单词 | estate |
释义 | estaten. 1. a. State or condition in general, whether material or moral, bodily or mental. In Middle English occasionally: Constitution, nature. archaic; now almost exclusively in Biblical phrases. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] statec1225 estatec1230 farea1325 casec1325 beingc1330 degreec1330 condition1340 suita1375 stature?a1513 existence1530 affection?1543 existency1587 subsistence1597 consistence1626 subsistency1628 tone1641 consistency1690 attitude1744 situation1765 working order1784 faring1811 status1837 figure1858 c1230 Hali Meid. 13 Þis mihte..i þis deadlich lif scheaweð in hire estat of þe blisse undeadlich. c1374 G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. v. vi. 171 Lat vs loken now as we mowen whiche þat þe estat is of þe deuyne substance. 1395 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 4 In hool estat of my body. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 1587 Þat god not myȝt Brynge mon..Into þe astate [Vesp. stat, Fairf. 14 heyuen, Gött. state] þat he had tynt. 1486 Bk. St. Albans C j a Sum put hawkys in mew at high estate. 1486 Bk. St. Albans C iij a Ye se yowre hawke may not endew her meete nor remounte her astate. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xiv. 50 Alle the werkes are taryed and lefte in the astate of inperfection. ?1520 J. Rastell Nature .iiii. Element sig. Avv Yche element I reduce to his furst estate. 1549 Thomas (title) The History of Italye..because it intreateth of the astate of many and divers commonweales. 1563 J. Shute First Groundes Archit. sig. Div In Italie are these pillers founde standing in good estate. 1605 London Prodigall i. i. 224 I hope he died in good estate. 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. v. i. §10. 365 He arriues in safetie at Carthage, and makes them know the estate of Lilybæum. 1630 Earl Dorchester in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. ii. 268. III. 262 The Queene..is in good estate. a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) i. 2 A Physitian..enquiring of her estate. 1662 Bk. Com. Prayer (1844) 56 We pray for the good estate of the Catholick Church. 1682 N. Grew Exper. Luctation ii. i. §21 in Anat. Plants 241 There is some kind of Alkaline Salt in Plants even in their natural estate. 1794 S. Williams Nat. & Civil Hist. Vermont 154 The savages of North America were sunk into the lowest estate of filth. 1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xxvi. 385 Their second estate would be worse than their first. 1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) II. ix. 402 The wall, in its first estate, seems to have been merely a dyke of earth and rough stones. 1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country iv. 219 I am forty-three years old: In prime of life, perfection of estate. b. A special state or condition; a condition of existence. Also in estate = in existence. Obsolete except in man's estate, woman's estate = manhood, womanhood, and (archaic) in the (holy) estate of matrimony. ΚΠ ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 136 Sech mon haueð twa estaz swiðe dredfule þet an is hwenne he feleð naut his achne sechnesse. c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 125 Fforgetyn hadde the erthe his pore estat O wyntyr. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 374/1 She was in the estate of vyrgynyte, in estate of maryage, in estate of wydowhede. 15.. Adam Bel & Clym of Clough 665 in J. Ritson Pieces Anc. Pop. Poetry (1833) 30 When he commeth to mannes estate. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Cj, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens The fyrste..doth away the dysease that is present. And the other wtstandeth the dysease that is nat yet in estate. 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. xv. 91 In regard of a future estate hereafter necessary to be knowne. 1744 E. Haywood Female Spectator (1748) II. 23 A gentleman in the western parts of England had two daughters at marriage estate. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > able, capable, or competent [phrase] in powerc1325 of powerc1390 of force1597 to be in capacity1649 in estate1651 1651 tr. F. de Quintana Hist. Don Fenise 40 She took Felix by the hand, and put him in estate to come to the point of his desires. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > [adjective] > in state of ill health or diseased > disordered or out of sorts out of estatec1400 disordainedc1430 out of order1530 mistempered?1541 untemperate1541 so-soa1592 indisposed1598 discomposed1603 out of sorts1621 disorderly1655 queerish1684 out of one's gears1699 disordered1708 uneasy1725 seedy1729 queer1749 scaly1803 quisby1807 under the weather1827 all nohow1852 toneless1854 nohowish1867 chippy1868 fishy1868 off-colour1876 dicky1883 on-and-offish1888 cheap1891 crook1916 lousy1933 c1400 Rom. Rose 4675 Thou Art so anguisshous and mate, Disfigured oute of astate. 1447–8 J. Shillingford Lett. (Camd. Soc.) 37 Stondyng yn his astate ayenst the fire. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xiii. 136 My belly farys not weyll; It is out of astate. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball i. lxi. 88 The floures do not lightly perishe or vade, but may be kept a long time in their estate, and colour. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1351/2 I found the good prince laid in his estate. ΚΠ 1628 G. Wither Britain's Remembrancer ii. 119 Knew I not the Christian Man's estate Extended further than to contemplate. 1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 54 Mans whole estate Amounts (and richly) to serve thee. ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > reporting > [noun] > a report reckoningc1390 reporta1425 instruction1425 rehearsal?a1439 rapport1454 estatec1475 reportationc1475 reapport1514 remonstrancea1533 account1561 state1565 credit1569 referendary1581 delivery1592 tell1743 compte rendu1822 rundown1943 c1475 in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Harl. 642) (1790) 22 For the contentement of his house~hold royal and creditors thereof, as is expressed before in the estate of this seyd court for the yere, xiii Mol [i.e. 13,000l.]. 1484 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 623 The seid John requerith an astate to be takyn in those londys lymyted to William the sone for deffaut of issu off Clement Paston. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. Cxi/2 The sayd cardinal hath yow bounde aparte to make him as sure astate off alle the said landes, by ester next comyng. 2. a. Condition with respect to worldly prosperity, fortune, etc. Cf. 12. archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > state or condition > [noun] > of a person or in life > in terms of prosperity, etc. astatea1250 farcostc1275 farea1325 estate?1370 statea1382 worlda1393 casea1535 ?1370 Robt. Cicyle 54 Hym to brynge to lowar estate. c1386 G. Chaucer Knight's Tale 68 Noon estat [v.r. astate, estaat, estate] assureth to be weel. a1400 Cov. Myst. 61 A ryght pore man..Of sympyl astat in clothis rent. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 17321 Do him be kepte in prisouns astate [c1460 Laud estate]Til hit be past oure sabate. 1447 O. Bokenham Lyvys Seyntys (1835) 9 In poure astate and in low degre. c1522 T. More Treat. Memorare Nouissima in Wks. (1557) I. 86 Yet thou wouldest not greatly enuy his estate, if thou thoughteste, etc. 1662 Bk. Com. Prayer (1844) 56 Any ways afflicted or distressed in mind, body, or estate. 1671 tr. R. Fréjus Relation Voy. Mauritania 7 Made a slave..and detained in that estate till our arrival. 1846 J. Keble Lyra Innoc. (1873) 192 From ox and ass that wait Here on His poor estate. a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. i. 1 One of the greatest nations of the earth, was broken, and cast down from its high estate. ΚΠ c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. II. 409 Þei shulen lyve as þe world axiþ and take gladnesse of þe world aftir her astaat. a1500 (?c1400) Sir Triamour (Cambr.) (1937) l. 469 Euery man louyd hym aftur ther estate. ?1518 Virgilius sig. aiij Remus..toke with hym manye folke after his estate. 1542 H. Brinkelow Lamentacion sig. Bi Thou must be diligent dayly to help thy neighbour accordyng to thyne estate. 3. a. Status, standing, position in the world; degree of rank; esp. exalted rank or dignity. Also in man, etc., of estate. archaic. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > [noun] estatec1230 statec1300 rowa1350 qualityc1425 calling1477 range1494 line1528 stature1533 respect1601 station1603 gradationa1616 ordinancea1616 repute1615 spherea1616 distance1635 impression1639 civils1650 footing1657 regimen1660 order1667 sect1709 caste1791 status1818 position1829 social status1833 standpoint1875 c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 84 & te eadi iuhan in anlich stude as he wes alle þeose þreo estaz ofearnede him ane. c1368 G. Chaucer Compl. Pite 41 Wisdome, estaat, drede and gouernaunce. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 6949 His fadris astate he [sc. Eleazar] bere Til Iosue we speke of here. 1413 J. Lydgate Pilgr. of Sowle (1859) iv. xxix. 61 Of this statua or ymage it is, that men of hyhe power ben cleped men of estate. 1432 Paston Lett. No. 18 I. 34 Suche persones as for..their estate, owe of reson to be suffred to speke with the king. a1475 Bk. Curtasye (Sloane 1986) l. 276 in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 307 Ȝe be bothe of on astate. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 201/3 I had the estate of a clerke in the chyrche. a1500 Lancelot of Laik (1870) 543 So cam ther in an agit knyght, and hee Of gret esstat semyt for to bee. 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. i. sig. Aiv All the inhabitantes of a realme..of what astate or condition so euer they be. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice ii. ix. 40 O that estates, degrees, and offices, were not deriu'd corruptly. View more context for this quotation 1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 1 If any man conceit, that Princes are priuiledged by their high estate, he is deceiued. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession workeOE mysteryc1390 facultyc1405 business1477 industrya1500 roomc1500 trade1525 pursuit1529 function1533 calling1539 profession?1552 vocation1553 entertainment1568 station1574 qualitya1586 employment1598 way of lifea1616 state1625 cloth1656 avocation1660 setworka1661 employ1669 estate1685 walk of life?1746 walk1836 1685 W. Petty Will p. xi Those who have been bred to no calling nor estate. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > [noun] > person of proudOE higha1200 estate1399 honourablea1450 statec1449 dignitya1525 high and mighty1576 palasinc1580 titular1605 sublimity1610 dignitary1672 person of condition1673 figure1692 title1817 titulary1824 Hon.1836 high-up1882 high-ranker1899 1399 W. Langland Richard Redeles Prol. 82 Þe story is of non estate þat stryuen with her lustus. a1483 Liber Niger in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (1790) 32 Knyghts or other wurshypfull astate for the towell. 1509 Bp. J. Fisher Wks. 144 The crummes that fall vnder the bordes of lordes or grete estates. ?1529 Proper Dyaloge Gentillman & Husbandman sig. A v Bothe comones and estates none excepte. 