elseadv.adj.n.conj.

Brit.

/ɛls/, U.S.

/ɛls/

Forms:

α. Old English–early Middle English ælles, Old English (rare)–Middle English eles, Old English–1600s elles, late Old English æalles, late Old English–early Middle English ealles, late Old English–Middle English helles, early Middle English alles (south-west midlands and south-western), early Middle English elless ( Ormulum), Middle English elleȝ, Middle English ellus, Middle English elys- (in compounds), Middle English elz, Middle English hellis, Middle English hellys, Middle English hels- (in compounds), Middle English helse, Middle English ylls, Middle English–1600s ellis, Middle English–1600s ells, Middle English–1600s ellys, Middle English–1600s els, Middle English– else, 1500s elis, 1500s–1600s elss, 1500s–1700s elce, 1800s e'se (U.S. regional), 1800s ilse (English regional (Cornwall)), 1800s– elst (U.S. regional and Australian); also Scottish pre-1700 elis, pre-1700 elleis, 1700s alse, 1700s ells, 1800s els, 1900s elz, 1900s elze, 1900s– ilse; Irish English 1700s–1900s ilse, 1800s elles (Wexford).

β. Middle English el, Middle English ell, Middle English elle- (in compounds).

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian ellis , allis , Old Dutch, Middle Dutch els , Old High German alles , elles , ellies (in Middle High German only in alleswā , alswā elsewhere adv.), use as adverb of the neuter genitive singular of the Germanic base of Old English ell other (see note), Early Runic alja- (in aljamarkiR foreigner (Kårstad Stone)), Gothic aljis , further cognate with ancient Greek ἄλλος (Cypriot αἶλος ) other, different (compare allo- comb. form), classical Latin alius other, another (compare alien adj.), Early Irish aile other, second (Irish eile ), Welsh ail , †eil second, Armenian ayl , apparently < the same Indo-European base as (with different stem) Old English el- , ele- , Old Frisian ili- , ele- , Old Saxon eli- , Old High German eli- (all in compounds, in sense ‘foreign, strange, from elsewhere’; compare althede n., althedy adj. and eilland n., elelendish adj.), and also classical Latin al- (in alter ; compare alter n.).Old English. In Old English, reflexes of the Germanic adjective appear to be preserved rarely outside compounds and derivatives; compare the following traces of adjectival use of ell :OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. xxii. 6 Reliqui uero tenuerunt seruos eius et contumilia adfectos occiderunt : elle genoman æsnas his & geonrettæ ofslogun.OE Beowulf (2008) 752 Sona þæt onfunde fyrena hyrde þæt he ne mette middangeardes..on elran men mundgripe maran. Use of Old English elles in sense A. 1 develops out of phrases showing noun use of the neuter of the adjective in the genitive case with partitive sense, i.e. with the original sense ‘of any other thing or kind’. In the earliest attested uses, especially in sense A. 1a, the word could perhaps alternatively be interpreted as a pronominal use in that sense. However, due to the obsolescence of the adjective ell , the case ending of elles was probably early on reinterpreted as showing an adverbial ending, merging with the inherited adverbial uses in senses A. 2 and A. 3, which apparently reflect original adverbial use of the genitive case (compare -s suffix¹); compare the Old English adverbs ellor (see below) and elcor elchur adv., both formed from the same base, with different suffixes. Uses as adjective, noun, and conjunction represent developments from the adverb. Related adverb. Compare Old English ellor elsewhere, in another place, to another place, which is apparently cognate with or formed similarly to Gothic aljar in another place (in aljar wisands absent, literally ‘being elsewhere’), Old Saxon ellior to another place (in ellior skakan to hasten elsewhere, i.e. to die; Middle Dutch elre , eller elsewhere) < the Germanic base of Old English ell + a suffix which has been interpreted as either the comparative suffix (the Germanic base of -er suffix³) or a Germanic locative suffix no longer productive in Old English. Scandinavian parallels. Some adverbs in Scandinavian languages with similar form and sense are not direct cognates, but contractions of suffixed forms of the same base (see -ly suffix¹ and compare elchur adv.), e.g. Old Swedish ällis , adverb (shortened < ällighis ; Swedish eljest ), and also Old Icelandic ella , ellar , adverb, in later use also as conjunction ‘or’ (shortened < elliga , elligar ), Old Swedish älla , ällar , adverb and conjunction (Swedish eller , now only as conjunction ‘or’), Old Danish ælla , ællar , adverb and conjunction (Danish eller , now only as conjunction ‘or’). However, there may have been some influence from such forms in the Middle English period. Variant forms. The β. forms apparently developed in compounds such as elle-ȝware , el-quhare , variants of elsewhere adv., and became used independently in the late Middle English period, in some cases perhaps reinforced by an early Scandinavian word (compare the attested Scandinavian forms cited above). In late Middle English, α. and β. forms can vary in different manuscripts of the same text. Syntactic note. In combinations like the following, the genitive is now normally inflected on the second element: anybody else at anybody pron. and n. Phrases 1, anyone else at anyone pron. Phrases 1, everybody else at everybody pron. Phrases 1, everyone else at everyone pron. Phrases 1, nobody else at nobody pron. and n. Phrases 1, no one else at no one pron. Phrases, somebody else pron. at somebody n. 1b(a), someone else at someone pron. In early use the genitive of such combinations was inflected on the first element (e.g. somebody's else); the usual current construction (e.g. somebody else's) is found from the 18th cent. and becomes common in the mid 19th cent., although the former construction also remained in (limited) use into the 20th cent.; compare:1914 T. S. Eliot Let. 30 Sept. (1988) I. 58 The thing is to be able to look at one's life as if it were somebody's else—(I much prefer to say somebody else's). A mixed construction (e.g. somebody's else's) is also sometimes attested from the 18th cent. onwards and is still in (chiefly colloquial) use.

