estaten.

Brit.

/ᵻˈsteɪt/,

/ɛˈsteɪt/, U.S.

/əˈsteɪt/,

/ɛˈsteɪt/

Forms: Middle English aestat, Middle English–1500s astat(e, Middle English estat, (Middle English astaat(e, -tait, estaat(e, 1500s esstat, estatt, 1500s–1600s Scottish estaite, estaitte), Middle English– estate; plural Middle English astaz, aestaz. Cf. astate n. and state n.

Etymology: < Old French estat (= Provençal estat , Spanish estado , Portuguese estado , Italian stato ), < Latin status state n. < stāre to stand.

a. State or condition in general, whether material or moral, bodily or mental. In Middle English occasionally: Constitution, nature. archaic; now almost exclusively in Biblical phrases.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun]

statec1225

estatec1230

farea1325

casec1325

beingc1330

degreec1330

condition1340

suita1375

stature?a1513

existence1530

affection?1543

existency1587

subsistence1597

consistence1626

subsistency1628

tone1641

consistency1690

attitude1744

situation1765

working order1784

faring1811

status1837

figure1858

c1230 Hali Meid. 13 Þis mihte..i þis deadlich lif scheaweð in hire estat of þe blisse undeadlich.

c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. v. vi. 171 Lat vs loken now as we mowen whiche þat þe estat is of þe deuyne substance.

1395 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 4 In hool estat of my body.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 1587 Þat god not myȝt Brynge mon..Into þe astate [Vesp. stat, Fairf. 14 heyuen, Gött. state] þat he had tynt.

1486 Bk. St. Albans C j a Sum put hawkys in mew at high estate.

1486 Bk. St. Albans C iij a Ye se yowre hawke may not endew her meete nor remounte her astate.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xiv. 50 Alle the werkes are taryed and lefte in the astate of inperfection.

?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Av^v Yche element I reduce to his furst estate.

1549 Thomas (title) The History of Italye..because it intreateth of the astate of many and divers commonweales.

1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Div In Italie are these pillers founde standing in good estate.

1605 London Prodigall i. i. 224 I hope he died in good estate.

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. v. i. §10. 365 He arriues in safetie at Carthage, and makes them know the estate of Lilybæum.

1630 Earl Dorchester in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. ii. 268. III. 262 The Queene..is in good estate.

a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) i. 2 A Physitian..enquiring of her estate.

1662 Bk. Com. Prayer (1844) 56 We pray for the good estate of the Catholick Church.

1682 N. Grew Exper. Luctation ii. i. §21 in Anat. Plants 241 There is some kind of Alkaline Salt in Plants even in their natural estate.

1794 S. Williams Nat. & Civil Hist. Vermont 154 The savages of North America were sunk into the lowest estate of filth.

1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xxvi. 385 Their second estate would be worse than their first.

1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) II. ix. 402 The wall, in its first estate, seems to have been merely a dyke of earth and rough stones.

1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country iv. 219 I am forty-three years old: In prime of life, perfection of estate.

b. A special state or condition; a condition of existence. Also in estate = in existence. Obsolete except in man's estate, woman's estate = manhood, womanhood, and (archaic) in the (holy) estate of matrimony.

ΚΠ

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 136 Sech mon haueð twa estaz swiðe dredfule þet an is hwenne he feleð naut his achne sechnesse.

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 125 Fforgetyn hadde the erthe his pore estat O wyntyr.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 374/1 She was in the estate of vyrgynyte, in estate of maryage, in estate of wydowhede.

15.. Adam Bel & Clym of Clough 665 in J. Ritson Pieces Anc. Pop. Poetry (1833) 30 When he commeth to mannes estate.

?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Cj, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens The fyrste..doth away the dysease that is present. And the other w^tstandeth the dysease that is nat yet in estate.

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. xv. 91 In regard of a future estate hereafter necessary to be knowne.

1744 E. Haywood Female Spectator (1748) II. 23 A gentleman in the western parts of England had two daughters at marriage estate.

†c. in estate [= French en état (de)] : in a position, able (to do something). Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > able, capable, or competent [phrase]

in powerc1325

of powerc1390

of force1597

to be in capacity1649

in estate1651

1651 tr. F. de Quintana Hist. Don Fenise 40 She took Felix by the hand, and put him in estate to come to the point of his desires.

†d. Good or normal condition. in his estate: just as he was. out of estate: ‘out of condition’.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > [adjective] > in state of ill health or diseased > disordered or out of sorts

out of estatec1400

disordainedc1430

out of order1530

mistempered?1541

untemperate1541

so-soa1592

indisposed1598

discomposed1603

out of sorts1621

disorderly1655

queerish1684

out of one's gears1699

disordered1708

uneasy1725

seedy1729

queer1749

scaly1803

quisby1807

under the weather1827

all nohow1852

toneless1854

nohowish1867

chippy1868

fishy1868

off-colour1876

dicky1883

on-and-offish1888

cheap1891

crook1916

lousy1933

c1400 Rom. Rose 4675 Thou Art so anguisshous and mate, Disfigured oute of astate.

