entrainmentn.1
/ᵻnˈtreɪnm(ə)nt/, /ɛnˈtreɪnm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ᵻnˈtreɪnm(ə)nt/, /ɛnˈtreɪnm(ə)nt/ 1. Enthusiasm, liveliness; impulsiveness. Also: an instance of this. Cf. entrain n. Now rare.
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1836 C. G. F. Gore Diary of Désennuyée I. 259 Such is the entrainement of fashion in London society.
1847 H. T. Ryde tr. A. de Lamartine Hist. of Girondists I. xiv. 433 Through weakness and entrainment [Fr. entraînement], he threatened the Revolution with his sword from a distance.
1863 New Monthly Mag. Mar. 374 The English general is only spoken of as a mere nobody, carried away resistlessly by the ‘entrainments’ [Fr. entraînements] around him.
1875 Macmillan's Mag. Mar. 384/2 Overwhelming impulse in a fixed direction, instinct, inspiration, improvisation, entrainement, these are the characteristics of the true poet.
2004 D. Gooley Virtuoso Liszt 54 Critics had voiced disapproval of Liszt's entraînements before.
2.
a. The drawing in and carrying along or away of a substance, particles, etc., by the flow of a fluid.
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1892 Mod. Lang. Notes Nov. 393 Entrain, entrainement—evidently from Fr. entrainer. The action of carrying over particles of syrup or sugar by the steam exhausted from vacuum-pans in boiling sugar.
1922 Amer. Gas Jrnl. 8 July 34/2 The principle on which the process operates is simply the entrainment of volatile bodies by steam.
1959 Oceanogr. & Marine Biol. 1 157 This figure shows the existence of an entrainment current (that is, water dragged along).
2007 E. Rhodes in J. Blair Waterways & Canal-building Medieval Eng. vi. 138 Sediment load entrainment is perhaps best represented by the Hjulström diagram.
b. The absorption, drawing in, or entrapment of one substance by another.Frequently with reference to the entrapment of air bubbles in concrete.
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1918 Engin. & Cement World 1 Apr. 32/2 Where cement foundations are used..the entrainment of moisture in ways already described may be very largely prevented in a simple manner.
1955 J. C. Brown & A. K. Dey India's Mineral Wealth (ed. 3) ix. 350 0.63 ton of cement would be used for 100 cubic feet of concrete, without the help of pozzolanas or air entrainment.
1983 Draft Environmental Impact Statement for Proposed N. Atlantic Lease Offering Feb. 1984 (U.S. Dept. Interior) 339 Eliminating blocks within the 60 m isobath from the proposed lease offering will eliminate..the potential entrainment of pollutants into the sediments.
2016 P.-C. Aïtcin in P.-C. Aïtcin & R. J. Flatt Sci. & Tech. Concrete Admixtures vi. 92 Keeping in mind there are many types of mixers, the entrainment of air bubbles may vary from one sand to another.
c. Chemistry. In distillation: the separation of one or more components of an azeotropic mixture by the addition of a substance with which they form a new azeotrope. Cf. entrainer n. 2. Frequently attributive in entrainment distillation. Now rare.
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1936 Analyst 61 367 The numerous papers describing methods for the determination of the moisture-content of a substance by entrainment distillation with an organic liquid immiscible with water afford evidence that the process is increasing in use.
1954 Jrnl. Appl. Chem. 4 680 Experiments showed that continuous azeotropic entrainment of water from a refluxing mixture of crotonaldehyde, ethanol, an acid catalyst and an inert liquid such as benzene was a promising method.
1976 Analytica Chimica Acta 81 238 Entrainment distillation offers a broadly applicable means for removing water from relatively nonvolatile substances.
d. Meteorology. The mixing of surrounding air into a cloud; (also) the drawing of air from a non-turbulent air flow into a turbulent one.
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1947 Jrnl. Meteorol. 4 92 A method is developed for computing the amount of entrainment from a knowledge of the temperature and specific humidity inside and outside the cloud.
1987 Jrnl. Climate & Appl. Meteorol. 26 774/1 Aircraft and lidar measurements of the convective boundary layer..are combined in this study to examine the characteristics of thermals and entrainment.
2014 R. A. Houze Cloud Dynamics (ed. 2) vii. 175/1 Entrainment does not occur in a continuous stream, but in pulses that are intermittent in both time and space.
3. The synchronizing of a rhythmic or oscillatory phenomenon or process with another with which it interacts; spec. (a) (Biology) the conforming of a biological rhythm to the frequency of a periodic stimulus, whether in response to an environmental cycle (such as that of day and night or of the tide) or as a result of mutual stimulus and response (feedback) among a group of cells or organisms; (b) (in neurology and psychology) the tendency of some brain processes to become synchronized with a regular sensory stimulus.
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1950 Proc. I.R.E. 38 260/2 It does not work in the so-called entrainment problem in which an oscillator is pulled into synchronism with an externally applied wave.
1957 V. G. Bruce & C. S. Pittendrigh in Amer. Naturalist 91 184 The synchronization of field rhythms in nature to the 24-hour cycles of light and temperature was attributed to entrainment.
1959 C. S. Pittendrigh & V. G. Bruce in R. B. Withrow Photoperiodism 502 It is through entrainment phenomena that the theory of the cell as a self-sustaining oscillatory system bears on the photoperiodic and thermoperiodic control of growth.
1983 E. T. Hall Dance of Life Gloss. 210 Fireflies have a tendency toward entrainment, which can be observed as they blink in unison.
1994 Science 3 Sept. 36/1 The psychedelic culture of the 1960s and 1970s prompted many people to experiment with strobe entrainment and similar consciousness-altering technologies.
2009 W. G. Hopkins & N. P. A. Hüner Introd. Plant Physiol. (ed. 4) xxiv. 425/1 Such a coupling of a circadian rhythm to a regular external signal is known as entrainment.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
entrainmentn.2
/ᵻnˈtreɪnm(ə)nt/, /ɛnˈtreɪnm(ə)nt/, U.S. /ᵻnˈtreɪnmənt/, /ɛnˈtreɪnmənt/ Originally and chiefly Military. Now chiefly historical.
The action or an act of putting troops, supplies, etc., on board a railway train, or of boarding a train.
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society > travel > rail travel > [noun] > boarding a train
entrainment1881
1881 Western Mail (Cardiff) 9 July 3/7 An experienced officer will be placed in charge at each station which is to be used for the entrainment of volunteers near Windsor and at the Waterloo and Paddington Termini in London.
1899 Pearson's Mag. Aug. 170/1 The experimental line at Chatham is invaluable in practising entrainments.
1904 J. L. Biggar Man. Canad. Army Service Corps & Quartermasters of Canad. Militia 95 An advance party may be sent to the railway station on the day of entrainment to allot the carriages and trucks to the various sub-units.
1954 E. A. Powell Adventure Road (1955) ii. 14 It was well worth the mile walk from our house to the station to witness his entrainment.
2005 S. Landsman Crimes of Holocaust iv. 214 The kidnapping charge focused attention on the march to the railroad station, the entrainment of victims, and their horrifying ride out of Hungary.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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