A. adv.

1. In addition to, or in place of, the person, thing, place, time, manner, reason, etc., just mentioned or alluded to; besides; instead.In this use else is broadly equivalent to other (see other adj. 5), and like the latter, it can be interpreted contextually in two different ways: e.g. something else may mean something in addition to what is mentioned, or something as an alternative or substitute. In the former case else may be replaced by besides, further, more; in the latter case it may sometimes be rendered by different, instead, with that exception, etc.

a. Used after (formerly also before) an indefinite, nominal relative, or interrogative pronoun (e.g. none, whatever, who), or a word or phrase equivalent to one of these (e.g. nothing, everybody), or the pronouns all, much, little, or a phrasal quantifier such as a great deal, a lot.Often (like other) followed by but (see but conj. 4b) or than (see than conj. 2a).For the compound pronouns anybody else, anyone else, anything else, everyone else, nothing else, somewhat else, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > alternation > [adverb] > as alternative

elchurc890

elseOE

alternatively1590

OE Seafarer 46 Ne biþ him to hearpan hyge ne to hringþege, ne to wife wyn ne to worulde hyht, ne ymbe owiht elles, nefne ymb yða gewealc.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9304 Nohht elless. ne nohht mare. Þann þatt tatt ȝuw iss sett.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 662 Ȝif ho oȝt elles understode..Þat miȝte helpe to oþer þinge.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4096 Alle elles he driuen in deades weph.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1550 Forto haf wonnen hym to woȝe, what-so scho þoȝt elleȝ.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Zeph. ii. 15 I am, and there is els none.

1577 J. Ludham tr. A. Hyperius Pract. Preaching i. xv. f. 36^v Finally whatsoeuer else of this order is taught of the Rhetoritans..doe appertayne and belonge vnto him [sc. the Preacher].

1625 S. Ierome Englands Ivbilee iii. xiii. 180 Wee all hold the foundation against Papist, and Pelagian, and Armenian, and who ever else..without the workes of the law, according to the Scriptures.

a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1683) II. 49 What doe they else, but scrape and scramble..for these things?