1447–8 J. Shillingford Lett. (Camd. Soc.) 37 Stondyng yn his astate ayenst the fire.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 136 My belly farys not weyll; It is out of astate.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. lxi. 88 The floures do not lightly perishe or vade, but may be kept a long time in their estate, and colour.

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1351/2 I found the good prince laid in his estate.

†e. ? State of privilege or advantage. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1628 G. Wither Britain's Remembrancer ii. 119 Knew I not the Christian Man's estate Extended further than to contemplate.

1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 54 Mans whole estate Amounts (and richly) to serve thee.

†f. An account of the state or condition of anything; a ‘statement’ of particulars. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > reporting > [noun] > a report

reckoningc1390

reporta1425

instruction1425

rehearsal?a1439

rapport1454

estatec1475

reportationc1475

reapport1514

remonstrancea1533

account1561

state1565

credit1569

referendary1581

delivery1592

tell1743

compte rendu1822

rundown1943

c1475 in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Harl. 642) (1790) 22 For the contentement of his house~hold royal and creditors thereof, as is expressed before in the estate of this seyd court for the yere, xiii M^ol [i.e. 13,000l.].

1484 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 623 The seid John requerith an astate to be takyn in those londys lymyted to William the sone for deffaut of issu off Clement Paston.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. Cxi/2 The sayd cardinal hath yow bounde aparte to make him as sure astate off alle the said landes, by ester next comyng.

a. Condition with respect to worldly prosperity, fortune, etc. Cf. 12. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > of a person or in life > in terms of prosperity, etc.

astatea1250

farcostc1275

farea1325

estate?1370

statea1382

worlda1393

casea1535

?1370 Robt. Cicyle 54 Hym to brynge to lowar estate.

c1386 G. Chaucer Knight's Tale 68 Noon estat [v.r. astate, estaat, estate] assureth to be weel.

a1400 Cov. Myst. 61 A ryght pore man..Of sympyl astat in clothis rent.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 17321 Do him be kepte in prisouns astate [c1460 Laud estate]Til hit be past oure sabate.

1447 O. Bokenham Lyvys Seyntys (1835) 9 In poure astate and in low degre.

c1522 T. More Treat. Memorare Nouissima in Wks. (1557) I. 86 Yet thou wouldest not greatly enuy his estate, if thou thoughteste, etc.

1662 Bk. Com. Prayer (1844) 56 Any ways afflicted or distressed in mind, body, or estate.

1671 tr. R. Fréjus Relation Voy. Mauritania 7 Made a slave..and detained in that estate till our arrival.

1846 J. Keble Lyra Innoc. (1873) 192 From ox and ass that wait Here on His poor estate.

a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. i. 1 One of the greatest nations of the earth, was broken, and cast down from its high estate.

†b. ? Means, ability, opportunity. In phrase, after (one's) estate. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 409 Þei shulen lyve as þe world axiþ and take gladnesse of þe world aftir her astaat.

a1500 (?c1400) Sir Triamour (Cambr.) (1937) l. 469 Euery man louyd hym aftur ther estate.

?1518 Virgilius sig. aiij Remus..toke with hym manye folke after his estate.

1542 H. Brinkelow Lamentacion sig. Bi Thou must be diligent dayly to help thy neighbour accordyng to thyne estate.

a. Status, standing, position in the world; degree of rank; esp. exalted rank or dignity. Also in man, etc., of estate. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > [noun]

estatec1230

statec1300

rowa1350

qualityc1425

calling1477

range1494

line1528

stature1533

respect1601

station1603

gradationa1616

ordinancea1616

repute1615

spherea1616

distance1635

impression1639

civils1650

footing1657

regimen1660

order1667

sect1709

caste1791

status1818

position1829

social status1833

standpoint1875

c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 84 & te eadi iuhan in anlich stude as he wes alle þeose þreo estaz ofearnede him ane.

c1368 G. Chaucer Compl. Pite 41 Wisdome, estaat, drede and gouernaunce.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 6949 His fadris astate he [sc. Eleazar] bere Til Iosue we speke of here.

1413 J. Lydgate Pilgr. of Sowle (1859) iv. xxix. 61 Of this statua or ymage it is, that men of hyhe power ben cleped men of estate.

1432 Paston Lett. No. 18 I. 34 Suche persones as for..their estate, owe of reson to be suffred to speke with the king.

a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 276 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 307 Ȝe be bothe of on astate.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 201/3 I had the estate of a clerke in the chyrche.

a1500 Lancelot of Laik (1870) 543 So cam ther in an agit knyght, and hee Of gret esstat semyt for to bee.

