enlightenedadj.

Brit.

/ᵻnˈlʌɪtnd/,

/ɛnˈlʌɪtnd/, U.S.

/ᵻnˈlaɪtnd/,

/ɛnˈlaɪtnd/

Forms: see enlighten v. and -ed suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: enlighten v., -ed suffix¹.

Etymology: < enlighten v. + -ed suffix¹.

a. Having greater knowledge, understanding, or insight; (in later use) esp. having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook; free from prejudice or superstition.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > [adjective]

lightOE

lighty?a1425

lightened?1492

enlightened1578

illuminate1579

lightsome1587

illuminated1661

1578 R. Day Bk. Christian Prayers f. 24^v The residue which walk as yet in the vanity of their own mindes, touch thou their harts, and geue them inlightned eyes.

1637 S. Rutherford Lett. (1848) lxxxii. 146 False under-water, not seen in the ground of an enlightened conscience, is dangerous.

1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 38 Prolongers to enlightned Snuff.

1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. i. ix. 31 The select Spirits of this enlightned Age.

1790 J. Adams Woman xlvi. 216 The ladies found that the same arts, which captivated a knight clad in armour and ignorance, were in vain practised upon the enlightened scholar.

1814 I. D'Israeli Quarrels Auth. III. 38 Many enlightened Bishops sided with the Philosopher [sc. Hobbes].

1868 W. Peard Pract. Water-farming vii. 80 The most enlightened culture was bestowed on the bed of the Galway rivers.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 90/2 Into this chaos enter from time to time broad rays of sunshine, the efforts of a few enlightened monarchs..to supply to their people the blessings of peace and civilization.

1962 H. O. Beecheno Introd. Business Stud. ii. 17 Trade union development and legislation on conditions of work, plus more enlightened management have eradicated most forms of unfair treatment of employees.

2002 Architecture May 90/2 Tucson..enjoys a far more enlightened attitude toward water conservation.

b. Buddhism. That has attained enlightenment (enlightenment n. 1c). Cf. Buddha n. Also in extended use.

ΚΠ

1831 C. F. Neuman Transl. from Chinese & Armenian 92 Every younger brother (of the monastery) shall choose for himself an enlightened master, follow him a long time and not leave him early.

1888 N. Holmes Realistic Idealism in Philos. Itself I. Introd. 15 Gautama (the enlightened Buddha).

1921 Eastern Buddhist (Japan) 1 26 Whether an enlightened Zen master or an ignoramus of the first degree, neither can escape the so-called laws of nature.

1941 A. C. Bouquet Compar. Relig. vii. 119 Jiva..is exemplified in the small body of Tirthankaras or heroic and enlightened individuals who have already achieved blessedness.

1990 R. Graham God's Dominion viii. 186 A ‘tulku’ is an enlightened being who voluntarily returns to human form in order to teach others the path out of suffering.

2002 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 20 July 56 The Mauritian masseur and Oberoi spa's ‘most enlightened spiritual being’, set to work, loosening up ‘blocked energy’ around my body.

2. Of a source of light: lighted, burning; shining, blazing. Now rare.In later use chiefly in figurative contexts with connotations of sense 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > [adjective] > shining or luminous > made luminous

enlightened1594

1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course i. f. 3 Also the aire enlightened [Fr. l'aire bruslé] is conuerted into fire.

1601 in Ld. Berners's Anc. Hist. Huon de Bordeaux sig. 2 An enlightned Beacon on a Promontorie toppe.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Fouldroyer, to blast with lightning, or (inlightened) thunderbolts.

?1775 tr. J. F. Bernard Praise of Hell xiv. 86 The blessed..are circled round with a resplendent and enlightened flame.

1803 Pigott in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 95 152 The enlightened stars are those that have already attained the highest degree of perfection.

1867 Leavenworth Med. Herald Nov. 228 The enlightened fires in the car of progress were permitted to smoulder and the wheels to settle back into the old rut of complacent security.

1997 D. T. Goldberg Racial Subj. x. 219 The urban underclass..becomes the new primitive... D'Souza assumes the figure of the missionary bearing the enlightened torch.