1737 Gentleman's Mag. June 332/2 Though Christ's Appeal to the 110th vindicates that Psalm to David, it vindicates none else.

1796 T. Jefferson Let. 7 Feb. in J. Catanzariti Papers (2000) XXVIII. 608 We have had enough else to do..in cutting coal wood.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Audley Court in Poems (new ed.) II. 45 Emilia, fairer than all else but thou, For thou art fairer than all else that is.

1879 J. Stainer Music of Bible 2 Singing is little else than a highly beautiful speaking.

1930 W. White Furness Folk & Facts 112 We want nowt wi' neea lakers ner offcums ner nowt else i' this deeal.

1964 K. Amis Let. (2000) 658 Pending the completion of the Maida Vale joint (which has a letter-box but practically fuck-all else yet).

2013 Observer 8 Dec. (Food Monthly Suppl.) 74/3 Sometimes I long for a good, plain cake with butter icing and not a lot else.

b. Used after an indefinite, relative, or interrogative adjective (determiner), with a noun interposed or (formerly) following. Now chiefly poetic or archaic.In quot. OE used after an interrogative adjective with the rest of the clause interposed.

ΚΠ

OE Blickling Homilies 39 Hwylc beren mænde he þonne elles buton heofona rice?

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1080 To lasse & to more, þat ouȝten him omage or ani seute elles.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. 6 (MED) My witte wex and wanyed til I a fole were..loth to reuerencen Lordes or ladyes or eny lyf elles.

c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) l. 1019 Þo bostful dedeus..Schal ȝou procre to pryde and to no profit ellus.

1538 J. Bale Tragedye Promyses God in I. Reed Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Plays (1780) I. 25 The adders ded stynge other wycked persones els In wonderfull numbre.

1577 T. Vautrollier tr. M. Luther Comm. Epist. to Galathians (new ed.) f. 92 Sharpe chidings and bitter wordes are as necessary..as any other vertue els.

1613 S. Purchas Descr. India in Pilgrimage (1864) 19 Hee is Lord of all nor hath any else possession of any thing, but at the will of the King.

?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xvii. 186 By force She kept his person from all else recourse.

a1722 J. Toland Coll. Several Pieces (1726) I. 47 Why the modern Irish Historians, I say, give us such a medly of relations, unpick'd and unchosen, I had rather any man else shou'd tell.

1765 G. Coleman Phormio II. iv. 562 And Phormio, as on all occasions else, Prov'd himself a brave fellow.

1827 R. Pollok Course of Time II. x. 247 That silence..Was now forgotten, and every silence else.

1842 W. Wordsworth Airey-Force Valley in Poems Early & Late Years 78 Where all things else are still and motionless.

1857 J. A. Heraud Judgem. of Flood (rev. ed.) iv. i At length, the Light Was reapparent; but not whence it came, The solar orb, or any planet else.

1974 R. Adams Shardik xxiii. 174 The din obliterated every noise else.

1998 Independent 30 Mar. ii. 2/5 Isadora Wing, who longed above all things else, for the..consumingly erotic, zipless fuck.

c. Used after adverbs or adverbial phrases expressing place, time, manner, reason, etc., and correlative with the pronouns mentioned in sense A. 1a, e.g. nowhere else, when else, however else.See also somewhere else adv. at somewhere adv. 1c, somewhither else adv. at somewhither adv. 2b.

ΚΠ

OE St. Euphrosyne (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 344 Nelle ic þeh þæt þu ahwider elles ga.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8472 Seldenn owwhær elless.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 23819 (MED) Here es þe time vr sinnes bete, Ouþer here or nouþer-quar ellis.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 32 Groundid sumwhere ellis.

1512 Act 4 Henry VIII c. 19 §11 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 78 Wher he then shalbe moste conversaunte..& no wher elles.

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. 2 Are than and neuer els.

1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. i. §6. 6 Whether that motion..and operation, were by incubation, or how else, the manner is only knowne to God.