1611 Bible (King James) Mark vi. 21 Herod..made a supper to his lords, high captaines, and chiefe estates of Galilee. View more context for this quotation 1634 R. H. tr. Regim. Salerni 88 Let them [eels] be drest with Galendine..as great Estates Cookes are wont to doe. a. Outward display of one's condition; grandeur, pomp, state n. Obsolete exc. archaic (poetic). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > pride > ostentation > splendour, magnificence, or pomp > [noun] prideOE nobleyec1300 farec1330 pompc1330 statec1330 rialtya1375 estatec1385 lordliness1440 pompousness1447 noblenessc1450 worthinessc1450 pomperyc1460 affairc1480 gloryc1480 majesty1481 triumpha1513 shine?1529 royalness?1548 sumptuosity1550 triumphing1569 magnificie1570 presence1570 gite1589 equipage1612 majesticalness1613 ceremonya1616 splendour1616 stateliness1637 majesticnessa1643 scheme1647 pageantry1651 grandeur1652 splendidnessa1657 magnanimity1658 magnificency1668 fluster1676 energy1764 pompa1783 panoply1790 pageanting1873 c1385 G. Chaucer Legend Good Women Dido. 1034 This frosche lady..Stod in the temple in hire estat ryal. c1386 G. Chaucer Squire's Tale 18 And kepte alwey so wel roial estat. 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 299 He..cast about his eye, And sigh the lordes in estate. a1483 Liber Niger in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (1790) 19 In the festyvall dayes or when astate should be shewed. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxiii. 495 Soo shall I gyve theym landes ynoughe for to mayntene theyr astate. 1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. i. 384 Thou..by my side shalt sit in such estate That, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > servant > retainer or follower > [noun] > collective or retinue hirdc888 douthOE gingc1175 folkc1275 hirdfolcc1275 tail1297 meiniec1300 meiniec1300 routc1325 suitc1325 peoplec1330 leading1382 retinuea1387 repairc1390 retenancea1393 farneta1400 to-draughta1400 sembly14.. sequelc1420 manya1425 followingc1429 affinity?1435 family1438 train1489 estatec1500 port1545 retain1548 equipage1579 suite1579 attendancy1586 attendance1607 tendancea1616 sequacesa1660 cortège1679 c1500 Melusine (1895) 50 Honourably might a kinge with alle his estate haue be Receyued therat. c. cap of estate (Heraldry): see cap n.1 4f (c). †chair of estate, cloth of estate, cup of estate, horse of estate, place of estate, robe of estate, throne of estate, etc. of estate = chair of estate, etc. of state n. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1423 Kingis Quair xciv In a cheire of estate besyde..There sawe I sitt the blynde god Cupide. 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. 56 [The Kinge] put on some robe of estate. 1579 S. Gosson Schoole of Abuse f. 15v He..gaue him wine to drinke in cups of estate. 1590 C. Marlowe Tamburlaine: 1st Pt. sig. F2 Mount up your royall places of estate. 1599 R. Hakluyt tr. Odoric of Pordenone in Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. i. 62 His imperiall throne of estate. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iv. 140 Who inthronized himself, in the Persian Chair of Estate, Anno 1030. 1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures lx. 246 Covered overhead with three cloths of Estate. 1662 in J. Ogilby Entertainm. Charles II (front matter) (caption) The Duke of Albemarle Master of the Horse; Leading a Horse of Estate. 1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. i. iv. 45 There he stood..in his robes of estate. 1863 C. Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. (ed. 2) xxiv. 367 His shield of arms,..ensigned by a cap of estate of very large dimensions. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > seat of office or authority seldc825 stoolc897 high settlec950 seatc1175 benchc1330 stool1390 chair1393 stall1399 estatea1475 chair of state1498 statea1500 office chaira1715 a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 129 Ley estate with the vpper part [of the cloth], þe brede of half fote is greable. in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Harl. 642) (1790) 119 On that side make an estate with his rodd; & then goeing before the kinge doeing his reverence, & soe make another estate on the other side of the king. 1508 Bk. Keruynge (de Worde) sig. A.iiiv And laye estat with the vpper parte halfe a foot brode. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1490/1 My lord before the estate of hir maiestie knighted a Dutch gentleman, called sir Martin Skinke. 1605 Journ. Earl Nottingh. in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 560 The two virgins near her, and the other six upon the degrees at the foot of the estate. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 162 Princes..sitting vpon their estate. 1619 M. Drayton Barons Warres vi. lv, in Poems (rev. ed.) 89 The Queene..sat vnder an Estate of Lawne. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > [noun] > distinction of class > level or grade mannishOE placec1330 state1340 gree1382 conditionc1384 sectc1384 sortc1386 ordera1400 raff?a1400 degreea1425 countenancec1477 faction?1529 estate1530 race1563 calibre1567 being1579 coat1579 rang1580 rank1585 tier1590 classis1597 strain1600 consequence1602 regiment1602 sept1610 standinga1616 class1629 species1629 nome1633 quality1636 sort1671 size1679 situation1710 distinction1721 walk of life1733 walk1737 stage1801 strata1805 grade1808 caste1816 social stratum1838 station1842 stratum1863 echelon1950 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 1 Unto the nobilite..and..unto all other estates of this my natyfe countrey. 1543 R. Record Ground of Artes f. 105v This rule is..profitable for all estates of men. ?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 16 Vice..reigneth too too much amongst all estates and degrees. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III iii. vii. 203 We know your tendernes of heart..to all estates . View more context for this quotation 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 126 A fit estate there is besides in great request, and namely of Philosophers and Religious. 1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) To Parl. sig. A2 Filling each estate of life and profession, with abject and servil principles. 6. a. An order or class regarded as part of the body politic, and as such participating in the government either directly or through its representatives.The number of ‘estates’ in most of the nations of Christendom has usually been three (exceptionally four, as in Sweden and Aragon), but the specific enumeration has varied considerably. In England the ‘estates’ as represented in Parliament were originally 1. Clergy; 2. Barons and Knights; 3. Commons; after various fluctuations, the final arrangement was 1. Lords Spiritual; 2. Lords Temporal; 3. Commons. In France the three estates were 1. Clergy; 2. Nobles; 3. Townsmen. The Scottish estates were at first 1. Prelates; 2. Tenants in Chief; 3. Townsmen; after 1428 they were 1. Lords, lay and clerical; 2. Commissioners of Shires; 3. Burgesses. For a full account of the matter see Stubbs Const. Hist. xv. third estate was formerly common (now much less so) as a designation of the English ‘commons’ or (transl. French tiers état) the French bourgeoisie before the Revolution. The other two ‘estates’ are seldom spoken of numerically. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun] > part of member1387 estate1425 c1380 J. Wyclif Sel. Wks. III. 184 Þer ben in þe Chirche þre states þat God haþe ordeyned, state of prestis and state of knyȝtis, and þe þridd is staat of comunys.] 1425 Sc. Acts Jas. I (1597) 7 It is ordaned be the King, be consent and deliuerance of the three Estaites, that, etc. c1460 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (1714) 73 The Gabell of the Salte, and the Quaterymes of the Wynys, war granted to the Kyng, by the three Estats of Fraunce. 1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. v. 10 He shal assemble to counseil the foure estates of his contree. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. cxxx The thre Astates of his Realme, that is to meane the Spiritualtie, The lordes and nobles, and the hedes or Rulers of Cyties. 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes F iij b This was done in Parliamente, by consente of the thre estates. 16.. Proclam. Jas. I in Examiner 5 Oct. (1812) 626/2 A sufficient and well composed House, such as may be worthy to be a representative of a third estate of our kingdom. 1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 98 Which Deputies are now called the third Estate. 1765 T. Hutchinson Hist. Colony Massachusets-Bay, 1628–91 (ed. 2) iv. 419 Any step towards forming themselves into a church estate. 1794 J. Gifford Reign Louis XVI 350 The instructions of the clergy coincided with those of the nobility and Third Estate. 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. ii. 78 The fall of the mitred abbots changed the proportions of the two estates which constitute the upper house of parliament. 1850 W. E. Gladstone Remarks Royal Supremacy 10 The concessions of the spiritual estate of the realm. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xv. 184 It was not by any means clear, at the end of the reign of Edward I, that they [the smaller land~owners] might not furnish a fourth estate of Parliament. b. plural. An assembly of the governing classes or their representatives. estates-general (in France): see States General n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > deliberative, legislative, or administrative assembly > governing or legislative body of a nation or community > [noun] > estates of the realm states1399 States General1567 estates1621 placitum1706 1621 Knolles's Gen. Hist. Turkes (ed. 3) 1326 The Estates of the vnited Prouinces..resolued to make a league with the Turke. 1630 R. Norton tr. W. Camden Hist. Princesse Elizabeth ii. 89 The Estates Campe at Rimenant. 1684 Scanderbeg Redivivus iii. 44 The Estates being Assembled in the Castle of Warsaw. 1827 W. Scott Life Napoleon I. iv. 119 The Estates-general of France met at Versailles on the 5th May, 1789. 1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) I. 359 The emperor could come to no agreement with the Estates. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. II. xv. 163 An assembly of Estates is an organised collection, made by representation or otherwise, of the several orders, states or conditions of men who are recognised as possessing political power. 7. a. the (three) estates of the realm (see 6) has often been misused to denote the three powers whose concurrence is necessary for legislation, viz. the Crown, the House of Lords, and the House of Commons.Perhaps Aylmer (quot. 1559) took the word in sense 8, as he argues that the three forms of government, monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy, are united in the English constitution. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun] > part of > collectively states1399 the (three) estates of the realm1559 1559 J. Aylmer Harborowe sig. H3 In the parliament hous..you shal find these .3. estats. The King or Quene, which representeth the Monarche. The noble men, which be the Aristocratie. And the Burgesses and Knights the Democratie. 1648 Duke of Ormonde Articles of Peace 35 The three estates of King, Lords, & Commons, whereof in all ages, Parliaments have consisted. a1745 J. Swift Lett. (1768) IV. 279 An assembly of the three estates is not properly of Gothick institution. 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xvii. 119 Not..any one..of the three estates have power to make a new law, without the concurrence of the third. 