ethnicn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈɛθnɪk/, U.S.

/ˈɛθnɪk/

Forms: late Middle English–1600s ethnike, 1500s aethenicke, 1500s aethnicke, 1500s ethenicke, 1500s ethenike, 1500s ethenique, 1500s ethnyk, 1500s ethnyke, 1500s etneke, 1500s etnyck, 1500s–1600s ethnicke, 1500s–1600s ethnik, 1500s–1600s ethnique, 1500s–1600s ethnyck, 1500s–1600s ethnycke, 1500s–1600s etnick, 1500s–1700s ethnick, 1500s– ethnic, 1600s etnique; also Scottish pre-1700 eithnik, pre-1700 ethnicque, pre-1700 ethnyk, pre-1700 etnick.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin ethnicus; Greek ἐθνικός.

Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin ethnicus (adjective and noun) heathen, pagan (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), and its etymon (ii) Hellenistic Greek ἐθνικός national, foreign, Gentile, (in grammar) indicating nationality ( < ancient Greek ἔθνος nation, people, (plural, τὰ ἔθνη ) foreign nations, in Hellenistic Greek also Gentiles (Septuagint, New Testament and early Christian authors; after Hebrew gōyīm, plural of gōy goy n.), further etymology uncertain; perhaps < the same Indo-European base as ἕ him (see idio- comb. form) + -νος , suffix forming nouns) + -ικός -ic suffix. Compare Old French etnique , Middle French ethnicque , Middle French, French ethnique (noun) heathen, pagan (13th cent. in Old French in an apparently isolated attestation, subsequently from 1541; a1442 in sense ‘member of an ancient philosophical school’), word that denotes nationality or place of origin (1769 in the passage translated in quot. 1791 at sense A. 2, or earlier), (adjective) heathen, pagan (1549), (of a word) that designates nationality or place of origin (1752), of or relating to peoples with regard to their descent from a particular stock (1871). Compare also Catalan ètnic , adjective (14th cent.), Spanish étnico (a1260 as †ennico as noun, a1631 as adjective), Portuguese étnico , adjective (15th cent. as †ethnico ), Italian etnico (14th cent. as †ennico as adjective in sense ‘pagan’, 1822 in sense B. 3a; also as noun), and German ethnisch (first half of the 16th cent. in sense ‘pagan’; reborrowed < Greek in the first half of the 19th cent. in senses ‘of or relating to national and cultural origins and traditions’, ‘foreign’).In use as noun in sense A. 2 after French ethnique, noun (see above) and its etymon Hellenistic Greek ἐθνικόν (Dionysius Thrax). Some early modern philologists mistakenly considered ancient Greek ἔθνος to be the ulterior etymon of heathen adj., an association which gave rise to heathenic adj. and n.; compare also the note at ethnish adj. Compare e.g.:1671 S. Skinner & T. Henshaw Etymologicon Linguæ Anglicanæ Heathen,..credo omnia à Lat. & Gr. Ethnicus.

A. n.

1. A person who is not Christian or Jewish; a heathen, a pagan. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [noun] > person

heathenc1000

Saracenc1250

payenc1275

paynimc1300

wanbody1303

payemec1330

idolaterc1380

gentilea1382

idolasterc1386

miscreantc1400

mammeter?a1425

paganc1440

infidel1470

ethnic?a1475

image server1531

serve-image1531

heathenista1556

image-worshipper1563

Kaffir1577

giaour1589

Baalista1603

idolant1605

idolatress1613

idolist1614

idololatera1641

iconolater1654

Baalite1656

iconodulist1716

irreligionista1779

neopagan1868

iconodule1893

witch1958

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 17 (MED) Thauȝhe the figmentes of gentiles and dictes of ethnikes [L. dicta ethnicorum] be inmixte to this werke, thei do seruyce to the Cristen religion.

c1480 (a1400) St. Barnabas 161 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 253 A part of It [sc. the temple] fel done, & mad a gret distruccione of ethnykis.

1542 T. Becon Newe Pathway vnto Praier xxxiii. sig. N.vij^v Y^t multiloquie & manner of bablyng in prayers, which the Ethnickes & Infidels dyd vse.

?c1550 tr. P. Vergil Eng. Hist. (1846) I. 169 Beinge on all sides beesett with the Tracherie of these rude æthenickes, hee was sodainlie slayne.

1588 W. Allen Admon. to Nobility & People 37 Yf he..heare not the Churche, let him be taken for an Ethnike.

1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes ii. iv. 57 in Wks. II A kinde of mule! That's halfe an Ethnicke, halfe a Christian!

1664 J. Evelyn Sylva (1776) 614 The Ethnics do still repute all great trees to be divine.

1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. iv. 77 They look upon them [sc. the Jews] as several degrees beneath..Heathens, Ethnicks, Pagans, and Idolaters.

1776 W. J. Mickle in tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad Introd. p. cxxxix Celestial Venus was considered as the name by which the Ethnics expressed the divine Love.

1853 Sc. Mag. Dec. 592 Who can they be who are incapable of being outwardly called by the ministry of the word? Are they not the Ethnics whom the sound of the gospel has never reached?

1919 J. Ruysbroeck tr. T. A. Hyde Kingdom of Lovers of God 35 The Ethnics, although they in a way cherish and follow after natural justice, none the less are damned.

2. Originally and chiefly Ancient Greek History. A word that denotes nationality or place of origin.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > other specific names or types of name

the Holy Namec1440

Singh1623

specification1633

indigitamenta1657

explicative1669

ethnic1791

household name1804

class term1811

book name1815

biverb1831

class word1837

family name1840

class name1843

ananym1867

papponymic1875

autonym1879

throne name1880

demonymic1893

ethnonym1894

a name to conjure with1901

praise name1904

self-reference1948

exonym1957

specific1962

endonym1970

demonym1990

1791 tr. J. B. B. d'Anville Compend. Anc. Geogr. 137 The ethnick [Fr. l'ethnique], or national name, is Illyrii.