1649 V. Powell God Father Glorified 11 He glorified him by his sufferings as much as any way else.

1668 S. Colepresse Let. 2 Apr. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1967) IV. 295 His abilities in respect of generation were proportionable to ye number [sc. of his testicles] thoe noe way else noted for feats of activitie, or strength.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 133 Why else should they be directed in such a Manner, just at the Moment when I was mourning over my Condition.

1755 T. Sherlock Several Disc. preached at Temple Church II. xvi. 372 But whether his Fear discovered him..or however else it happened, he was challenged by a Damsel.

1827 R. Pollok Course of Time I. iii. 132 Sinks—where could he else?—to endless wo.

1878 J. Morley Crit. Misc. 1st Ser. 199 Here more than anywhere else.

1907 E. Rickert Golden Hawk xxxix. 296 The music was pipe and tambourin, of course, how else should one dance in Provence?

1932 J. M. Brewer in J. F. Dobie Tone Bell Easy (1965) 29 Ah sho' thanks Yuh fuh de fifteen dollars, but Ah'll git de udder five some place else.

1981 S. McAughtry Belfast Stories i. 63 When else was he to do his betting?

2015 A. Titley tr. M. Ó Cadhain Dirty Dust vi. 164 The ref will be up for Kerry anyway. Why else would they have won so many All-Irelands?

†2.

a. In a different manner, differently; by other means. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adverb]

elseOE

diverselyc1325

diverslyc1384

differentlya1398

another gatea1450

anew1528

unlike1552

different1588

contrary1598

differingly1599

unalike1619

unresemblingly1662

dissimilarlya1771

disparately1881

the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adverb] > otherwise

elseOE

otherwiseOE

otherlikerOE

otherwaysa1225

anotherc1275

otherc1275

othergatea1375

othergatesa1400

otherwarda1450

elsewise1548

elsehow1666

otherguess1777

otherguise1824

OE Beowulf (2008) 2520 Gif ic wiste hu wið ðam aglæcean elles meahte gylpe wiðgripan.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1085 He..begeat swiðe mycelne sceatt of his mannan þær he mihte ænige teale to habban, oððe mid rihte oððe elles.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 108 He ne maȝȝ nohht elless. Onn ennglissh writenn rihht te word.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 449 (MED) Summen hit weora iqueme..Summe queðen ælles [c1300 Otho elles].

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2346 (MED) So miȝtow be saued; for soþe, neuer elles.

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. i. l. 151 (MED) Þe same Mesure þat ȝe Meten, A-mis oþer elles, ȝe schul be weyen þer-with.

c1450 (c1405) Mum & Sothsegger (BL Add. 41666) (1936) l. 78 (MED) Whethir I wisse þe wel wisely or elles.

a1550 ( G. Ripley Compend of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) f. 51 (MED) Bodyes elles maye not be alterid naturally.

b. In or to some other place, in another direction. Cf. elsewhere adv. 1, elsewhither adv. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > direction > [adverb] > to or towards some thing or place > in another direction > to or towards another place

elseOE

elsewhitherc1000

otherwherec1480

elsewhere1513

otherwhither1585

somewhither else1623

elsewardsa1882

OE Cynewulf Fates of Apostles 110 Ic sceall feor heonan, an elles forð, eardes neosan, sið asettan, nat ic sylfa hwær, of þisse worulde.

c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) 245 In þe curt & vte & elles al abute.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 2139 Of lond ichil elles fare.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iv. ii. 121 Since the substance of your perfect selfe Is else deuoted, I am but a shadow.

c. At another time; at other times. Hence: already; beforehand. Obsolete (Scottish in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > particular time > [adverb] > at another time

otherwhilec1225

elsec1400

elsewhen1418

anotherwhilea1425

otherwhiles?a1425

othertimes1447

othersome time1585

othersome whiles1606

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. i. l. 89 In lentene, and elles.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 61 (MED) On þe Seterday it rynnez faste and all þe weke elles it standes still.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. vi. 136 Contrar hys keyn dartis ellis stand haue we.