1819 S. Smith Wks. (1859) I. 282/1 The king, four aristocratical assessors, and the assembly of captains, are the three estates of the Ashantee government. 1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 8 June 3/2 Mr. Bryce's accuracy is at fault when he tells us that the Canadian Parliament, ‘like its model in Westminster, is made up of the three estates, the Queen and the two Houses’. b. the fourth estate: (a) formerly in various jocular applications (see quots.); (b) now appropriated to the Press.We have failed to discover confirmation of Carlyle's statement (quot. 1841) attributing to Burke the use of this phrase in the application now current. A correspondent of Notes & Queries (1st Ser. 11 452) states that he heard Brougham use it in the House of Commons in 1823 or 1824, and that it was at that time treated as original. ΘΚΠ society > communication > journalism > journalist > [noun] > collectively press gang1832 the fourth estate1837 gazetteerage1865 press1868 meeja1983 1752 H. Fielding Covent-Garden Jrnl. 5 Oct. 1/1 None of our political Writers..take Notice of any more than three Estates, namely, King, Lords, and Commons..passing by in Silence that very large and powerful Body which form the fourth Estate in this Community..The Mob. 1752 H. Fielding Covent-Garden Jrnl. 5 Oct. 2/1 Nor hath this Estate..been unknown to the other three. 1821 W. Hazlitt Table-talk vi. 115 He [Cobbett] is a kind of fourth estate in the politics of this country. 1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. I. vi. v. 327 A Fourth Estate, of Able Editors, springs up. 1841 T. Carlyle On Heroes v. 265 Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery..there sat a Fourth Estate more important far than they all. 1854 C. Knight Once upon a Time II. 20 Hackney-chairman..belonged to what Fielding termed ‘The Fourth Estate’. That dignity is now assigned to the Press. 1870 H. L. Bulwer Life Palmerston II. ix. 119 (note) At that period the ‘Times’ constituted a fourth estate of the realm. 1885 Harper's Mag. Mar. 647/1 A power which calls itself the Fourth Estate of the realm. c. the fifth estate: in various applications (see quots.). ΚΠ 1932 Times Educ. Suppl. 7 May 157/2 Small wonder that radio has been called ‘the fifth estate’. 1955 Times 14 July 8/1 Unions were now the fifth estate of the realm, Mr. Tiffin continued, and when they wanted a shorter week they would go to the employers and tell them to give it to them. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > [noun] ordinance?a1400 governance1402 policy?a1439 regimentc1475 frame1529 statea1538 government1553 estate1559 platform1587 polity1590 governail1598 regimen1663 constitution1735 regime1792 system1806 party government1834 1559 [see sense 7a]. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 76 The whole estate of that great empire..was almost vtterly subuerted. 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. ii. xxiii. §6. 578 Alcamenes gouerned Sparta: after whome, the Estate changed, according to Eusebius. [Often in Raleigh.] 1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. v. 190 When God hath decreed servitude on a sinful Nation, fitted by thir own vices for no condition but servile, all Estates of Government are alike unable to avoid it. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > [noun] policyc1390 politicsa1529 civility1537 polity1558 estate1589 policing1589 statism1608 police1698 machine politics1876 1589 R. Hakluyt tr. in Princ. Navigations i. 189 Our Secretarie of estate. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. C2 Such Popes..proceed vpon truer principles of Estate, than those which haue ascended to the Papacie from an education & breeding in affaires of Estate. View more context for this quotation a1639 H. Wotton Reliquiæ Wottonianæ (1651) 360 The Cavalier Vieta, his principall Secretary of Estate. 1679 E. Everard Disc. Protestant Princes 26 That which..did happen upon this Error of Estate to the Imperial House of Austria. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > a or the state > [noun] commona1382 commontya1382 policya1393 communitya1398 commonweal?a1400 politic1429 commonwealth1445 well public1447 public thinga1450 public weala1470 body politica1475 weal-public1495 statea1500 politic bodyc1537 body1545 public state1546 civil-wealth1547 republic?1549 state1553 polity1555 publica1586 estate1605 corps politic1696 negara1955 negeri1958 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. I2 Then should people and estates be happie, when either Kings were Philosophers, or Philosophers Kings. View more context for this quotation 1750 W. Beawes Lex Mercatoria (1752) 7 The merchants which trafficked in the interior parts of their estates. 11. Law. a. The interest which any one has in lands, tenements, or any other effects; often with qualifying words or phrases, as an estate upon condition, estate in fee, estate for life, estate of inheritance, estate tail, estate from year to year, estate at will, etc. personal estate n. an interest in movables; but the phrases are often regarded as signifying the respective kinds of property. See real estate n. 1 and also fee n.2, tail n.2, etc. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal concepts > [noun] > interest > in property statea1400 term1424 estate1439 real estatea1642 chattel-interest1767 1439 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 119 They that haue..estate in my land to the execucion of this my last will. ?1462 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 99 Your seid besecher had non astate in the seid maners. 1592 W. West Symbolæogr.: 1st Pt. B iiij §39 An Estate..is that right and power whereby we haue the propertie or possessions of things. 