1828 J. A. Cramer Geogr. & Hist. Descr. Anc. Greece III. Index p. i The Greek ethnic of each town or place has been subjoined where there was authority for it.

1855 Trans. Royal Irish Acad. 22 ii. 272 That the name Caphtorim is to be received in this sense is certain from its position: for those which it accompanies were doubtless the Ethnics of several families, amongst which Egypt..was partitioned.

1902 D. G. Hogarth Nearer East 194 Where the ‘Arab’ (to use the ethnic widely) lives under conditions similar to the Greek, he resembles him.

1921 C. T. Seltman Temple Coins Olympia 103 The dies..upon which the full ethnic FΑΛΕΙΩΝ appears.

1959 A. G. Woodhead Study Greek Inscriptions 44 Sometimes the single name, without further elaboration, sometimes with patronymic and demotic or ethnic, or with one of the two.

2000 Ann. Brit. School Athens 95 499 Previous editions record only the first six letters of name and ethnic as visible [in this inscription].

3. Originally U.S. A member of a group or subgroup regarded as ultimately of common descent, or having a common national or cultural tradition; esp. a member of an ethnic minority.In the United States sometimes used spec. to denote members of non-black minority groups. Now often considered offensive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > race > other specific races > [noun]

ethnic1898

1898 World (N.Y.) 17 Nov. 1/2 The Colonel's lecture was..on the westward growth of America... When he talked profoundly of ‘ethnics’ and the like, his listeners pricked up their ears.

1936 W. L. Warner in Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 9 528 Other groups in the New England areas which maintain a social distance are the ethnics.

1945 W. Warner & L. Srole Social Syst. Amer. Ethnic Groups Yankee City Ser. III v. 68 The Irish..had their origins largely in the peasant stratum... The Jews were of the burgher class... These differences in the ethnics' social-class backgrounds will be seen later to have important bearing on their adaptation.

1961 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Nov. 828/4 The former ‘ethnics’, a polite term for Jews, Italians, and other lesser breeds just inside the law.

1963 T. Morris & P. Morris Pentonville iii. 62 It is the general view of the prison staff that the majority of ‘coloureds’ and ‘ethnics’ are West Indians.

1964 S. M. Miller in I. L. Horowitz New Sociol. 297 As the white ethnics—first the Irish, later the Jews, and still more recently the Italians..gained strength.

1974 Jrnl. Negro Hist. 59 53 Older blacks and ethnics categorically denied that racial conflict existed between the two groups before the mid-twenties.

1988 R. Dole & E. Dole Doles v. 121 We tried to capitalize on Nixon's appeal among..ethnics and blue-collar workers.

2005 Independent 14 July 37/1 The CA investigated..what city types, ethnics, disabled and young people thought about England's green and pleasant landscape.

B. adj.

1. Of or relating to nations, peoples, or cultures that are neither Christian nor Jewish; heathen, pagan. Cf. earlier ethnical adj. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [adjective]

heathenishc893

heathen971

misbelievedc1225

Barbarya1300

payenc1300

miscreantc1330

paynimc1330

uncircumcideda1382

uncircumciseda1400

gentilec1400

heathenly1415

paganismc1425

profanec1450

pagan1464

ethnical?a1475

payemec1480

miscredentc1500

heathenish1535

whorish1535

ethnic1542

ethnish1542

idolous1546

mammetrous1546

gentilish1550

idolatrous?1550

idololatrical1550

infidel1551

idolatrical1556

gentilical1573

paganical?1573

idolish1577

heatheny1580

irreligious1585

paganish1589

gentilic1603

idolaster1608

gentilitious1613

heathenous1613

idolatrizing1614

image-worshipping1621

misreligious1623

Mahounda1625

gentilizing1637

idololatrousa1641

infidelious1648

Baalitical1652

national1661

idolatric1669

paganic1676

gentilized1684

Baalish1690

idololatrica1711

infidelical1802

semi-fidel1834

Greekish1851

paganistic1853

unselect1882

goyish1888

1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes i. f. 104^v To an ethnike philosophir it seemed nycitee..y^e an ethnike or gentile should haue his shooes dooen on by his seruaunte [L. Philosopho ethnico prodigiosae deliciae uidebantur ethnicum calceari a famulo].

1543 R. Grafton in Chron. J. Hardyng Pref. sig. ??.vi The Bible bookes, of Iudges and kynges..farre surmountyng all Ethnike dooynges.

1545 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. New Test. Pref. 3 An ethnike and a pagane kyng.

1581 J. Marbeck Bk. Notes & Common Places 61 That all composition is against the nature of God even the Ethnicke Philosophers perceived.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vi. xlix. 268/1 Professing himselfe to be a Christian, and withall protesting that he would not be a Soueraigne ouer an Ethnike Empire.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 281 Exhorted their Converts to obey their then Ethnique Princes.

1726 J. Reynolds Relig. Jesus Delineated 60 The style of the Christian code is remarkably different, in this case, from that of ethnick writers.

1767 W. Harte Amaranth 134 An ethnic idol, for delusion made.

1804 T. Moore Epist. iii. iii. 45 All the charm that ethnic fancy gave To blessed arbours o'er the western wave.

1846 H. W. Longfellow Drinking Song in Belfry of Bruges (ed. 3) 94 These are ancient ethnic revels, Of a faith long since forsaken.

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling i. vii. 67 I find at this time his religion is as good as altogether Ethnic, Greekish.