1636 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (new ed.) 1491 ‘Did he not else,’ quoth he, ‘consent The Cherry for to pow?’

1691 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 24 I have done that else, i.e. already.

a1726 D. Craufurd Poems (1798) 33 I tell'd ye else, on black an' white, Gude fok like me at you hae spite.

1777 Whole Proc. Jockey & Maggy (rev. ed.) 8 Beddet, and is my brithel done ells?

1864 W. D. Latto Tammas Bodkin xv. 139 ‘Ou, Tam, ye're up els—are ye?’ was the first salutation I got.

1887 J. Service Life Dr. Duguid 199 Dod! John, are ye there 'is mornin' else?

1910 C. Fraser Glengonnar 54 If a baker or cadger had come suner than she expected she wad say ‘Is that you, elze, I didna think it was that time o' day.’

1922 J. Inkster Mansie's Röd 24 A'm haed dem [sc. a pair of spectacles] on else da night, an deil stime can I see wi' dem.

a. In another case, under other circumstances; otherwise, on any other supposition; if not. Now usually preceded by or: see or else at or conj.¹ 6.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > contrariety or contrast > [adverb] > else, otherwise, or under other conditions

elseOE

otherwisea1393

beside1598

OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 1 Elles næbbe ge mede mid eowrum Fæder þe on heofonum ys.

OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 301 Elles ne bið his gefadung ne fæst ne langsum.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 27 (MED) All ȝelief ðu fastliche, elles ðu, ne namann ne mai bien ȝeboreȝen.

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3072 Beter ist laten hem vt-pharen, Al sal egipte elles for-faren.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1647 (MED) Foule þow me fodest wiþ þi faire wordes, elles had i deide for duel.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 159 And ell he rytt in a charett with .iiij. wheles.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 53 At the laste Egglame fledde, and ellis he had bene dede.

1570 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandry (new ed.) f. 19 Where Iuie embraceth the tree very sore, kill Iuie, or tree else will adle no more.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5^v Strangle her, els she sure will strangle thee.

1642 D. Rogers Naaman 89 The land certainly had..vomited them out else.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 165 I give to whom I please,..yet with this reserve, not else, On this condition [etc.].

1720 B. Mandeville Free Thoughts 53 That in my Remonstrance to Dissenters, I had been favourable to our Church; but else, that we had several Ceremonies and Usages not to be insisted on.

1757 S. Foote Author i. sig. B^v When George convinces me that he inherits my Spirit, he shall share my Property; not else.

1765 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto (1798) v. 80 It comes to warn your highness; why should it appear to me else?

1798 W. S. Landor Gebir 25 The fierce element which else aspires Higher and higher,..Below earths adamantine arch rebuffed.

1837 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. (ed. 3) I. v. 115 Else how should any one be saved?

1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country ii. 115 Boughs above, Darken, deform the path, else sun would streak.

1930 P. O'Donnell Knife xxi. 102 ‘I always like the patter of the rain when it can't get at me.’ ‘I get no good of it,’ Phil Burns said, ‘barrin' I can smoke; every drop makes me teeth water else.’

1938 H. L. Mencken Diary 10 Aug. (1989) 112 Black has told friends that this indicates to him that Reed must be a trimmer, else he would not be favored by all parties.

2013 L. Powell Witch Fire xvii. 155 Shut up, else I'll only make it worse for you. Both of you.

†b. If it is not believed; for confirmation. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1577 T. Cartwright Rest of Second Replie agaynst Dr. Whitgiftes Second Answer ii. viii. 261 Afterward, yt had a notable vse..whereunto he answereth not: Els, I ask of hym, why it was continued in the church so many hundred yeares.

a1592 R. Greene Hist. Orlando Furioso (1594) sig. Div I am Orgalio, aske all these people else.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. i. 107 The fire is dead with griefe,..See else your selfe.