1650 in S. Tymms Wills & Inventories Bury St. Edmunds (1850) 226 My brother Butts Bacon, whom I haue intrusted with the estate of the house or cottage in which the said Norton now liveth. 1793 J. Smeaton Narr. Edystone Lighthouse (ed. 2) §75 Her estate in the Lighthouse was only for life. 1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) I. 70 All inferior estates and interests in land are derived out of the fee simple. 1845 A. Polson in Encycl. Metrop. 829/1 An estate from year to year may arise..from that general letting heretofore held to constitute an estate at will. 1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. i. 34 The tenant is conceived as having only an estate in the lands—an interest which..was something short of absolute ownership. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > [verb (transitive)] > give legal title to to make an estate of (a thing) to (a person)1415 titlec1425 1415 in F. J. Furnivall Fifty Earliest Eng. Wills (1882) 25 I wolle that my feoffes mak estat to..my sone, of Thattely and Farley. 1520 R. Elyot Will in T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour (1880) I. App. A. 314 To make astate in fee to two other discrete persones. 1588 in W. Greenwell Wills & Inventories Registry Durham (1860) II. 256 (note) Whereas I haue made an estatt unto Robert Selbye..of my tenement or burgage. 1621 R. Bolton Statutes Ireland 400 (Act 28 Eliz.) The rebels..did make..secret and fraudulent estates and conveyances of their lands. 1629 Vse of Law 69 in J. Doddridge Lawyers Light Where a man maketh an estate of his land to others, by Fine, Feofment, or Recoverie. 12. a. Property, possessions, fortune, capital. Cf. 2 archaic in general sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > a person's collective property or substance thingOE chattela1240 cattlec1275 i-wonc1275 moneya1325 tilea1325 statec1330 thrifta1350 substancea1382 chevance1477 graith?a1513 estate1563 wortha1586 thrive1592 fortune1596 store1600 boodle1699 circumstancea1704 1563 2nd Tome Homelyes Agst. Wilful Rebell. ii, in J. Griffiths Two Bks. Homilies (1859) ii. 565 Hazarding the whole estate of our Country. 1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice i. i. 43 Nor is my whole estate Vpon the fortune of this present yeere. View more context for this quotation 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. xxxi. sig. O2v What doe wee, but like foolish Marchants, venture all our estate in a bottome. 1644 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) I. 90 The marchands..have..little or no extent of ground to employ their estates in. c1665 L. Hutchinson Life in Mem. Col. Hutchinson (1973) 286 The large estate he reapt by his happie industry. 1690 J. Locke Two Treat. Govt. i. iv. §42 'Twould always be a Sin in any Man of Estate, to let his Brother perish. 1699 J. Potter Archæologiæ Græcæ II. iii. xviii. 154 It was frequent for Men of Estates to rigg out Ships at their own Expence. 1730 E. Young Two Epist. to Pope i. 7 One loses his estate, and down he sits, To show (in vain!) he still retains his wits. 1763 J. Brown Diss. Poetry & Music viii. 161 The Bards had estates settled on them, that they might be free from worldly Cares. 1847 R. W. Emerson Napoleon in Wks. (1906) I. 381 France served him with life, and limb, and estate. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 308 The greatest estates in the kingdom then very little exceeded twenty thousand a year. 1878 ‘Ouida’ Friendship I. vii. 70 They were very poor and of no great estate. b. Accounts. The collective assets and liabilities of a person (esp. of a deceased person, a bankrupt, a cestui que trust) viewed as an entity capable of owing or being entitled to money, of being solvent or insolvent. Phrase, to wind up an estate. (By accountants often used in somewhat wider sense: The ‘affairs’ of a client so far as the accountant is concerned with them.)Possibly this sense may be historically connected with 1f, a ‘ledger account’ being spoken of in book-keeping as a creditor or debtor; but evidence is wanting. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > income, revenue, or profit > [noun] > personal income or acquired wealth > collective assets and liabilities estate1830 input1926 1830 J. R. McCulloch Princ. Polit. Econ. (ed. 2) 268 The bankrupt is entitled to a reasonable allowance out of his effects..if his estate pay 10s. in the pound, he is to be allowed 5 per cent. 1891 N.E.D. at Estate Mod. Newspaper It takes 10‰ of the assets of a fifty-pound estate to pay for the Board of Trade stamps. 13. a. A landed property; usually, one of considerable extent. (Now the commonest sense.) spec. a property on which a crop, as rubber, tea, etc., is cultivated; also, a vineyard. Frequently preceded by a defining word. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > estate or plantation plantation1626 penc1695 walk1697 woodwork1712 estate1772 grass pen1774 fazenda1825 the mind > possession > possessions > [noun] > real or immovable property > land > a landed property or estate homeOE landsc1000 estrec1275 manorc1300 stead1338 room?a1513 soil1575 demesne1584 proprietary1608 land-gooda1626 country estate1692 property1719 quinta1754 estate1772 hacienda1772 concern1787 finca1909 1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) I. vi. 311 When the wind blows from that quarter the weather is so sharp, that the rich families..retire to their estates, situated in a warmer air. 1773 Ann. Reg. 1772 177/2 Her Ladyship had 10,000l. left her by her father, and an estate of 7000l. per annum. 1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 755 Estates are landscapes, gazed upon awhile, Then advertised, and auctioneered away. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. i. 4 He..retired to a small estate in Gascony. 