1873 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. 2nd Ser. 107 There is first the ethnic forecourt, then the purgatorial middle-space.

1922 Homiletic Rev. Apr. 281/1 The Hebrew doctrines of spirits, the dead, and immortality show contact with an participation in some of the ethnic beliefs.

1941 A. C. Bouquet Compar. Relig. v. 51 The demon Baal-zeboul..was formerly an ethnic deity of the underworld in pre-Hebraic Palestine.

2. Originally Ancient Greek History. Of a word: that denotes nationality or place of origin.

ΚΠ

1791 tr. J. B. B. d'Anville Compend. Anc. Geogr. 524 The ethnic name [Fr. nom national], which seems to have predominated here, is that of the Issedones, or Essedones; which..the writers of antiquity have given to several people.

1826 J. A. Cramer Geogr. & Hist. Descr. Anc. Italy II. 445 (heading) The Ethnic adjective of each town or place has been subjoined where there was authority for it; such names are indicated by an asterisk.

1874 Numismatic Chron. New Ser. 14 38 (note) This word has been generally accepted as an ethnic adjective or substantive formed from Cæna, a town mentioned only in the Antonine Itinerary.

1922 J. C. Austin Significant Name in Terence ii. 29 The name..may possibly have been an ethnic term derived from the not far distant Getans.

1960 W. W. Elmendorf Struct. Twana Culture v. 259 The ethnic name of the Skokomish is of course an extended-area term.., not derived from a single-site name.

2003 K. Hurry tr. A. Daniélou Brief Hist. India i. ii. 13 The term Dravidian comes from the ethnic noun Dravida, Dramida, or Dramila.

3. (Cf. earlier ethnical adj. 2.)

a. Originally: of or relating to peoples with regard to their (actual or perceived) common descent. Now usually: of or relating to national or cultural origin or tradition.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > [adjective]

heathenic1554

savage1559

heathnical1583

ethnical1818

ethnic1841

multi-ethnic1941

mono-ethnic1968

1841 Amer. Eclectic Sept. 220 The national literature of Spain..extends over a long interval of time; but if we extend that term to such productions only as spring from the common romantic and ethnic basis of European art, it was of remarkably brief duration.

1875 J. B. Lightfoot St. Paul's Epist. Colossians & Philemon 201/1 Heresies are at best ethnic: truth is essentially catholic.

1920 S. P. Orth Immigration & Labor i. vi. 164 The term Slav covers a welter of nationalities whose common ethnic heritage has long been concealed under religious, geographical, and political diversities and feuds.

1960 J. H. Fichter in T. T. McAvoy Rom. Catholicism & Amer. Way of Life iii. ix. 116 The Catholic Church embraces people of all nationalities who are Catholics despite their national and ethnic differences.

2009 J. G. Peoples & G. A. Bailey Humanity (ed. 8) iv. xvii. 383/1 A person may assume a number of different ethnic identities, depending on the social situation.

b. Designating or relating to relations between the different population groups of a country or region, esp. where there is hostility or conflict; that occurs or exists between such groups, inter-ethnic.

ΚΠ

1849 Allen's Indian Mail 25 May 309/2 That savage ferocity of stronger races which broke to pieces..the Chepang and Kusunda tribes during the ethnic struggles of days long gone by, when tribe met tribe in internecine strife.

1870 New Eclectic Mag. Mar. 295 I slew gross bodies of old ethnic Hates That stirred long race-wars betwixt states and states.

1891 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) 2 Aug. 4/2 Some movement of peoples that brought great ethnic clash, friction, struggle, mixture in its train.

1918 P. A. Means Racial Factors in Democracy iii. 52 The two movements may be looked upon as being indicative of profound ethnic unrest in the lands to the North of the Balkans.

1952 Public Opinion Q. 16 302/1 Intelligent public relations can undergird ethnic harmony in such a crucial area as Hawaii.

1983 Illustr. London News 28 May 12/3 After seven weeks of ethnic violence in Assam, the death toll was again revised upwards.

2005 R. Gottlieb et al. Next Los Angeles iii. 70 Ethnic tensions had risen as the area's demography had changed.

c. Of a population group: regarded as having a common descent, or a common national or cultural tradition.

ΚΠ

1863 D. Wilson Prehistoric Ann. Scotl. (ed. 2) I. i. ix. 229 That ethnic stock which embraced all existing European races.

1871 tr. A. Réville Devil i. 12 The dualism which is at the bottom of all polytheisms has..re-appeared among them under the forms peculiar to the ethnic group to which they belong.

1902 Jrnl. Royal Afr. Soc. 1 399 The Agnis are a group of the great ethnic family which includes not only the Ashantis but the great majority of the Gold Coast tribes.

1935 J. S. Huxley & A. C. Haddon We Europeans iv. 136 Nowhere does a human group now exist which corresponds closely to a systematic sub-species in animals... For existing populations, the noncommittal term ethnic group should be used.

1939 C. S. Coon Races of Europe xi. 444 The Jews are an ethnic unit, although one which has little regard for spatial considerations.

1970 Internat. Jrnl. 25 460 The loyalties of most of their citizens were still focused on a particular group (tribe, ethnic grouping, or what some would prefer to call nation) within the state.

