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单词 erst
释义

erstadj.adv.

Brit. /əːst/, U.S. /ərst/
Forms: Old English–Middle English ǽrest, ǽrost, ǽrst, Middle English erest, Middle English arst, (Middle English ? eroust, Middle English erast, eerst), Middle English–1600s earst, (Middle English earest), Middle English–1500s erste, (1500s ierst, 1500s, 1600s yerst), Middle English– erst.
Etymology: Old English ǽrest , superlative of ǽr (see ere n.); representing Germanic *airisto-, whence Old High German êrist (Middle High German êrist, modern German erst), Old Saxon êrist (Dutch eerst).
A. adj.
1. First in time or serial order. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > firstness > [adjective]
erstOE
foremostc1000
firstlOE
onec1384
firstmosta1400
primec1429
firstena1600
fust1851
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > preceding or following in order > [adjective] > preceding in order > first in order
erstOE
foremostc1000
firstlOE
OE Guthlac A 437 Wæs seo æreste earmra gæsta costung ofercumen.
c1175 Lamb. Hom. 75 Ec of heom wrat þer his uers and sancte peter wrat þet ereste.
a1225 Leg. Kath. 885 Þes alre schafte schuppent, Schawde ure eareste aldren..Þe wit & te wei of lif.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 10 Pauwel þe earest ancre.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 1324 Þes wes þe æreste [c1300 Otho ereste] king þe ferde vt to ræuing.
2. absol. in adverbial phrases. now (then) at erst: now (then) and not sooner; cf. German erst dann. (Apparently through misunderstanding of this, Spenser has at erst = ‘as soon as possible, at once’.) on erst (only early Middle English; also on alre erst): in the first place, at first.
ΚΠ
a1225 St. Marher. 14 Þenne þudde ich in ham luueliche þohtes, on earst hare unþonckes.
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 193 Þenne an earst bigineð þe deoflen toweden.
c1230 Hali Meid. 17 Þat is on alre earst þe stude & te time.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2688 Tho tarst [= at arst] bigan Godrich to go Vpon the Danshe.
c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. iii. xi. 95 But þan atte arst ben þei verray good.
c1386 G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale 151 And thanne at erst thus to him sayde sche.
1430 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy i. vi And than at erst fro hense will I wynde.
1475 Bk. Noblesse 6 Now at erst the irness be brennyng hote.
1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Sept. 6 And now at earst the dirke night doth hast.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. iv. sig. Q3 Abandon this forestalled place at erst.
B. adv.
1. Earliest, soonest, first in order of time.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb] > earliest or first of all
foremostOE
erstOE
firstc1180
aforewarda1200
erstly1600
OE Beowulf 616 Þa freolic wif ful gesealde ærest East-Dena eþelwearde.
c1000 Ælfric Genesis xix. 53 And eode seo yldre swystor ærost to his bedde.
c1230 Hali Meid. 15 Þ urh ure lafdi meidenhad þat hit bigon earst þe meiden Marie.
1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A iv. 29 Bote Concience com arst to Court bi A Myle.
1377 Piers Plowman B. xiv. 216 Arst in þe Maister þan in þe man.
c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 7233 But Ector the honerable erst was on fote.
2. In the first place, before something else is or was done; in preference to doing something else. (Sometimes pleonastically before ere.) Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > specific numbers > one > firstness > [adverb]
erstc1260
firstlya1475
fust1907
c1260 Ballad in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 101 Arst we sullen scinin him ay rowe.
c1300 K. Alis. 6480 Ac arst mony of his knyghtis gode Loren theo balles in heore hode.
a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2061 A win-tre... Orest it blomede and siðen bar.
1362 W. Langland Piers Plowman A. iv. 5 Bote Reson Rede me þer-to Arst wol I dye!
1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. v. 468 I shal seke treuthe arst ar I se Rome.
c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 1281 Ac arst þow schalt sykery me..þat þou, etc.
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 258/4 Why hast not thou erst taken awey the sowle fro my body.
1535 G. Joye Apol. Tindale sig. D.viv He shuld haue erst proued his parte trw & myn false.
1578 Bk. Christian Prayers in Private Prayers (1851) 511 Having erst uttered the bowels of thy mercy, thou gavest up the ghost.
1587 M. Grove Pelops & Hippodamia (1878) 13 Earst t'obtaine that still, Which they perceiue doth please the flesh.
1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 138v And ierst with sodaine feare, Lepte of the bed.
3. At first, as opposed to afterwards. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1175 Cott. Hom. 229 Aceas he him leorninchnihtes erest twelf..siððan twa and sefentiȝe.
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 13704 Ærst [c1300 Otho earest] heo lette fleon to feond-liche swiðe. flan..seoððen speren chrakeden.
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 389 Luþer he was arst ynou, & wel wors he was þo.
c1330 Arth. & Merl. 8497 Taurus hit [= hight] Wawain arst.
a1542 T. Wyatt Coll. Poems (1969) lvi. 11 Which comforteth the mynde that erst for fere shoke.
1605 S. Rowlands Hell's broke Loose sig. D3v Tamberlaine Was earst a Sheepheard ere he play'd the King.
4.