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. i. sig. Ai^v All the inhabitantes of a realme..of what astate or condition so euer they be.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ix. 40 O that estates, degrees, and offices, were not deriu'd corruptly.

1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 1 If any man conceit, that Princes are priuiledged by their high estate, he is deceiued.

†b. A definite position in life; an occupation. Obsolete. rare. [A usual sense of French état.]

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession

workeOE

mysteryc1390

facultyc1405

business1477

industrya1500

roomc1500

trade1525

pursuit1529

function1533

calling1539

profession?1552

vocation1553

entertainment1568

station1574

qualitya1586

employment1598

way of lifea1616

state1625

cloth1656

avocation1660

setworka1661

employ1669

estate1685

walk of life?1746

walk1836

1685 W. Petty Will p. xi Those who have been bred to no calling nor estate.

†c. elliptical. = person or persons of estate. Obsolete. (Cf. similar use of dignity.)

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > [noun] > person of

proudOE

higha1200

estate1399

honourablea1450

statec1449

dignitya1525

high and mighty1576

palasinc1580

titular1605

sublimity1610

dignitary1672

person of condition1673

figure1692

title1817

titulary1824

Hon.1836

high-up1882

high-ranker1899

1399 W. Langland Richard Redeles Prol. 82 Þe story is of non estate þat stryuen with her lustus.

a1483 Liber Niger in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (1790) 32 Knyghts or other wurshypfull astate for the towell.

1509 Bp. J. Fisher Wks. 144 The crummes that fall vnder the bordes of lordes or grete estates.

?1529 Proper Dyaloge Gentillman & Husbandman sig. A ^v Bothe comones and estates none excepte.

1611 Bible (King James) Mark vi. 21 Herod..made a supper to his lords, high captaines, and chiefe estates of Galilee.

1634 R. H. tr. Regim. Salerni 88 Let them [eels] be drest with Galendine..as great Estates Cookes are wont to doe.

†4.

a. Outward display of one's condition; grandeur, pomp, state n. Obsolete exc. archaic (poetic).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > pride > ostentation > splendour, magnificence, or pomp > [noun]

prideOE

nobleyec1300

farec1330

pompc1330

statec1330

rialtya1375

estatec1385

lordliness1440

pompousness1447

noblenessc1450

worthinessc1450

pomperyc1460

affairc1480

gloryc1480

majesty1481

triumpha1513

shine?1529

royalness?1548

sumptuosity1550

triumphing1569

magnificie1570

presence1570

gite1589

equipage1612

majesticalness1613

ceremonya1616

splendour1616

stateliness1637

majesticnessa1643

scheme1647

pageantry1651

grandeur1652

splendidnessa1657

magnanimity1658

magnificency1668

fluster1676

energy1764

pompa1783

panoply1790

pageanting1873

c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Dido. 1034 This frosche lady..Stod in the temple in hire estat ryal.

c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 18 And kepte alwey so wel roial estat.

1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 299 He..cast about his eye, And sigh the lordes in estate.

a1483 Liber Niger in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (1790) 19 In the festyvall dayes or when astate should be shewed.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxiii. 495 Soo shall I gyve theym landes ynoughe for to mayntene theyr astate.

1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. i. 384 Thou..by my side shalt sit in such estate That, etc.

†b. Retinue. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > servant > retainer or follower > [noun] > collective or retinue

hirdc888

douthOE

gingc1175

folkc1275

hirdfolcc1275

tail1297

meiniec1300

routc1325

suitc1325

peoplec1330

leading1382

retinuea1387

repairc1390

retenancea1393

farneta1400

to-draughta1400

sembly14..

sequelc1420

manya1425

followingc1429

affinity?1435

family1438

train1489

estatec1500

port1545

retain1548

equipage1579

suite1579

attendancy1586

attendance1607

tendancea1616

sequacesa1660

cortège1679

c1500 Melusine (1895) 50 Honourably might a kinge with alle his estate haue be Receyued therat.

c. cap of estate (Heraldry): see cap n.¹ 4f (c). †chair of estate, cloth of estate, cup of estate, horse of estate, place of estate, robe of estate, throne of estate, etc. of estate = chair of estate, etc. of state n. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1423 Kingis Quair xciv In a cheire of estate besyde..There sawe I sitt the blynde god Cupide.

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. 56 [The Kinge] put on some robe of estate.

1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 15^v He..gaue him wine to drinke in cups of estate.

1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. F2 Mount up your royall places of estate.

1599 R. Hakluyt tr. Odoric of Pordenone in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 62 His imperiall throne of estate.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 140 Who inthronized himself, in the Persian Chair of Estate, Anno 1030.

1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures lx. 246 Covered overhead with three cloths of Estate.

1662 in J. Ogilby Entertainm. Charles II (front matter) (caption) The Duke of Albemarle Master of the Horse; Leading a Horse of Estate.