2000 Afr. News (Nexis) 6 Oct. Conflicts are frequent in most poor countries like Nigeria. Adduceable reasons are hinged on ill governance, sharp inequalities between ethnic and religious groups.

d. Designating or relating to art, music, dress, or other elements of culture characteristic of a particular (esp. non-Western) national or cultural group or tradition; modelled on or incorporating elements of these. Hence: (colloquial) foreign, exotic.Quot. 1848 may show this sense, but could show sense B. 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > [adjective] > qualities of music generally

wanton1583

martial1609

hesychastic1694

systaltic1694

figureless1887

ethnic1912

novelty1915

treacly1930

Afro1938

soft-focused1942

Afro-Caribbean1947

pop1956

toppy1956

shit-kicking1961

spacy1967

prog1976

loungy1977

1848 Edinb. Rev. July 47 The most attractive objects..are perhaps the temple of Serapis, the emblematic deity of a mixed people; and the Museum, with its unimpaired treasures of ethnic poetry, eloquence, and philosophy.]

1863 Ann. Rep. Board of Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1862 298 The varied ethnological collections of the Smithsonian Institution..will be found to illustrate many interesting points of comparative ethnic art.

1897 Science 18 June 960/2 These [hypotheses] are, first, that the swastika is always to be regarded as a symbol; and, secondly, that it ‘migrated’ from one of two centers and was in some sense a racial or ethnic figure.

1912 G. S. Hall & G. E. Partridge Genetic Philos. Educ. iii. xxi. 278 The simpler music, the folk-song, the ballad, the ethnic music should come first.

1953 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 66 260 The distribution of ethnic dancing in New England.

1958 Econ. Devel. & Cultural Change 6 230 Only among those recently arrived from the villages are there strong ties with the areas of origin, use of the ethnic language or ethnic clothing types.

1965 Sun 6 Dec. 7/6 Ethnic..has come to mean foreign, or un-American or plain quaint.

1970 Times 20 Oct. 8/4 (headline) Ethnic food for the people.

1976 Eastern Evening News (Norwich) 13 Dec. 4/6 Ethnic rock, anything foreign.

1983 Washington Post 3 Apr. c3/2 Bloom describes the sound as ‘..ethnic pop. It brings together African juju sounds and a real strong Cuban and Brazilian influence.’

1991 Times Educ. Suppl. 8 Feb. 42/5 The Radio Authority has..decreed that classical music,..folk, country and ethnic music aren't pop.

2012 Church Times 10 Feb. 14/3 At the end of our road in Hove there is a little shop that sells ethnic knick-knackery.

e. Designating or relating to a population subgroup (within a dominant national or cultural group) regarded as having a common descent or national or cultural tradition.In the United States sometimes spec. designating members of non-black minority groups. Now often considered offensive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > [adjective] > particular section or group of community or mankind

ethnic1895

1895 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 5 144 The author offers no solution to this ethnic problem save colonization...This in his opinion is the solution of the negro problem.

1901 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 21 135 These and other similar points of coincidence in the Semitic and Mycenean cults may be cited as showing that the parallelism implies a very close inter-connexion and at times, perhaps, even an underlying ethnic community.

1919 Catal. Copyright Entries: Pt. 1, Group 2 (Libr. of Congr. Copyright Office) 16 424/1 Crane finds envoys ignore ethnic rights.

1949 L. Bloom & R. Riemer Removal & Return i. 25 The smaller points of concentration..had retail shops and service establishments for the ethnic community.

1969 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 34 1009/1 That friendly beer with the happy boys at the local tavern, where black or ethnic working stiffs know how to prove that a man's a man.

2007 A. G. Hargreaves Multi-Ethnic France (ed. 2) iii. 135 The party's majority ethnic leader, Robert Hue, had taken only 6 per cent of the Seine-Saint-Denis vote.

f. Designating origin or national identity by birth or descent rather than by present nationality.

ΚΠ

1920 Washington Post 12 Aug. 1/3 Will they agree that territory belonging to the old Russian empire, with the exception of Finland proper, ethnic Poland and such territory as may by agreement form a part of the Armenian state, shall be restored to the Russian people?]

1942 Population Index 8 111/2 The transfer of ethnic Germans and German citizens from Italy to Germany.

1970 Daily Tel. 16 Apr. 18 The situation is fast becoming greatly complicated by the presence in Cambodia of large numbers, put at 400,000 to 500,000, of ‘ethnic’ Vietnamese.

1992 Newsweek 2 Nov. 62/2 On the pretext of protecting ethnic Serbs, the JNA [sc. the Yugoslav Army] attacked Croatia.

2011 P. Mojzes Balkan Genocides xiii. 232 There have never been friendly relations with Albania to the west, due to Macedonia's ethnic Albanians' secessionist aspirations.

Compounds

ethnic minority n. (also ethnic minority group) a group within a country or community which has different national or cultural traditions from the larger, dominant population.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > [noun] > particular section or group of community or mankind

peoplea1382

public1709

national minority1918

ethnic minority1919

visible minority1940

1919 Reform Advocate (Chicago) 25 Oct. 285/2 In enlarged Rumania, there will be, besides the Jews, three or four millions of human beings belonging to ethnic minorities who cannot be left without protection or defence.

1940 Foreign Affairs 18 659 Pseudo-biological theories which lead to the persecution and expatriation of numerous ethnic minority groups.

1945 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 10 481 (heading) Status and housing of ethnic minorities.

1964 O. E. Klapp Symbolic Leaders vii. 179 If he belongs to a disliked ethnic minority, he tries to be as unlike the stereotype of that minority as possible.

1974 Educ. & Community Rel. Jan. 1 Primary and secondary schools were included which were in areas of ethnic minority group settlement but had no ethnic minority group children in the school.

1984 Guardian 20 Nov. 8/7 Ethnic minorities will hopefully be tempted into the force by the fact that a black and female PC is given a starring role in the film.