a. Sooner, earlier; before a specified time or event: esp. with negatives; not erst: not before, not till then. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb]
erea900
beforeeOE
forec1000
toforec1175
therebeforec1200
toforehand1258
forne toc1275
orc1275
andersitha1300
alreadyc1300
rather?1316
beforehandc1330
erstc1330
aforec1350
theretoforea1375
aforehanda1387
forthwitha1400
forwitha1400
or?a1400
ereward14..
toforetimec1400
aforetimes1429
aforetime1433
afore seasons1463
heretoforetime1481
forouth1487
aforrow?a1513
beforrow1568
paravant1590
antecedently1593
formerly1596
precedently1611
preveniently1633
preallably1652
previously1655
precedaneously1657
somewhiles1657
antecedaneously1661
aft1674
prior1675
anteriorly1681
antecedent1690
previous1712
priorly1742
c1330 Florice & Bl. 799 Arst ne schal hit neuer bi do.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1871) III. 337 Þanne þe money schal be payde and nouȝt arst.
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 405 Bi sentence of the iuge..and not erst, neither other wise.
1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 34 The wedowes bewailled gretly because he was not erst comen.
1588 in W. K. Clay Liturg. Services Q. Eliz. (1847) Of thy most singular bounty, and never yerst seen care.
b. conjunctional phrases, erst than, that = before conj. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
?a1400 Arthur 291 Now, erst þan we goo ferþer Every man þat ys here Sey a Pater noster.
1523 J. Skelton Goodly Garlande of Laurell 1032 Far may be sought Erst that ye can finde, etc.
5. Before the present time:
a.
(a) Referring to a remoter past: ‘Once upon a time’, formerly, of old. archaic or poetic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > [adverb]
erea822
fernOE
whileOE
erera1000
whilereOE
onceOE
somewhile1154
whilomc1175
herebeforec1200
somewhilesa1250
yorea1250
orc1275
rather?a1300
erewhilec1305
sometimea1325
sometimec1330
at or in sometime1340
in arrear1340
heretoforea1375
fernyear1377
once upon a timec1380
behinds1382
beforetimea1393
of olda1393
erenow1393
umquhilea1400
erst14..
fornec1400
yore whilec1400
of before1402
late1423
abefore1431
beforetimes1449
whilesc1480
sometime1490
aforrow?a1513
behind1526
quondamc1540
in foretime(s?c1550
erstwhile1569
erstwhiles1569
aleare1581
erewhiles1584
sometimes1597
formerly1599
anciently1624
olim1645
somewhile since1652
quondamly1663
forepassed1664
sometimea1684
backward1691
historically1753
time back1812
had-been1835
when1962
14.. Songs & Carols (Warton Club) 22 That ilke blys That arte [? read arste] haȝt ben, and alwey is.
1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 69 As yerst the Phrygian Knight, So ours..did smite His Trojan horse.
1729 T. Cooke Tales 185 To Strains which erst the brave Tyrtæus sung.
1789 S. T. Coleridge Anthem Chr. Hosp. Let full gratitude now prompt the tear Which erst did sorrow force to flow.
1808 W. Wordsworth Inscr. Coleorton The ivied ruins of forlorn Grace Dieu; Erst a religious House.
a1839 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) II. 48 Count o'er the friends whom erst you knew.
(b) Misused as prep. = before adv.
ΚΠ
1848 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 3) 109 Erst all time And all incarnate emanations.
b. Referring to a recent past: Not long ago, a little while since. Often in Spenser and Milton.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the future or time to come > newness or novelty > recency > [adverb]
neweneOE
newlyeOE
unyoreeOE
noweOE
newOE
lateOE
yesterdaya1300
freshlya1387
of newa1393
anewa1425
newlingsa1425
latewardc1434
the other dayc1450
lately?c1475
erst1480
latewards1484
sith late1484
alatea1500
recently1509
even now1511
late-whiles1561
late ygo1579
formerly1590
just now1591
lastly1592
just1605
low1610
this moment1696
latewardly1721
shortsyne1768
sometime1779
latterly1821
1480 W. Caxton Chron. Eng. ccxxxii. 250 That ferefull company, that I spak of eerst.
1581 J. Bell tr. W. Haddon & J. Foxe Against Jerome Osorius 153 But a litle earst ye confessed the thyng, which ye do now deny.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. v. sig. D8v The armes, that earst so bright did show.
1606 W. Warner Continuance Albions Eng. xv. xcv. 381 The vgliest was this Plot, Preuented earst miraculously.
1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. iii. 233 Meanwhile the other Champions, yerst In hurry of the fight disperst, Arriv'd.
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1543 This..horrid spectacle Which earst my eyes beheld and yet behold. View more context for this quotation
1791 W. Cowper Retirem. 100 Forth skipped the cat, not now replete As erst with airy self-conceit.
6. In combination with adjectives and participial adjectives.
ΚΠ
1594 J. Dickenson Arisbas sig. B Wherewith Flora had in plentie poudred the freshnesse of her earst-green hue.
1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall ii. f. 100 The earst remembred Sir Ric..entertained at one time..the Admirals of the English, Spanish, & Netherland fleets.
1740 W. Somervile Hobbinol (1749) 135 All but the stout And erst unconquer'd Hildebrand.

Derivatives

ˈerstly adv. in the first place.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb] > earliest or first of all
foremostOE
erstOE
firstc1180
aforewarda1200
erstly1600
1600 Chester Pl. Proem (Shaks. Soc.) 3 Their fore be boulde Erstelye to playe the same.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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adj.adv.OE
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