3. That receives light from a luminous object; illuminated.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > light > illumination > [adjective] > illuminated or lit up

lightc1300

lightedc1450

illuminate?a1475

circumfulseda1513

illustrate1526

in light1534

lighted1596

illightened1609

enlightened1640

unblown1647

luminated1652

illuminated1664

lit1783

alight1817

lit-up1835

littena1849

light-struck1923

1640 Bp. J. Wilkins Disc. New World & Another Planet (new ed.) i. v. 69 The neerer any enlightned body comes to the sight.

1755 Philos. Trans. 1754 (Royal Soc.) 48 521 A solar horizon, dividing the enlightened from the darkened hemisphere of the globe.

1794 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 84 430 This spot was considerably too far distant from the enlightened part of the moon.

1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing iv. 236 Part of the enlightened surface of the flesh.

1861 J. F. W. Herschel Outl. Astron. (new ed.) vi.193 The shaded portions of the globe in its several positions will represent the dark, and the bright, the enlightened halves of the earth's surface in these positions.

1902 J. Payne Poet. Wks. II. 7 Sunset-enlightened sky, clear with the fires Of dying day.

1998 Jrnl. Marine Syst. 16 8/1 Fixation of CO₂ through photosynthesis in the surface enlightened layer.

Compounds

enlightened self-interest n. the principle or practice of furthering one's own interests while simultaneously benefiting others.

ΚΠ

1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 219 An enlightened self-interest, which..they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public.

1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. I. Prel. Rem. 15 The seraees for travellers..owe their existence to the liberality and enlightened self-interest of the better order of princes.

1903 Econ. Jrnl. 13 589 They are generally benevolent in some degree, partly from an enlightened self-interest.

2004 On Earth Fall 3/2 In acting out of enlightened self-interest, we may make the happy discovery that we are also serving the common good.

Derivatives

enˈlightenedness n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > [noun] > condition of

clearednessa1661

enlightenednessa1843

a1843 R. Southey Doctor (1847) VI. 373 Where your enlightenedness (if there be such a word) consists..it would puzzle the Devil to tell.