1847 G. P. R. James John Marston Hall x He intended to send some one to his estates in Brittany. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 151 The public charges can no longer be borne by the estates of the crown. 1851 C. Redding Hist. Mod. Wines (ed. 3) vi. 158 The value of wine estates is very considerable in this department [sc. the Gironde]. 1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud i. v, in Maud & Other Poems 3 Lord of the broad estate and the Hall. 1862 C. Tovey Wine & Wine Countries iv. 142 That wine is..possessed of finesse, delicatesse, and bouquet, which are quite peculiar to the estate. 1878 E. Money Cultiv. & Manuf. Tea (ed. 3) i. 2 Making..1,000 acres the outside area..that should ever have been purchased for any one estate. 1878 E. Money Cultiv. & Manuf. Tea (ed. 3) ii. 11 Coolies are well treated on Tea estates. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 480/1 The finest teas are produced at high elevations in Darjeeling and Ceylon..but the quality from individual estates varies much from season to season. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 721/2 The yield of the principal estates of the Médoc are kept distinct and reach the consumer as the products of a particular growth and of a particular year. 1911 H. P. Stevens & C. Beadle Rubber ii. 13 Sometimes the rubber plants are set amongst matured coffee or tea, with the idea of..gradually transforming a tea or coffee estate into a rubber estate. 1916 P. Schidrowitz Rubber (ed. 2) iv. 26 The working expenses of an estate containing say 10,000 to 15,000 trees. 1921 A. L. Simon Wine & Wine Trade vii. 86 All Clarets which have a claim to a more or less high degree of excellence are too proud of their birthright not to go into the world under their own name—the name of the estate or château whence they came. 1965 T. Eden Tea (ed. 2) i. 3 From the progeny of the plants thus raised the first estate was planted in 1891. 1965 T. Eden Tea (ed. 2) i. 3 In 1924 a commercial estate was established near Tukuyu. 1965 T. Eden Tea (ed. 2) vii. 69 The ideal conditions on a tea estate would be to have no bare soil but a moderate growth of weeds. 1968 C. A. Krug & R. A. De Poerck World Coffee Surv. v. 374 The Coffee Board annually collects data from a representative set of estates. b. = housing estate n. at housing n.1 Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town or city > part of town or city > [noun] > housing estate housing scheme1891 housing project1900 housing estate1901 estate1915 council estate1939 scheme1968 1906 W. A. Harvey Model Village 13 Nearly all the old trees and woodland on the Estate have been preserved. 1906 W. A. Harvey Model Village 68 The planning and working out of the Bourneville Estate.] 1915 G. Cadbury Town Planning iv. 68 In laying out estates it is advisable to plan the roads so that they do not form through routes for traffic. 1915 G. Cadbury Town Planning iv. 68 Other road problems are practically confined to estate development. 1923 E. Bowen Encounters 142 Their house was among the first two or three on a new estate. 1939 ‘G. Orwell’ Coming up for Air iv. i. 219 Several acres of bright red rooves all exactly alike. A big Council housing estate, by the look of it. 1958 Times 11 Aug. 2/6 The scene..is a post-war council estate. 1960 C. S. Lewis Stud. in Words i. 13 When I was a boy estate had as its dominant meaning ‘land belonging to a large landowner’, but the meaning ‘land covered with small houses’ is dominant now. 1970 Woman 14 Nov. 76/4 Till my Dad died we lived in a council house, but then we moved into a larger estate house and my mother became very snobbish. Compounds C1. General attributive. estate-owner n. ΚΠ 1937 Discovery May 164/1 Rich estate owners in Brazil, Peru and Nicaragua. 1962 H. R. Loyn Anglo-Saxon Eng. i. 16 Their eponymous Gallo-Roman estate-owners. C2. estate agency n. ΚΠ 1912 Estate Agents, Architects & Surveyors (Pitman's Shorthand) 5 The Estate Agency profession. estate agent n. one who acts as steward or manager of a landed estate; one who conducts business in the sale of houses and land. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > agent or broker > [noun] > estate agent estate agent1880 realtor1916 society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in land and property housemonger1604 land-jobber1745 estate agent1880 realtor1916 1880 Harper's Mag. Sept. 565 ‘Estate agent?’ he next asked. 1884 The ‘Estate Agent’ 3 House and Estate Agents. 1886 S. W. Mitchell Roland Blake xx. 188 It seemed to her natural that an unknown Yankee estate-agent should wish to marry a woman of assured social place. estate-bottled adj. (of a wine) bottled at the vineyard of its growth. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > qualities or characteristics of wine > [adjective] > bottled in specific place château-bottled1888 estate-bottled1940 London-bottled1959 domaine-bottled1960 1940 H. J. Grossman Guide to Wines, Spirits & Beers Gloss. 378/2 Estate-bottled, wine bottled by the vineyard owner or producer. 1959 Times 21 Sept. 13/2 High prices for estate-bottled wines. estate car n. a light saloon motor car spec. constructed or adapted to carry both passengers and goods; also elliptical. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor car > [noun] > estate car beach-wagon1869 ranch wagon1879 shooting brake1912 sport utility1925 station wagon1929 carryall1932 sports utility1940 ute1943 utility1944 estate car1950 wagon1955 estate wagon1959 SUV1987 1950 Motor Industry July 118/2 (heading) Latest car price list... Standard... Vanguard saloon..Estate car. 1958 Times 1 July 6/6 The Hillman Minx..has its own estate car version. 1961 Times 5 Oct. 11/4 Enter the swish new Anglia Estate. 