1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. i. iv. 45 There he stood..in his robes of estate.

1863 C. Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. (ed. 2) xxiv. 367 His shield of arms,..ensigned by a cap of estate of very large dimensions.

†d. elliptical. A canopy, chair, dais, fold of ‘state’. to lay, make (an) estate: to make a fold of the cloth, in token of respect, opposite the king's seat.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > seat of office or authority

seldc825

stoolc897

high settlec950

seatc1175

benchc1330

stool1390

chair1393

stall1399

estatea1475

chair of state1498

statea1500

office chaira1715

a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 129 Ley estate with the vpper part [of the cloth], þe brede of half fote is greable.

in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Harl. 642) (1790) 119 On that side make an estate with his rodd; & then goeing before the kinge doeing his reverence, & soe make another estate on the other side of the king.

1508 Bk. Keruynge (de Worde) sig. A.iii^v And laye estat with the vpper parte halfe a foot brode.

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1490/1 My lord before the estate of hir maiestie knighted a Dutch gentleman, called sir Martin Skinke.

1605 Journ. Earl Nottingh. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 560 The two virgins near her, and the other six upon the degrees at the foot of the estate.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 162 Princes..sitting vpon their estate.

1619 M. Drayton Barons Warres vi. lv, in Poems (rev. ed.) 89 The Queene..sat vnder an Estate of Lawne.

†5. A class, order, rank in a community or nation. all estates: all sorts of people. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade

mannishOE

placec1330

state1340

gree1382

conditionc1384

sectc1384

sortc1386

ordera1400

raff?a1400

degreea1425

countenancec1477

faction?1529

estate1530

race1563

calibre1567

being1579

coat1579

rang1580

rank1585

tier1590

classis1597

strain1600

consequence1602

regiment1602

sept1610

standinga1616

class1629

species1629

nome1633

quality1636

sort1671

size1679

situation1710

distinction1721

walk of life1733

walk1737

stage1801

strata1805

grade1808

caste1816

social stratum1838

station1842

stratum1863

echelon1950

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 1 Unto the nobilite..and..unto all other estates of this my natyfe countrey.

1543 R. Record Ground of Artes f. 105^v This rule is..profitable for all estates of men.

?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 16 Vice..reigneth too too much amongst all estates and degrees.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iii. vii. 203 We know your tendernes of heart..to all estates .

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 126 A fit estate there is besides in great request, and namely of Philosophers and Religious.

1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) To Parl. sig. A2 Filling each estate of life and profession, with abject and servil principles.

a. An order or class regarded as part of the body politic, and as such participating in the government either directly or through its representatives.The number of ‘estates’ in most of the nations of Christendom has usually been three (exceptionally four, as in Sweden and Aragon), but the specific enumeration has varied considerably. In England the ‘estates’ as represented in Parliament were originally 1. Clergy; 2. Barons and Knights; 3. Commons; after various fluctuations, the final arrangement was 1. Lords Spiritual; 2. Lords Temporal; 3. Commons. In France the three estates were 1. Clergy; 2. Nobles; 3. Townsmen. The Scottish estates were at first 1. Prelates; 2. Tenants in Chief; 3. Townsmen; after 1428 they were 1. Lords, lay and clerical; 2. Commissioners of Shires; 3. Burgesses. For a full account of the matter see Stubbs Const. Hist. xv. third estate was formerly common (now much less so) as a designation of the English ‘commons’ or (transl. French tiers état) the French bourgeoisie before the Revolution. The other two ‘estates’ are seldom spoken of numerically.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun] > part of

member1387

estate1425

c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 184 Þer ben in þe Chirche þre states þat God haþe ordeyned, state of prestis and state of knyȝtis, and þe þridd is staat of comunys.]

1425 Sc. Acts Jas. I (1597) 7 It is ordaned be the King, be consent and deliuerance of the three Estaites, that, etc.

c1460 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (1714) 73 The Gabell of the Salte, and the Quaterymes of the Wynys, war granted to the Kyng, by the three Estats of Fraunce.

1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. v. 10 He shal assemble to counseil the foure estates of his contree.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. cxxx The thre Astates of his Realme, that is to meane the Spiritualtie, The lordes and nobles, and the hedes or Rulers of Cyties.

1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes F iij b This was done in Parliamente, by consente of the thre estates.

16.. Proclam. Jas. I in Examiner 5 Oct. (1812) 626/2 A sufficient and well composed House, such as may be worthy to be a representative of a third estate of our kingdom.

1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 98 Which Deputies are now called the third Estate.

1765 T. Hutchinson Hist. Colony Massachusets-Bay, 1628–91 (ed. 2) iv. 419 Any step towards forming themselves into a church estate.

1794 J. Gifford Reign Louis XVI 350 The instructions of the clergy coincided with those of the nobility and Third Estate.

1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. ii. 78 The fall of the mitred abbots changed the proportions of the two estates which constitute the upper house of parliament.