1640 J. D. Knave in Graine i. i. sig. B3^v I was extream drunke, aske my man Fub else, he'le tell you what a coyle he had with me.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 108 Shew her else, Madam.

1809 J. Parkins Culpepper's Eng. Physician Enlarged 245 St. Peter being the greater Apostle, ask the Pope else.

1883 All Year Round 27 Jan. 75/2 I can assure you that Dr. Stubbs says they are required for my health. You ask him else.

1902 J. H. Yoxall Rommany Stone xxv. 266 But he wants you to go now—he's none again it—ask him, else.

c. poetic. Modifying an adjective. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1593 W. Vaux Let. in MS BL Add. 39828 f. 187^v In relievinge my distressed, my else desperate estate.

a1631 J. Donne Poems (1633) 35 If that tree, Whose fruit threw death on else immortall us, If lecherous goats, if serpents envious Cannot be damn'd; Alas; why should I bee?

1657 W. Morice Coena quasi Κοινὴ Def. xxv. 252 Prudential omission of such censures, upon pretence of an else inevitable participation of sin, is a symptom of Donatisme.

1739 J. Armstrong Oeconomy of Love (new ed.) 33 Unhurt And unoffending, thus thy tutor'd Feet May tread the Wilds of else-delusive Joy.

1800–24 T. Campbell Ode to Burns iii Love..The choicest sweet of Paradise, In life's else bitter cup distill'd.

1839 T. De Quincey Lake Reminiscences in Tait's Edinb. Mag. July 459/2 Carrying the reader fluently along the else monotonous recurrences.

1909 A. C. Benson Poems 64 She..smites with meek artillery whate'er Wounds and deflowers the else ambrosial air.

1972 I. Crichton Smith Coll. Poems (1995) 140 These are notes inside the music which so dominates the else unmeaning scenery.

B. adj.

In predicative use: of another kind, otherwise. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adjective]

othereOE

otherkinseOE

unilicheOE

elseOE

otherways?c1225

diversc1250

diverse1297

unlikea1300

likelessa1325

sundrya1325

contrariousc1340

nothera1375

strangec1380

anothera1382

otherwisea1393

diversed1393

differenta1400

differing?c1400

deparayll1413

disparable1413

disparail1413

dissemblable1413

party?a1439

unlikeningc1450

indifferent1513

distinct1523

repugnant1528

far1531

heterogene?1541

discrepant1556

mislike1570

contrary1576

distincted1577

another-gainesa1586

dispar1587

another gate1594

dislike1596

unresembling1598

heterogeneana1601

anothergates1604

heterogeneal1605

unmatched1606

disparate1608

disparent?1611

differential1618

dissimilar1621

disparated1624

dissimilary1624

heterogeneous1624

unparallel1624

otherguess1632

anotherguise1635

incongenerous1646

anotherguess1650

otherguise1653

distant1654

unresemblant1655

distantial1656

allogeneous1666

distinguished1736

otherguised1768

unsimilar1768

insimilar1801

anotherkins1855

diff1861

distinctive1867

othergate1903

unalike1934

OE Will of King Ælfred (Sawyer 1507) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 19 Gif hit elles sy, gange hit ofer hyra dæg swa swa we ær gecweden hæfdon.

OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 366 Ne heora nan ne bið abroden to oþrum, þæt he elles beo of ðam þe he ær wæs.

c1300 (c1280) Southern Passion (Harl. 2277) (1927) l. 1943 Ȝif a womman haþ a sclaundre, alles [a1325 Pepys elles] þei hit beo, Ech man ȝeo were loþ to wedde.

c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. iii. l. 60 (MED) Ho is Corteis, or kuynde, Couetous, or elles.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 293 (MED) A desert for som doynge, derne oþer elles.

c1450 (c1405) Mum & Sothsegger (BL Add. 41666) (1936) l. 35 (MED) Any lay lord, lettrid or elles.

a1500 Tale of Basin in M. M. Furrow Ten 15th-cent. Comic Poems (1985) 53 Summe byn trew and sum byn ellis.

a1834 S. T. Coleridge Opus Maximum (2002) iii. 233 Whatever is else, and in that sense more than this, we must say of it that God hath or possesses it.