1966 Guardian 19 Oct. 9/3 Both the saloon and the estate carry 5 in comfort. estate duty n. a graduated charge levied by the State on real or personal property at the death of the owner. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > estate or inheritance taxes finec1436 legacy duty1786 probate duty1804 inheritance tax (or taxation)1841 death tax1850 death duty1852 succession duty1853 succession tax1859 testate duty1880 estate duty1889 capital transfer tax1928 1889 Act 52 Vict. c. 7 §5 Estate Duty on personal property passing by will or on intestacy. 1894 Act 57 & 58 Vict. c. 30 § 1 There shall be levied..upon the principal value..of all property real or personal..which passes on the death of such person a duty called ‘estate duty’ at the graduated rates hereinafter mentioned. 1896 Act 59 & 60 Vict. c. 28 §16 The estate duty payable in respect of any annuity. estate management n. the art of administering an estate (sense 13a or 13b). ΘΚΠ society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > [noun] > management on behalf of another or stewardship > specifically of an estate land-agency1831 estate management1915 1915 G. Cadbury Town Planning v. 89 Town Planning is..estate management on a large scale. 1921 in Jeffery & Neville House Property 92 The London University now grants a Degree in Estate Management. 1937 Discovery Sept. 268/1 Industrial management needs sound traditions just as much as estate management or the professions. 1962 H. R. Loyn Anglo-Saxon Eng. iv. 146 A little treatise on eleventh-century estate management. estate-manager n. ΚΠ 1962 H. R. Loyn Anglo-Saxon Eng. ix. 370 Estate-managers to look after the lands of the church. estate wagon n. = estate car n. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor car > [noun] > estate car beach-wagon1869 ranch wagon1879 shooting brake1912 sport utility1925 station wagon1929 carryall1932 sports utility1940 ute1943 utility1944 estate car1950 wagon1955 estate wagon1959 SUV1987 1959 M. Steen Tower i. vii. 91 There was an estate wagon and a couple of big private cars. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022). estatev. 1. transitive. To put (a person) into an estate; to give (a person) an estate or possession, or a secured position, in (a thing); to endow with (possessions). Rare in modern use. ΘΚΠ society > law > transfer of property > settlement of property > settle (property) [verb (transitive)] > endow worthOE goodOE dow1297 allowc1400 rentc1400 endowc1440 enduec1440 seizec1450 empossessc1500 revestc1500 indot1520 endote1528 dotatec1540 estate1609 instate1614 portion1663 vest1748 fortune1838 1609 G. Benson Serm. 7 May 26 Salomons outlandish women..so much estated themselves in the bosom of the king, that they drew him and his people to idolatry. 1611 T. Middleton & T. Dekker Roaring Girle sig. L3v Estate him In those possessions, which your loue and care Once pointed out for him. 1639 J. Mayne Citye Match v. v I have estated her in all I have. 1670 I. Walton Life J. Donne 22 in Lives [I] will quit my Benefice, and estate you in it. 1823 C. Lamb in London Mag. Oct. 402/2 In what possessions has not this last name alone estated me! 1859 Ld. Tennyson Lancelot & Elaine 1312 in Idylls of King Then would I..Estate them with large land and territory. 1887 Sat. Rev. 24 Sept. 413 His country seat at Wootton, wherein Mr. Zabriskie has surely estated Rousseau somewhat at the cost of one Mr. Davenport. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > possessor > [verb (transitive)] > install or establish as proprietor settle1617 estatea1631 impropriate1661 a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1953) VI. 358 We are..in the Resurrection estated and put in possession of his Kingdom. a1640 J. Fletcher et al. Faire Maide of Inne iii. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Fffffff/2 This puppy, being left well estated, comes to Florence. 1646 G. Buck Hist. Life Richard III ii. 55 Cruell Lords estated onely by their unjust Armes. 1647 Bp. J. Hall Christ Mysticall 7 Our faith..must shew us..how royally we are allied, how gloriously estated. ΘΚΠ society > law > transfer of property > settlement of property > settle (property) [verb (transitive)] > settle property on to make a statec1400 sure1418 establishc1460 infeft1462 vest1464 invest1534 estate1600 entitle1608 secure1615 1600 W. Shakespeare Midsummer Night's Dream i. i. 98 And all my right of her I doe estate vnto Demetrius. View more context for this quotation 1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie iii. sig. Vvv3v The whole Land being also his, he estates it out for no term certain. 1652 P. Heylyn Cosmographie i. sig. Ii6 It [sc. Saxony] was finally estated by the Emperour Sigismund on Frederick Landgrave of Turingia. a1669 Bp. H. King Poems (1843) iii. xv. 109 Till he estate his vertue on his son. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > [verb (transitive)] > bring (a person or thing) into a state or condition set971 haveOE wendOE to bring onc1230 teemc1275 putc1330 run1391 casta1400 laya1400 stead1488 constitute1490 render1490 takea1530 introduce1532 deduce1545 throw?1548 derive?c1550 turn1577 to work up1591 estate1605 arrive1607 state1607 enduea1616 assert1638 sublime1654 to run up1657 1605 T. Heywood If you know not Me sig. F4v Conuert her foes, estate her in true peace. a1626 L. Andrewes Serm. (1641) 389 Hee liveth..to estate us in this life in the hope of a reversion. 1640 T. Fuller Joseph's Coat 60 By faith and repentance wee are first estated in Gods favour. 1701 T. Beverley Praise of Glory 16 It cannot be suppos'd such High Angelical Beings..should be so Estated in him and by him, under an Ignorance of him. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < |
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