1850 W. E. Gladstone Remarks Royal Supremacy 10 The concessions of the spiritual estate of the realm.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xv. 184 It was not by any means clear, at the end of the reign of Edward I, that they [the smaller land~owners] might not furnish a fourth estate of Parliament.

b. plural. An assembly of the governing classes or their representatives. estates-general (in France): see States General n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] > estates of the realm

states1399

States General1567

estates1621

placitum1706

1621 Knolles's Gen. Hist. Turkes (ed. 3) 1326 The Estates of the vnited Prouinces..resolued to make a league with the Turke.

1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth ii. 89 The Estates Campe at Rimenant.

1684 Scanderbeg Redivivus iii. 44 The Estates being Assembled in the Castle of Warsaw.

1827 W. Scott Life Napoleon I. iv. 119 The Estates-general of France met at Versailles on the 5th May, 1789.

1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) I. 359 The emperor could come to no agreement with the Estates.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xv. 163 An assembly of Estates is an organised collection, made by representation or otherwise, of the several orders, states or conditions of men who are recognised as possessing political power.

a. the (three) estates of the realm (see 6) has often been misused to denote the three powers whose concurrence is necessary for legislation, viz. the Crown, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons.Perhaps Aylmer (quot. 1559) took the word in sense 8, as he argues that the three forms of government, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, are united in the English constitution.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun] > part of > collectively

states1399

the (three) estates of the realm1559

1559 J. Aylmer Harborowe sig. H3 In the parliament hous..you shal find these .3. estats. The King or Quene, which representeth the Monarche. The noble men, which be the Aristocratie. And the Burgesses and Knights the Democratie.

1648 Duke of Ormonde Articles of Peace 35 The three estates of King, Lords, & Commons, whereof in all ages, Parliaments have consisted.

a1745 J. Swift Lett. (1768) IV. 279 An assembly of the three estates is not properly of Gothick institution.

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xvii. 119 Not..any one..of the three estates have power to make a new law, without the concurrence of the third.

1819 S. Smith Wks. (1859) I. 282/1 The king, four aristocratical assessors, and the assembly of captains, are the three estates of the Ashantee government.

1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 June 3/2 Mr. Bryce's accuracy is at fault when he tells us that the Canadian Parliament, ‘like its model in Westminster, is made up of the three estates, the Queen and the two Houses’.

b. the fourth estate: (a) formerly in various jocular applications (see quots.); (b) now appropriated to the Press.We have failed to discover confirmation of Carlyle's statement (quot. 1841) attributing to Burke the use of this phrase in the application now current. A correspondent of Notes & Queries (1st Ser. 11 452) states that he heard Brougham use it in the House of Commons in 1823 or 1824, and that it was at that time treated as original.

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society > communication > journalism > journalist > [noun] > collectively

press gang1832

the fourth estate1837

gazetteerage1865

press1868

meeja1983

1752 H. Fielding Covent-Garden Jrnl. 5 Oct. 1/1 None of our political Writers..take Notice of any more than three Estates, namely, King, Lords, and Commons..passing by in Silence that very large and powerful Body which form the fourth Estate in this Community..The Mob.

1752 H. Fielding Covent-Garden Jrnl. 5 Oct. 2/1 Nor hath this Estate..been unknown to the other three.

1821 W. Hazlitt Table-talk vi. 115 He [Cobbett] is a kind of fourth estate in the politics of this country.

1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. I. vi. v. 327 A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up.

1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes v. 265 Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery..there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all.

1854 C. Knight Once upon a Time II. 20 Hackney-chairman..belonged to what Fielding termed ‘The Fourth Estate’. That dignity is now assigned to the Press.

1870 H. L. Bulwer Life Palmerston II. ix. 119 (note) At that period the ‘Times’ constituted a fourth estate of the realm.

1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 647/1 A power which calls itself the Fourth Estate of the realm.

c. the fifth estate: in various applications (see quots.).

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1932 Times Educ. Suppl. 7 May 157/2 Small wonder that radio has been called ‘the fifth estate’.

1955 Times 14 July 8/1 Unions were now the fifth estate of the realm, Mr. Tiffin continued, and when they wanted a shorter week they would go to the employers and tell them to give it to them.

†8. Political constitution, form of government. [Compare état 8 in Littré.] Obsolete.

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society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > [noun]

ordinance?a1400

governance1402

policy?a1439

regimentc1475

frame1529

statea1538

government1553

estate1559

platform1587

polity1590

governail1598

regimen1663

constitution1735

regime1792

system1806

party government1834

1559 [see sense 7a].

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 76 The whole estate of that great empire..was almost vtterly subuerted.

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. xxiii. §6. 578 Alcamenes gouerned Sparta: after whome, the Estate changed, according to Eusebius. [Often in Raleigh.]