2006 P. Cole in E. Poole & J. E. Richardson Muslims & News Media i. vi. 73 Ethnic minorities will not connect with newspapers that neither understand them nor bother to employ them.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ethnic
释义	ethnicn.adj. Brit. /ˈɛθnɪk/, U.S. /ˈɛθnɪk/ Forms: late Middle English–1600s ethnike, 1500s aethenicke, 1500s aethnicke, 1500s ethenicke, 1500s ethenike, 1500s ethenique, 1500s ethnyk, 1500s ethnyke, 1500s etneke, 1500s etnyck, 1500s–1600s ethnicke, 1500s–1600s ethnik, 1500s–1600s ethnique, 1500s–1600s ethnyck, 1500s–1600s ethnycke, 1500s–1600s etnick, 1500s–1700s ethnick, 1500s– ethnic, 1600s etnique; also Scottish pre-1700 eithnik, pre-1700 ethnicque, pre-1700 ethnyk, pre-1700 etnick. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Etymons: Latin ethnicus; Greek ἐθνικός. Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin ethnicus (adjective and noun) heathen, pagan (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), and its etymon (ii) Hellenistic Greek ἐθνικός national, foreign, Gentile, (in grammar) indicating nationality ( < ancient Greek ἔθνος nation, people, (plural, τὰ ἔθνη ) foreign nations, in Hellenistic Greek also Gentiles (Septuagint, New Testament and early Christian authors; after Hebrew gōyīm, plural of gōy goy n.), further etymology uncertain; perhaps < the same Indo-European base as ἕ him (see idio- comb. form) + -νος , suffix forming nouns) + -ικός -ic suffix. Compare Old French etnique , Middle French ethnicque , Middle French, French ethnique (noun) heathen, pagan (13th cent. in Old French in an apparently isolated attestation, subsequently from 1541; a1442 in sense ‘member of an ancient philosophical school’), word that denotes nationality or place of origin (1769 in the passage translated in quot. 1791 at sense A. 2, or earlier), (adjective) heathen, pagan (1549), (of a word) that designates nationality or place of origin (1752), of or relating to peoples with regard to their descent from a particular stock (1871). Compare also Catalan ètnic , adjective (14th cent.), Spanish étnico (a1260 as †ennico as noun, a1631 as adjective), Portuguese étnico , adjective (15th cent. as †ethnico ), Italian etnico (14th cent. as †ennico as adjective in sense ‘pagan’, 1822 in sense B. 3a; also as noun), and German ethnisch (first half of the 16th cent. in sense ‘pagan’; reborrowed < Greek in the first half of the 19th cent. in senses ‘of or relating to national and cultural origins and traditions’, ‘foreign’).In use as noun in sense A. 2 after French ethnique, noun (see above) and its etymon Hellenistic Greek ἐθνικόν (Dionysius Thrax). Some early modern philologists mistakenly considered ancient Greek ἔθνος to be the ulterior etymon of heathen adj., an association which gave rise to heathenic adj. and n.; compare also the note at ethnish adj. Compare e.g.:1671 S. Skinner & T. Henshaw Etymologicon Linguæ Anglicanæ Heathen,..credo omnia à Lat. & Gr. Ethnicus. A. n. 1. A person who is not Christian or Jewish; a heathen, a pagan. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [noun] > person heathenc1000 Saracenc1250 payenc1275 paynimc1300 wanbody1303 payemec1330 idolaterc1380 gentilea1382 idolasterc1386 miscreantc1400 mammeter?a1425 paganc1440 infidel1470 ethnic?a1475 image server1531 serve-image1531 heathenista1556 image-worshipper1563 Kaffir1577 giaour1589 Baalista1603 idolant1605 idolatress1613 idolist1614 idololatera1641 iconolater1654 Baalite1656 iconodulist1716 irreligionista1779 neopagan1868 iconodule1893 witch1958 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 17 (MED) Thauȝhe the figmentes of gentiles and dictes of ethnikes [L. dicta ethnicorum] be inmixte to this werke, thei do seruyce to the Cristen religion. c1480 (a1400) St. Barnabas 161 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 253 A part of It [sc. the temple] fel done, & mad a gret distruccione of ethnykis. 1542 T. Becon Newe Pathway vnto Praier xxxiii. sig. N.vij^v Y^t multiloquie & manner of bablyng in prayers, which the Ethnickes & Infidels dyd vse. ?c1550 tr. P. Vergil Eng. Hist. (1846) I. 169 Beinge on all sides beesett with the Tracherie of these rude æthenickes, hee was sodainlie slayne. 1588 W. Allen Admon. to Nobility & People 37 Yf he..heare not the Churche, let him be taken for an Ethnike. 1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes ii. iv. 57 in Wks. II A kinde of mule! That's halfe an Ethnicke, halfe a Christian! 1664 J. Evelyn Sylva (1776) 614 The Ethnics do still repute all great trees to be divine. 1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. iv. 77 They look upon them [sc. the Jews] as several degrees beneath..Heathens, Ethnicks, Pagans, and Idolaters. 1776 W. J. Mickle in tr. L. de Camoens Lusiad Introd. p. cxxxix Celestial Venus was considered as the name by which the Ethnics expressed the divine Love. 1853 Sc. Mag. Dec. 592 Who can they be who are incapable of being outwardly called by the ministry of the word? Are they not the Ethnics whom the sound of the gospel has never reached? 1919 J. Ruysbroeck tr. T. A. Hyde Kingdom of Lovers of God 35 The Ethnics, although they in a way cherish and follow after natural justice, none the less are damned. 2. Originally and chiefly Ancient Greek History. A word that denotes nationality or place of origin. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > other specific names or types of name the Holy Namec1440 Singh1623 specification1633 indigitamenta1657 explicative1669 ethnic1791 household name1804 class term1811 book name1815 biverb1831 class word1837 family name1840 class name1843 ananym1867 papponymic1875 autonym1879 throne name1880 demonymic1893 ethnonym1894 a name to conjure with1901 praise name1904 self-reference1948 exonym1957 specific1962 endonym1970 demonym1990 1791 tr. J. B. B. d'Anville Compend. Anc. Geogr. 