2003 L. Rusmich & S. M. Sachs Lessons from Failure Communist Econ. Syst. iii. xi. 293 What can be arranged and changed..will depend..on the flow of the process of democratization in one corner of the world and on the enlightenedness of the leaders in the other.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	enlightened
释义	enlightenedadj. Brit. /ᵻnˈlʌɪtnd/, /ɛnˈlʌɪtnd/, U.S. /ᵻnˈlaɪtnd/, /ɛnˈlaɪtnd/ Forms: see enlighten v. and -ed suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: enlighten v., -ed suffix¹. Etymology: < enlighten v. + -ed suffix¹. 1. a. Having greater knowledge, understanding, or insight; (in later use) esp. having or showing a rational, modern, and well-informed outlook; free from prejudice or superstition. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > [adjective] lightOE lighty?a1425 lightened?1492 enlightened1578 illuminate1579 lightsome1587 illuminated1661 1578 R. Day Bk. Christian Prayers f. 24^v The residue which walk as yet in the vanity of their own mindes, touch thou their harts, and geue them inlightned eyes. 1637 S. Rutherford Lett. (1848) lxxxii. 146 False under-water, not seen in the ground of an enlightened conscience, is dangerous. 1663 S. Butler Hudibras: First Pt. i. i. 38 Prolongers to enlightned Snuff. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. i. ix. 31 The select Spirits of this enlightned Age. 1790 J. Adams Woman xlvi. 216 The ladies found that the same arts, which captivated a knight clad in armour and ignorance, were in vain practised upon the enlightened scholar. 1814 I. D'Israeli Quarrels Auth. III. 38 Many enlightened Bishops sided with the Philosopher [sc. Hobbes]. 1868 W. Peard Pract. Water-farming vii. 80 The most enlightened culture was bestowed on the bed of the Galway rivers. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 90/2 Into this chaos enter from time to time broad rays of sunshine, the efforts of a few enlightened monarchs..to supply to their people the blessings of peace and civilization. 1962 H. O. Beecheno Introd. Business Stud. ii. 17 Trade union development and legislation on conditions of work, plus more enlightened management have eradicated most forms of unfair treatment of employees. 2002 Architecture May 90/2 Tucson..enjoys a far more enlightened attitude toward water conservation. b. Buddhism. That has attained enlightenment (enlightenment n. 1c). Cf. Buddha n. Also in extended use. ΚΠ 1831 C. F. Neuman Transl. from Chinese & Armenian 92 Every younger brother (of the monastery) shall choose for himself an enlightened master, follow him a long time and not leave him early. 1888 N. Holmes Realistic Idealism in Philos. Itself I. Introd. 15 Gautama (the enlightened Buddha). 1921 Eastern Buddhist (Japan) 1 26 Whether an enlightened Zen master or an ignoramus of the first degree, neither can escape the so-called laws of nature. 1941 A. C. Bouquet Compar. Relig. vii. 119 Jiva..is exemplified in the small body of Tirthankaras or heroic and enlightened individuals who have already achieved blessedness. 1990 R. Graham God's Dominion viii. 186 A ‘tulku’ is an enlightened being who voluntarily returns to human form in order to teach others the path out of suffering. 2002 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 20 July 56 The Mauritian masseur and Oberoi spa's ‘most enlightened spiritual being’, set to work, loosening up ‘blocked energy’ around my body. 2. Of a source of light: lighted, burning; shining, blazing. Now rare.In later use chiefly in figurative contexts with connotations of sense 1. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > [adjective] > shining or luminous > made luminous enlightened1594 1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course i. f. 3 Also the aire enlightened [Fr. l'aire bruslé] is conuerted into fire. 1601 in Ld. Berners's Anc. Hist. Huon de Bordeaux sig. 2 An enlightned Beacon on a Promontorie toppe. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Fouldroyer, to blast with lightning, or (inlightened) thunderbolts. ?1775 tr. J. F. Bernard Praise of Hell xiv. 86 The blessed..are circled round with a resplendent and enlightened flame. 1803 Pigott in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 95 152 The enlightened stars are those that have already attained the highest degree of perfection. 1867 Leavenworth Med. Herald Nov. 228 The enlightened fires in the car of progress were permitted to smoulder and the wheels to settle back into the old rut of complacent security. 1997 D. T. Goldberg Racial Subj. x. 219 The urban underclass..becomes the new primitive... D'Souza assumes the figure of the missionary bearing the enlightened torch. 3. That receives light from a luminous object; illuminated. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > illumination > [adjective] > illuminated or lit up lightc1300 lightedc1450 illuminate?a1475 circumfulseda1513 illustrate1526 in light1534 lighted1596 illightened1609 enlightened1640 unblown1647 luminated1652 illuminated1664 lit1783 alight1817 lit-up1835 littena1849 light-struck1923 1640 Bp. J. Wilkins Disc. New World & Another Planet (new ed.) i. v. 69 The neerer any enlightned body comes to the sight. 1755 Philos. Trans. 1754 (Royal Soc.) 48 521 A solar horizon, dividing the enlightened from the darkened hemisphere of the globe. 1794 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 84 430 This spot was considerably too far distant from the enlightened part of the moon. 1821 W. M. Craig Lect. Drawing iv. 236 Part of the enlightened surface of the flesh. 1861 J. F. W. Herschel Outl. Astron. (new ed.) vi.193 The shaded portions of the globe in its several positions will represent the dark, and the bright, the enlightened halves of the earth's surface in these positions. 1902 J. Payne Poet. Wks. II. 7 Sunset-enlightened sky, clear with the fires Of dying day. 1998 Jrnl. Marine Syst. 16 8/1 Fixation of CO₂ through photosynthesis in the surface enlightened layer. Compounds enlightened self-interest n. the principle or practice of furthering one's own interests while simultaneously benefiting others. ΚΠ 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 219 An enlightened self-interest, which..they tell us will identify with an interest more enlarged and public. 1848 J. S. Mill Princ. Polit. Econ. I. Prel. Rem. 15 The seraees for travellers..owe their existence to the liberality and enlightened self-interest of the better order of princes. 1903 Econ. Jrnl. 13 589 They are generally benevolent in some degree, partly from an enlightened self-interest. 2004 On Earth Fall 3/2 In acting out of enlightened self-interest, we may make the happy discovery that we are also serving the common good. Derivatives enˈlightenedness n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > enlightenment > [noun] > condition of clearednessa1661 enlightenednessa1843 a1843 R. Southey Doctor (1847) VI. 373 Where your enlightenedness (if there be such a word) consists..it would puzzle the Devil to tell. 2003 L. Rusmich & S. M. Sachs Lessons from Failure Communist Econ. Syst. iii. xi. 293 What can be arranged and changed..will depend..on the flow of the process of democratization in one corner of the world and on the enlightenedness of the leaders in the other. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, November 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.1578
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