1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. v. 190 When God hath decreed servitude on a sinful Nation, fitted by thir own vices for no condition but servile, all Estates of Government are alike unable to avoid it.

†9. Administration of government; in phrases, affairs, etc. of estate, Secretary of Estate. Obsolete. Now state n.

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society > authority > rule or government > politics > [noun]

policyc1390

politicsa1529

civility1537

polity1558

estate1589

policing1589

statism1608

police1698

machine politics1876

1589 R. Hakluyt tr. in Princ. Navigations i. 189 Our Secretarie of estate.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. C2 Such Popes..proceed vpon truer principles of Estate, than those which haue ascended to the Papacie from an education & breeding in affaires of Estate.

a1639 H. Wotton Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 360 The Cavalier Vieta, his principall Secretary of Estate.

1679 E. Everard Disc. Protestant Princes 26 That which..did happen upon this Error of Estate to the Imperial House of Austria.

†10. A body politic, a kingdom or commonwealth; = state n. Obsolete.

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society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun]

commona1382

commontya1382

policya1393

communitya1398

commonweal?a1400

politic1429

commonwealth1445

well public1447

public thinga1450

public weala1470

body politica1475

weal-public1495

statea1500

politic bodyc1537

body1545

public state1546

civil-wealth1547

republic?1549

state1553

polity1555

publica1586

estate1605

corps politic1696

negara1955

negeri1958

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. I2 Then should people and estates be happie, when either Kings were Philosophers, or Philosophers Kings.

1750 W. Beawes Lex Mercatoria (1752) 7 The merchants which trafficked in the interior parts of their estates.

11. Law.

a. The interest which any one has in lands, tenements, or any other effects; often with qualifying words or phrases, as an estate upon condition, estate in fee, estate for life, estate of inheritance, estate tail, estate from year to year, estate at will, etc. personal estate n. an interest in movables; but the phrases are often regarded as signifying the respective kinds of property. See real estate n. 1 and also fee n.², tail n.², etc.

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society > law > legal concepts > [noun] > interest > in property

statea1400

term1424

estate1439

real estatea1642

chattel-interest1767

1439 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 119 They that haue..estate in my land to the execucion of this my last will.

?1462 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 99 Your seid besecher had non astate in the seid maners.

1592 W. West Symbolæogr.: 1st Pt. B iiij §39 An Estate..is that right and power whereby we haue the propertie or possessions of things.

1650 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 226 My brother Butts Bacon, whom I haue intrusted with the estate of the house or cottage in which the said Norton now liveth.

1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §75 Her estate in the Lighthouse was only for life.

1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) I. 70 All inferior estates and interests in land are derived out of the fee simple.

1845 A. Polson in Encycl. Metrop. 829/1 An estate from year to year may arise..from that general letting heretofore held to constitute an estate at will.

1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. i. 34 The tenant is conceived as having only an estate in the lands—an interest which..was something short of absolute ownership.

†b. to make an estate of (a thing) to (a person): to give an interest in, a legal right or title to. Obsolete.

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society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > [verb (transitive)] > give legal title to

to make an estate of (a thing) to (a person)1415

titlec1425

1415 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 25 I wolle that my feoffes mak estat to..my sone, of Thattely and Farley.

1520 R. Elyot Will in T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour (1880) I. App. A. 314 To make astate in fee to two other discrete persones.

1588 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 256 (note) Whereas I haue made an estatt unto Robert Selbye..of my tenement or burgage.

1621 R. Bolton Statutes Ireland 400 (Act 28 Eliz.) The rebels..did make..secret and fraudulent estates and conveyances of their lands.

1629 Vse of Law 69 in J. Doddridge Lawyers Light Where a man maketh an estate of his land to others, by Fine, Feofment, or Recoverie.

12.

a. Property, possessions, fortune, capital. Cf. 2 archaic in general sense.

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the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > a person's collective property or substance

thingOE

chattela1240

cattlec1275

i-wonc1275

moneya1325

tilea1325

statec1330

thrifta1350

substancea1382

chevance1477

graith?a1513

estate1563

wortha1586

thrive1592

fortune1596

store1600

boodle1699

circumstancea1704

1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Agst. Wilful Rebell. ii, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 565 Hazarding the whole estate of our Country.

1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 43 Nor is my whole estate Vpon the fortune of this present yeere.

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xxxi. sig. O2^v What doe wee, but like foolish Marchants, venture all our estate in a bottome.

1644 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 90 The marchands..have..little or no extent of ground to employ their estates in.

c1665 L. Hutchinson Life in Mem. Col. Hutchinson (1973) 286 The large estate he reapt by his happie industry.

1690 J. Locke Two Treat. Govt. i. iv. §42 'Twould always be a Sin in any Man of Estate, to let his Brother perish.

1699 J. Potter Archæologiæ Græcæ II. iii. xviii. 154 It was frequent for Men of Estates to rigg out Ships at their own Expence.