137 The ethnick [Fr. l'ethnique], or national name, is Illyrii. 1828 J. A. Cramer Geogr. & Hist. Descr. Anc. Greece III. Index p. i The Greek ethnic of each town or place has been subjoined where there was authority for it. 1855 Trans. Royal Irish Acad. 22 ii. 272 That the name Caphtorim is to be received in this sense is certain from its position: for those which it accompanies were doubtless the Ethnics of several families, amongst which Egypt..was partitioned. 1902 D. G. Hogarth Nearer East 194 Where the ‘Arab’ (to use the ethnic widely) lives under conditions similar to the Greek, he resembles him. 1921 C. T. Seltman Temple Coins Olympia 103 The dies..upon which the full ethnic FΑΛΕΙΩΝ appears. 1959 A. G. Woodhead Study Greek Inscriptions 44 Sometimes the single name, without further elaboration, sometimes with patronymic and demotic or ethnic, or with one of the two. 2000 Ann. Brit. School Athens 95 499 Previous editions record only the first six letters of name and ethnic as visible [in this inscription]. 3. Originally U.S. A member of a group or subgroup regarded as ultimately of common descent, or having a common national or cultural tradition; esp. a member of an ethnic minority.In the United States sometimes used spec. to denote members of non-black minority groups. Now often considered offensive. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > race > other specific races > [noun] ethnic1898 1898 World (N.Y.) 17 Nov. 1/2 The Colonel's lecture was..on the westward growth of America... When he talked profoundly of ‘ethnics’ and the like, his listeners pricked up their ears. 1936 W. L. Warner in Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 9 528 Other groups in the New England areas which maintain a social distance are the ethnics. 1945 W. Warner & L. Srole Social Syst. Amer. Ethnic Groups Yankee City Ser. III v. 68 The Irish..had their origins largely in the peasant stratum... The Jews were of the burgher class... These differences in the ethnics' social-class backgrounds will be seen later to have important bearing on their adaptation. 1961 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Nov. 828/4 The former ‘ethnics’, a polite term for Jews, Italians, and other lesser breeds just inside the law. 1963 T. Morris & P. Morris Pentonville iii. 62 It is the general view of the prison staff that the majority of ‘coloureds’ and ‘ethnics’ are West Indians. 1964 S. M. Miller in I. L. Horowitz New Sociol. 297 As the white ethnics—first the Irish, later the Jews, and still more recently the Italians..gained strength. 1974 Jrnl. Negro Hist. 59 53 Older blacks and ethnics categorically denied that racial conflict existed between the two groups before the mid-twenties. 1988 R. Dole & E. Dole Doles v. 121 We tried to capitalize on Nixon's appeal among..ethnics and blue-collar workers. 2005 Independent 14 July 37/1 The CA investigated..what city types, ethnics, disabled and young people thought about England's green and pleasant landscape. B. adj. 1. Of or relating to nations, peoples, or cultures that are neither Christian nor Jewish; heathen, pagan. Cf. earlier ethnical adj. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > paganism > [adjective] heathenishc893 heathen971 misbelievedc1225 Barbarya1300 payenc1300 miscreantc1330 paynimc1330 uncircumcideda1382 uncircumciseda1400 gentilec1400 heathenly1415 paganismc1425 profanec1450 pagan1464 ethnical?a1475 payemec1480 miscredentc1500 heathenish1535 whorish1535 ethnic1542 ethnish1542 idolous1546 mammetrous1546 gentilish1550 idolatrous?1550 idololatrical1550 infidel1551 idolatrical1556 gentilical1573 paganical?1573 idolish1577 heatheny1580 irreligious1585 paganish1589 gentilic1603 idolaster1608 gentilitious1613 heathenous1613 idolatrizing1614 image-worshipping1621 misreligious1623 Mahounda1625 gentilizing1637 idololatrousa1641 infidelious1648 Baalitical1652 national1661 idolatric1669 paganic1676 gentilized1684 Baalish1690 idololatrica1711 infidelical1802 semi-fidel1834 Greekish1851 paganistic1853 unselect1882 goyish1888 1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes i. f. 104^v To an ethnike philosophir it seemed nycitee..y^e an ethnike or gentile should haue his shooes dooen on by his seruaunte [L. Philosopho ethnico prodigiosae deliciae uidebantur ethnicum calceari a famulo]. 1543 R. Grafton in Chron. J. Hardyng Pref. sig. ??.vi The Bible bookes, of Iudges and kynges..farre surmountyng all Ethnike dooynges. 1545 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. New Test. Pref. 3 An ethnike and a pagane kyng. 1581 J. Marbeck Bk. Notes & Common Places 61 That all composition is against the nature of God even the Ethnicke Philosophers perceived. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vi. xlix. 268/1 Professing himselfe to be a Christian, and withall protesting that he would not be a Soueraigne ouer an Ethnike Empire. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 281 Exhorted their Converts to obey their then Ethnique Princes. 1726 J. Reynolds Relig. Jesus Delineated 60 The style of the Christian code is remarkably different, in this case, from that of ethnick writers. 1767 W. Harte Amaranth 134 An ethnic idol, for delusion made. 1804 T. Moore Epist. iii. iii. 45 All the charm that ethnic fancy gave To blessed arbours o'er the western wave. 1846 H. W. Longfellow Drinking Song in Belfry of Bruges (ed. 3) 94 These are ancient ethnic revels, Of a faith long since forsaken. 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling i. vii. 67 I find at this time his religion is as good as altogether Ethnic, Greekish. 1873 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. 2nd Ser. 107 There is first the ethnic forecourt, then the purgatorial middle-space. 1922 Homiletic Rev. Apr. 281/1 The Hebrew doctrines of spirits, the dead, and immortality show contact with an participation in some of the ethnic beliefs. 