2003 M. R. Hill in M. R. Hill & S. Hoecker-Drysdale Harriet Martineau Epil. 191 The shape and scope of sociology as a disciplinary enterprise would be quite else than it is without their contributions.

C. n.

Something else, anything else; (with plural reference) other things. Formerly also: †other people, people of other kinds (obsolete). Now rare.In quot. OE in poetry, probably with an indefinite pronoun or equivalent phrase understood.

ΚΠ

OE Genesis A (1931) 20 Elles ne ongunnon ræran on roderum nymþe riht and soþ.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 3382 (MED) Themperour, which to him tolde His swevene and elles what he wolde.

a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 1965 These to treytours he lete out passe, And ells [a1425 Linc. Inn þeo oþir, a1400 Egerton al other] yeden to swerde.

1571 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 339 Noe freman of the Cytie, beyng baker or els.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 276 Bastards and else .

1659 Publick Intelligencer No. 165. 245 17 Field-pieces taken. 5 Morter-peices. 1600 Iron shot... 800 Pickaxes, Mattocks and else.

1862 Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Halliburton's Troubles I. xx. 245 There were parers, grounders, leather-sorters, dyers, cutters, makers-up, and else.

1888 Southern Jrnl. Homeopathy Feb. 36/2 Anything in this article that may seem to savor of else than good feeling for them.

1911 Spirit Lake (Iowa) Beacon 10 Aug. 4/4 A good driver who in order to do his best work has little time for else than quietly handling his teamland implement.

1920 Oxf. Mag. 14 May 332/1 How could they do else, when their bishops were all in prison?

1992 Amer. Scholar Autumn 602 The day the English officers who dine At this establishment should talk of else Than horses, women or dogs.

†D. conj.

If only, provided that, so long as. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 295 Elleȝ þou wyl diȝt me þe dom to dele hym an oþer.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 466 (MED) Þe raven..þat reches ful lyttel How alle fodez þer fare, ellez he fynde mete.

c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 904 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 55 Ellis þat till our saweour þe will of þe man knawyn be.