1730 E. Young Two Epist. to Pope i. 7 One loses his estate, and down he sits, To show (in vain!) he still retains his wits.

1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music viii. 161 The Bards had estates settled on them, that they might be free from worldly Cares.

1847 R. W. Emerson Napoleon in Wks. (1906) I. 381 France served him with life, and limb, and estate.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 308 The greatest estates in the kingdom then very little exceeded twenty thousand a year.

1878 ‘Ouida’ Friendship I. vii. 70 They were very poor and of no great estate.

b. Accounts. The collective assets and liabilities of a person (esp. of a deceased person, a bankrupt, a cestui que trust) viewed as an entity capable of owing or being entitled to money, of being solvent or insolvent. Phrase, to wind up an estate. (By accountants often used in somewhat wider sense: The ‘affairs’ of a client so far as the accountant is concerned with them.)Possibly this sense may be historically connected with 1f, a ‘ledger account’ being spoken of in book-keeping as a creditor or debtor; but evidence is wanting.

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society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > [noun] > personal income or acquired wealth > collective assets and liabilities

estate1830

input1926

1830 J. R. McCulloch Princ. Polit. Econ. (ed. 2) 268 The bankrupt is entitled to a reasonable allowance out of his effects..if his estate pay 10s. in the pound, he is to be allowed 5 per cent.

1891 N.E.D. at Estate Mod. Newspaper It takes 10‰ of the assets of a fifty-pound estate to pay for the Board of Trade stamps.

13.

a. A landed property; usually, one of considerable extent. (Now the commonest sense.) spec. a property on which a crop, as rubber, tea, etc., is cultivated; also, a vineyard. Frequently preceded by a defining word.

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the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > estate or plantation

plantation1626

penc1695

walk1697

woodwork1712

estate1772

grass pen1774

fazenda1825

the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > a landed property or estate

homeOE

landsc1000

estrec1275

manorc1300

stead1338

room?a1513

soil1575

demesne1584

proprietary1608

land-gooda1626

country estate1692

property1719

quinta1754

estate1772

hacienda1772

concern1787

finca1909

1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) I. vi. 311 When the wind blows from that quarter the weather is so sharp, that the rich families..retire to their estates, situated in a warmer air.

1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 177/2 Her Ladyship had 10,000l. left her by her father, and an estate of 7000l. per annum.

1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 755 Estates are landscapes, gazed upon awhile, Then advertised, and auctioneered away.

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. i. 4 He..retired to a small estate in Gascony.

1847 G. P. R. James John Marston Hall x He intended to send some one to his estates in Brittany.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 151 The public charges can no longer be borne by the estates of the crown.

1851 C. Redding Hist. Mod. Wines (ed. 3) vi. 158 The value of wine estates is very considerable in this department [sc. the Gironde].

1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud i. v, in Maud & Other Poems 3 Lord of the broad estate and the Hall.

1862 C. Tovey Wine & Wine Countries iv. 142 That wine is..possessed of finesse, delicatesse, and bouquet, which are quite peculiar to the estate.

1878 E. Money Cultiv. & Manuf. Tea (ed. 3) i. 2 Making..1,000 acres the outside area..that should ever have been purchased for any one estate.

1878 E. Money Cultiv. & Manuf. Tea (ed. 3) ii. 11 Coolies are well treated on Tea estates.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 480/1 The finest teas are produced at high elevations in Darjeeling and Ceylon..but the quality from individual estates varies much from season to season.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 721/2 The yield of the principal estates of the Médoc are kept distinct and reach the consumer as the products of a particular growth and of a particular year.

1911 H. P. Stevens & C. Beadle Rubber ii. 13 Sometimes the rubber plants are set amongst matured coffee or tea, with the idea of..gradually transforming a tea or coffee estate into a rubber estate.

1916 P. Schidrowitz Rubber (ed. 2) iv. 26 The working expenses of an estate containing say 10,000 to 15,000 trees.

1921 A. L. Simon Wine & Wine Trade vii. 86 All Clarets which have a claim to a more or less high degree of excellence are too proud of their birthright not to go into the world under their own name—the name of the estate or château whence they came.

1965 T. Eden Tea (ed. 2) i. 3 From the progeny of the plants thus raised the first estate was planted in 1891.

1965 T. Eden Tea (ed. 2) i. 3 In 1924 a commercial estate was established near Tukuyu.

1965 T. Eden Tea (ed. 2) vii. 69 The ideal conditions on a tea estate would be to have no bare soil but a moderate growth of weeds.

1968 C. A. Krug & R. A. De Poerck World Coffee Surv. v. 374 The Coffee Board annually collects data from a representative set of estates.

b. = housing estate n. at housing n.¹ Compounds 2.