1941 A. C. Bouquet Compar. Relig. v. 51 The demon Baal-zeboul..was formerly an ethnic deity of the underworld in pre-Hebraic Palestine. 2. Originally Ancient Greek History. Of a word: that denotes nationality or place of origin. ΚΠ 1791 tr. J. B. B. d'Anville Compend. Anc. Geogr. 524 The ethnic name [Fr. nom national], which seems to have predominated here, is that of the Issedones, or Essedones; which..the writers of antiquity have given to several people. 1826 J. A. Cramer Geogr. & Hist. Descr. Anc. Italy II. 445 (heading) The Ethnic adjective of each town or place has been subjoined where there was authority for it; such names are indicated by an asterisk. 1874 Numismatic Chron. New Ser. 14 38 (note) This word has been generally accepted as an ethnic adjective or substantive formed from Cæna, a town mentioned only in the Antonine Itinerary. 1922 J. C. Austin Significant Name in Terence ii. 29 The name..may possibly have been an ethnic term derived from the not far distant Getans. 1960 W. W. Elmendorf Struct. Twana Culture v. 259 The ethnic name of the Skokomish is of course an extended-area term.., not derived from a single-site name. 2003 K. Hurry tr. A. Daniélou Brief Hist. India i. ii. 13 The term Dravidian comes from the ethnic noun Dravida, Dramida, or Dramila. 3. (Cf. earlier ethnical adj. 2.) a. Originally: of or relating to peoples with regard to their (actual or perceived) common descent. Now usually: of or relating to national or cultural origin or tradition. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > [adjective] heathenic1554 savage1559 heathnical1583 ethnical1818 ethnic1841 multi-ethnic1941 mono-ethnic1968 1841 Amer. Eclectic Sept. 220 The national literature of Spain..extends over a long interval of time; but if we extend that term to such productions only as spring from the common romantic and ethnic basis of European art, it was of remarkably brief duration. 1875 J. B. Lightfoot St. Paul's Epist. Colossians & Philemon 201/1 Heresies are at best ethnic: truth is essentially catholic. 1920 S. P. Orth Immigration & Labor i. vi. 164 The term Slav covers a welter of nationalities whose common ethnic heritage has long been concealed under religious, geographical, and political diversities and feuds. 1960 J. H. Fichter in T. T. McAvoy Rom. Catholicism & Amer. Way of Life iii. ix. 116 The Catholic Church embraces people of all nationalities who are Catholics despite their national and ethnic differences. 2009 J. G. Peoples & G. A. Bailey Humanity (ed. 8) iv. xvii. 383/1 A person may assume a number of different ethnic identities, depending on the social situation. b. Designating or relating to relations between the different population groups of a country or region, esp. where there is hostility or conflict; that occurs or exists between such groups, inter-ethnic. ΚΠ 1849 Allen's Indian Mail 25 May 309/2 That savage ferocity of stronger races which broke to pieces..the Chepang and Kusunda tribes during the ethnic struggles of days long gone by, when tribe met tribe in internecine strife. 1870 New Eclectic Mag. Mar. 295 I slew gross bodies of old ethnic Hates That stirred long race-wars betwixt states and states. 1891 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) 2 Aug. 4/2 Some movement of peoples that brought great ethnic clash, friction, struggle, mixture in its train. 1918 P. A. Means Racial Factors in Democracy iii. 52 The two movements may be looked upon as being indicative of profound ethnic unrest in the lands to the North of the Balkans. 1952 Public Opinion Q. 16 302/1 Intelligent public relations can undergird ethnic harmony in such a crucial area as Hawaii. 1983 Illustr. London News 28 May 12/3 After seven weeks of ethnic violence in Assam, the death toll was again revised upwards. 2005 R. Gottlieb et al. Next Los Angeles iii. 70 Ethnic tensions had risen as the area's demography had changed. c. Of a population group: regarded as having a common descent, or a common national or cultural tradition. ΚΠ 1863 D. Wilson Prehistoric Ann. Scotl. (ed. 2) I. i. ix. 229 That ethnic stock which embraced all existing European races. 1871 tr. A. Réville Devil i. 12 The dualism which is at the bottom of all polytheisms has..re-appeared among them under the forms peculiar to the ethnic group to which they belong. 1902 Jrnl. Royal Afr. Soc. 1 399 The Agnis are a group of the great ethnic family which includes not only the Ashantis but the great majority of the Gold Coast tribes. 1935 J. S. Huxley & A. C. Haddon We Europeans iv. 136 Nowhere does a human group now exist which corresponds closely to a systematic sub-species in animals... For existing populations, the noncommittal term ethnic group should be used. 1939 C. S. Coon Races of Europe xi. 444 The Jews are an ethnic unit, although one which has little regard for spatial considerations. 1970 Internat. Jrnl. 25 460 The loyalties of most of their citizens were still focused on a particular group (tribe, ethnic grouping, or what some would prefer to call nation) within the state. 2000 Afr. News (Nexis) 6 Oct. Conflicts are frequent in most poor countries like Nigeria. Adduceable reasons are hinged on ill governance, sharp inequalities between ethnic and religious groups. d. Designating or relating to art, music, dress, or other elements of culture characteristic of a particular (esp. non-Western) national or cultural group or tradition; modelled on or incorporating elements of these. Hence: (colloquial) foreign, exotic.Quot. 1848 may show this sense, but could show sense B. 1. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > [adjective] > qualities of music generally wanton1583 martial1609 hesychastic1694 systaltic1694 figureless1887 ethnic1912 novelty1915 treacly1930 Afro1938 soft-focused1942 Afro-Caribbean1947 pop1956 toppy1956 shit-kicking1961 spacy1967 prog1976 loungy1977 1848 Edinb. Rev. July 47 The most attractive objects..are perhaps the temple of Serapis, the emblematic deity of a mixed people; and the Museum, with its unimpaired treasures of ethnic poetry, eloquence, and philosophy.] 