatory, for questions on the interpretation of the treaties establishing the European Communities..to be referred to the European Court from an English court. 1986 Financial Times 28 Feb. i. 12/2 The Government is urgently considering legislation to comply with the ruling of the European Court..that Britain's different retirement ages for men and women breach EEC directives. 2006 Daily Tel. 8 Mar. 1/2 Her lawyers said they would apply for her case to be heard by the European Court's Grand Chamber, a full court of 17 judges. European economic area n. (a) a group of European nations whose economies are in some way linked or integrated; (b) spec. (in form European Economic Area) a free-trade zone operative from 1994, composed of the states of the European Union (when first mooted, the European Economic Community), and certain members of the European Free Trade Association (see Efta n.); abbreviated EEA. ΚΠ 1942 Population Index 8 298 The question of the labor force in the European economic area. 1960 Times 25 July 7/3 It would seem to be in the Commonwealth's interests that Britain should share in the greater opportunities for prosperity created by a wider European economic area. 1985 Financial Times 9 May i. 8/4 The European Commission yesterday approved a plan of action to reinforce links between the European Community and Efta, with the ultimate objective of creating a single European Economic Area. 2000 J. Klosek Data Privacy in Information Age iv. 68 The Personal Data Act 1999 prohibits the transfer of personal data to countries outside of the European Union or European Economic Area unless those third countries guarantee an adequate level of protection to personal data. European monetary system n. a monetary system prevailing in the whole or a part of Europe; spec. (in form European Monetary System) a monetary system based on the Exchange Rate Mechanism, agreed on by the European Community in 1978 and inaugurated in 1979, intended to coordinate and stabilize the exchange rates of the currencies of member states in preparation for monetary union (abbreviated EMS); (since 2001) the monetary system of those countries that have adopted the single European currency. ΚΠ 1892 Times 3 Nov. 10/3 They should endeavour to return to that system of bimetallism which existed previously to 1873, as the present depression in every kind of industry throughout the world appeared to date from the change in the European monetary system which began at that date. 1933 N.Y. Times 1 Dec. 18/1 The apprehension had been dispelled that a Western Goth was determined to upset the European monetary system. 1968 K. N. Chaudhuri in Econ. Hist. Rev. 21 480 In the mid-seventeenth century the European monetary system was such as to make its dependence on a metallic currency for domestic use almost overwhelming. 1978 Washington Post 8 July c7/5 West German Chancellor Helmut Schmidt..said the new European Monetary System (EMS) would have a positive effect on the dollar. 2001 Independent on Sunday (Electronic ed.) 10 June From 28 February 2002, when the euro becomes the official currency of those states belonging to the European Monetary System, any francs or pesetas you have will eventually become worthless. European monetary union n. (also European Monetary Union) (a programme for) the phased introduction of a single monetary policy across Europe or (in later use) among the member states of the European Union; spec. the adoption of a shared single currency unit, the euro (financial transactions in and between the first participating nations began to be calculated in euros, frequently alongside the individual currencies, on 1 January 1999). ΚΠ 1949 Internat. Organization 3 732 A French proposal urged an immediate creation of a western European monetary union.] 1961 Times 21 July 17/1 Support is growing within the Common Market for the formation of a European Monetary union of some kind. 1970 Euromoney Dec. 7 The Prime Minister of Luxembourg chaired the committee on European monetary union and gave his name to their report. 1995 Independent on Sunday 1 Oct. 2/1 In a clear attempt to halt the growing doubt about European Monetary Union, Germany's finance minister, Theo Waigel, yesterday backed the 1999 deadline and proposed that the single currency should be called the ‘Euro’. 1998 Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 31 Dec. An immensely powerful multinational media group has produced a comic for young readers with the message ‘The euro: it's easy!’ ahead of European Monetary Union tomorrow. 2006 Cato Jrnl. 26 49 On January 1, 1999, 11 European countries gave up the independence of their monetary policy by joining the European Monetary Union (EMU). European Parliament n. the legislative assembly of the European Union and its predecessors (see sense A. 5b), based in Brussels and Strasbourg; cf. Euro Parliament n. at Euro- comb. form 4.Established in 1958, the assembly was a direct development of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community, established in 1952. It was first called the European Parliamentary Assembly, but changed its name in 1962. Originally a consultative and supervisory body consisting of representatives selected by the national parliaments of member states, it has been elected by direct universal suffrage since 1979. The administrative body of the Parliament is based in Luxembourg. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > other national governing or legislative bodies > [noun] > European parliament Strasbourg Parliament1954 Euro Parliament1962 European Parliament1962 Strasbourg1969 1961 Ann. Reg. 1960 170 On 17 May..the European Parliamentary Assembly..adopted a draft convention on the election of a European parliament by direct universal suffrage. 1953 Internat. Affairs 29 143 If its recommendations are followed up, the peoples of the six signatory countries of the..projected European Defence Community will, for the first time in history, be called upon to elect a real European Parliament.] 1962 W. Hallstein United Europe i. 25 The European Parliament..is not strictly a legislative body, but it has the task of exerting democratic supervision over the workings of the Community. 1992 Economist 14 Mar. 61/2 He is getting stick from all parties, including his own Christian Democrats, for not insisting that far greater powers should be given to the European Parliament. 2005 P. R. Keefe Chatter viii. 188 The European Parliament complex in Brussels is an imposing hodgepodge of stone and semireflective glass. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1555
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