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society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > housing estate

housing scheme1891

housing project1900

housing estate1901

estate1915

council estate1939

scheme1968

1906 W. A. Harvey Model Village 13 Nearly all the old trees and woodland on the Estate have been preserved.

1906 W. A. Harvey Model Village 68 The planning and working out of the Bourneville Estate.]

1915 G. Cadbury Town Planning iv. 68 In laying out estates it is advisable to plan the roads so that they do not form through routes for traffic.

1915 G. Cadbury Town Planning iv. 68 Other road problems are practically confined to estate development.

1923 E. Bowen Encounters 142 Their house was among the first two or three on a new estate.

1939 ‘G. Orwell’ Coming up for Air iv. i. 219 Several acres of bright red rooves all exactly alike. A big Council housing estate, by the look of it.

1958 Times 11 Aug. 2/6 The scene..is a post-war council estate.

1960 C. S. Lewis Stud. in Words i. 13 When I was a boy estate had as its dominant meaning ‘land belonging to a large landowner’, but the meaning ‘land covered with small houses’ is dominant now.

1970 Woman 14 Nov. 76/4 Till my Dad died we lived in a council house, but then we moved into a larger estate house and my mother became very snobbish.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

estate-owner n.

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1937 Discovery May 164/1 Rich estate owners in Brazil, Peru and Nicaragua.

1962 H. R. Loyn Anglo-Saxon Eng. i. 16 Their eponymous Gallo-Roman estate-owners.

C2.

estate agency n.

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1912 Estate Agents, Architects & Surveyors (Pitman's Shorthand) 5 The Estate Agency profession.

estate agent n. one who acts as steward or manager of a landed estate; one who conducts business in the sale of houses and land.

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society > trade and finance > trader > agent or broker > [noun] > estate agent

estate agent1880

realtor1916

society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in land and property

housemonger1604

land-jobber1745

estate agent1880

realtor1916

1880 Harper's Mag. Sept. 565 ‘Estate agent?’ he next asked.

1884 The ‘Estate Agent’ 3 House and Estate Agents.

1886 S. W. Mitchell Roland Blake xx. 188 It seemed to her natural that an unknown Yankee estate-agent should wish to marry a woman of assured social place.

estate-bottled adj. (of a wine) bottled at the vineyard of its growth.

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the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > qualities or characteristics of wine > [adjective] > bottled in specific place

château-bottled1888

estate-bottled1940

London-bottled1959

domaine-bottled1960

1940 H. J. Grossman Guide to Wines, Spirits & Beers Gloss. 378/2 Estate-bottled, wine bottled by the vineyard owner or producer.

1959 Times 21 Sept. 13/2 High prices for estate-bottled wines.

estate car n. a light saloon motor car spec. constructed or adapted to carry both passengers and goods; also elliptical.

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society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor car > [noun] > estate car

beach-wagon1869

ranch wagon1879

shooting brake1912

sport utility1925

station wagon1929

carryall1932

sports utility1940

ute1943

utility1944

estate car1950

wagon1955

estate wagon1959

SUV1987

1950 Motor Industry July 118/2 (heading) Latest car price list... Standard... Vanguard saloon..Estate car.

1958 Times 1 July 6/6 The Hillman Minx..has its own estate car version.

1961 Times 5 Oct. 11/4 Enter the swish new Anglia Estate.

1966 Guardian 19 Oct. 9/3 Both the saloon and the estate carry 5 in comfort.

estate duty n. a graduated charge levied by the State on real or personal property at the death of the owner.

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society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > estate or inheritance taxes

finec1436

legacy duty1786

probate duty1804

inheritance tax (or taxation)1841

death tax1850

death duty1852

succession duty1853

succession tax1859

testate duty1880

estate duty1889

capital transfer tax1928

1889 Act 52 Vict. c. 7 §5 Estate Duty on personal property passing by will or on intestacy.

1894 Act 57 & 58 Vict. c. 30 § 1 There shall be levied..upon the principal value..of all property real or personal..which passes on the death of such person a duty called ‘estate duty’ at the graduated rates hereinafter mentioned.

1896 Act 59 & 60 Vict. c. 28 §16 The estate duty payable in respect of any annuity.

estate management n. the art of administering an estate (sense 13a or 13b).

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society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > [noun] > management on behalf of another or stewardship > specifically of an estate

land-agency1831

estate management1915

1915 G. Cadbury Town Planning v. 89 Town Planning is..estate management on a large scale.

1921 in Jeffery & Neville House Property 92 The London University now grants a Degree in Estate Management.

1937 Discovery Sept. 268/1 Industrial management needs sound traditions just as much as estate management or the professions.

1962 H. R. Loyn Anglo-Saxon Eng. iv. 146 A little treatise on eleventh-century estate management.

estate-manager n.

ΚΠ

1962 H. R. Loyn Anglo-Saxon Eng. ix. 370 Estate-managers to look after the lands of the church.

estate wagon n. = estate car n.

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