1863 Ann. Rep. Board of Regents Smithsonian Inst. 1862 298 The varied ethnological collections of the Smithsonian Institution..will be found to illustrate many interesting points of comparative ethnic art. 1897 Science 18 June 960/2 These [hypotheses] are, first, that the swastika is always to be regarded as a symbol; and, secondly, that it ‘migrated’ from one of two centers and was in some sense a racial or ethnic figure. 1912 G. S. Hall & G. E. Partridge Genetic Philos. Educ. iii. xxi. 278 The simpler music, the folk-song, the ballad, the ethnic music should come first. 1953 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 66 260 The distribution of ethnic dancing in New England. 1958 Econ. Devel. & Cultural Change 6 230 Only among those recently arrived from the villages are there strong ties with the areas of origin, use of the ethnic language or ethnic clothing types. 1965 Sun 6 Dec. 7/6 Ethnic..has come to mean foreign, or un-American or plain quaint. 1970 Times 20 Oct. 8/4 (headline) Ethnic food for the people. 1976 Eastern Evening News (Norwich) 13 Dec. 4/6 Ethnic rock, anything foreign. 1983 Washington Post 3 Apr. c3/2 Bloom describes the sound as ‘..ethnic pop. It brings together African juju sounds and a real strong Cuban and Brazilian influence.’ 1991 Times Educ. Suppl. 8 Feb. 42/5 The Radio Authority has..decreed that classical music,..folk, country and ethnic music aren't pop. 2012 Church Times 10 Feb. 14/3 At the end of our road in Hove there is a little shop that sells ethnic knick-knackery. e. Designating or relating to a population subgroup (within a dominant national or cultural group) regarded as having a common descent or national or cultural tradition.In the United States sometimes spec. designating members of non-black minority groups. Now often considered offensive. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > [adjective] > particular section or group of community or mankind ethnic1895 1895 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 5 144 The author offers no solution to this ethnic problem save colonization...This in his opinion is the solution of the negro problem. 1901 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 21 135 These and other similar points of coincidence in the Semitic and Mycenean cults may be cited as showing that the parallelism implies a very close inter-connexion and at times, perhaps, even an underlying ethnic community. 1919 Catal. Copyright Entries: Pt. 1, Group 2 (Libr. of Congr. Copyright Office) 16 424/1 Crane finds envoys ignore ethnic rights. 1949 L. Bloom & R. Riemer Removal & Return i. 25 The smaller points of concentration..had retail shops and service establishments for the ethnic community. 1969 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 34 1009/1 That friendly beer with the happy boys at the local tavern, where black or ethnic working stiffs know how to prove that a man's a man. 2007 A. G. Hargreaves Multi-Ethnic France (ed. 2) iii. 135 The party's majority ethnic leader, Robert Hue, had taken only 6 per cent of the Seine-Saint-Denis vote. f. Designating origin or national identity by birth or descent rather than by present nationality. ΚΠ 1920 Washington Post 12 Aug. 1/3 Will they agree that territory belonging to the old Russian empire, with the exception of Finland proper, ethnic Poland and such territory as may by agreement form a part of the Armenian state, shall be restored to the Russian people?] 1942 Population Index 8 111/2 The transfer of ethnic Germans and German citizens from Italy to Germany. 1970 Daily Tel. 16 Apr. 18 The situation is fast becoming greatly complicated by the presence in Cambodia of large numbers, put at 400,000 to 500,000, of ‘ethnic’ Vietnamese. 1992 Newsweek 2 Nov. 62/2 On the pretext of protecting ethnic Serbs, the JNA [sc. the Yugoslav Army] attacked Croatia. 2011 P. Mojzes Balkan Genocides xiii. 232 There have never been friendly relations with Albania to the west, due to Macedonia's ethnic Albanians' secessionist aspirations. Compounds ethnic minority n. (also ethnic minority group) a group within a country or community which has different national or cultural traditions from the larger, dominant population. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > [noun] > particular section or group of community or mankind peoplea1382 public1709 national minority1918 ethnic minority1919 visible minority1940 1919 Reform Advocate (Chicago) 25 Oct. 285/2 In enlarged Rumania, there will be, besides the Jews, three or four millions of human beings belonging to ethnic minorities who cannot be left without protection or defence. 1940 Foreign Affairs 18 659 Pseudo-biological theories which lead to the persecution and expatriation of numerous ethnic minority groups. 1945 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 10 481 (heading) Status and housing of ethnic minorities. 1964 O. E. Klapp Symbolic Leaders vii. 179 If he belongs to a disliked ethnic minority, he tries to be as unlike the stereotype of that minority as possible. 1974 Educ. & Community Rel. Jan. 1 Primary and secondary schools were included which were in areas of ethnic minority group settlement but had no ethnic minority group children in the school. 1984 Guardian 20 Nov. 8/7 Ethnic minorities will hopefully be tempted into the force by the fact that a black and female PC is given a starring role in the film. 2006 P. Cole in E. Poole & J. E. Richardson Muslims & News Media i. vi. 73 Ethnic minorities will not connect with newspapers that neither understand them nor bother to employ them. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.?a1475
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