1563 Ressoning Crosraguell & Knox f. 9^v I am hartlie content to receaue the same, but els, that it be laughful to me with.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	else
释义	elseadv.adj.n.conj. Brit. /ɛls/, U.S. /ɛls/ Forms: α. Old English–early Middle English ælles, Old English (rare)–Middle English eles, Old English–1600s elles, late Old English æalles, late Old English–early Middle English ealles, late Old English–Middle English helles, early Middle English alles (south-west midlands and south-western), early Middle English elless ( Ormulum), Middle English elleȝ, Middle English ellus, Middle English elys- (in compounds), Middle English elz, Middle English hellis, Middle English hellys, Middle English hels- (in compounds), Middle English helse, Middle English ylls, Middle English–1600s ellis, Middle English–1600s ells, Middle English–1600s ellys, Middle English–1600s els, Middle English– else, 1500s elis, 1500s–1600s elss, 1500s–1700s elce, 1800s e'se (U.S. regional), 1800s ilse (English regional (Cornwall)), 1800s– elst (U.S. regional and Australian); also Scottish pre-1700 elis, pre-1700 elleis, 1700s alse, 1700s ells, 1800s els, 1900s elz, 1900s elze, 1900s– ilse; Irish English 1700s–1900s ilse, 1800s elles (Wexford). β. Middle English el, Middle English ell, Middle English elle- (in compounds). Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian ellis , allis , Old Dutch, Middle Dutch els , Old High German alles , elles , ellies (in Middle High German only in alleswā , alswā elsewhere adv.), use as adverb of the neuter genitive singular of the Germanic base of Old English ell other (see note), Early Runic alja- (in aljamarkiR foreigner (Kårstad Stone)), Gothic aljis , further cognate with ancient Greek ἄλλος (Cypriot αἶλος ) other, different (compare allo- comb. form), classical Latin alius other, another (compare alien adj.), Early Irish aile other, second (Irish eile ), Welsh ail , †eil second, Armenian ayl , apparently < the same Indo-European base as (with different stem) Old English el- , ele- , Old Frisian ili- , ele- , Old Saxon eli- , Old High German eli- (all in compounds, in sense ‘foreign, strange, from elsewhere’; compare althede n., althedy adj. and eilland n., elelendish adj.), and also classical Latin al- (in alter ; compare alter n.).Old English. In Old English, reflexes of the Germanic adjective appear to be preserved rarely outside compounds and derivatives; compare the following traces of adjectival use of ell :OE (Mercian) Rushw. Gospels: Matt. xxii. 6 Reliqui uero tenuerunt seruos eius et contumilia adfectos occiderunt : elle genoman æsnas his & geonrettæ ofslogun.OE Beowulf (2008) 752 Sona þæt onfunde fyrena hyrde þæt he ne mette middangeardes..on elran men mundgripe maran. Use of Old English elles in sense A. 1 develops out of phrases showing noun use of the neuter of the adjective in the genitive case with partitive sense, i.e. with the original sense ‘of any other thing or kind’. In the earliest attested uses, especially in sense A. 1a, the word could perhaps alternatively be interpreted as a pronominal use in that sense. However, due to the obsolescence of the adjective ell , the case ending of elles was probably early on reinterpreted as showing an adverbial ending, merging with the inherited adverbial uses in senses A. 2 and A. 3, which apparently reflect original adverbial use of the genitive case (compare -s suffix¹); compare the Old English adverbs ellor (see below) and elcor elchur adv., both formed from the same base, with different suffixes. Uses as adjective, noun, and conjunction represent developments from the adverb. Related adverb. Compare Old English ellor elsewhere, in another place, to another place, which is apparently cognate with or formed similarly to Gothic aljar in another place (in aljar wisands absent, literally ‘being elsewhere’), Old Saxon ellior to another place (in ellior skakan to hasten elsewhere, i.e. to die; Middle Dutch elre , eller elsewhere) < the Germanic base of Old English ell + a suffix which has been interpreted as either the comparative suffix (the Germanic base of -er suffix³) or a Germanic locative suffix no longer productive in Old English. Scandinavian parallels. Some adverbs in Scandinavian languages with similar form and sense are not direct cognates, but contractions of suffixed forms of the same base (see -ly suffix¹ and compare elchur adv.), e.g. Old Swedish ällis , adverb (shortened < ällighis ; Swedish eljest ), and also Old Icelandic ella , ellar , adverb, in later use also as conjunction ‘or’ (shortened < elliga , elligar ), Old Swedish älla , ällar , adverb and conjunction (Swedish eller , now only as conjunction ‘or’), Old Danish ælla , ællar , adverb and conjunction (Danish eller , now only as conjunction ‘or’). However, there may have been some influence from such forms in the Middle English period. Variant forms. The β. forms apparently developed in compounds such as elle-ȝware , el-quhare , variants of elsewhere adv., and became used independently in the late Middle English period, in some cases perhaps reinforced by an early Scandinavian word (compare the attested Scandinavian forms cited above). In late Middle English, α. and β. forms can vary in different manuscripts of the same text. Syntactic note. In combinations like the following, the genitive is now normally inflected on the second element: anybody else at anybody pron. and n. Phrases 1, anyone else at anyone pron. Phrases 1, everybody else at everybody pron. Phrases 1, everyone else at everyone pron. Phrases 1, nobody else at nobody pron. and n. Phrases 1, no one else at no one pron. Phrases, somebody else pron. at somebody n. 1b(a), someone else at someone pron. In early use the genitive of such combinations was inflected on the first element (e.g. somebody's else); the usual current construction (e.g. somebody else's) is found from the 18th cent. and becomes common in the mid 19th cent., although the former construction also remained in (limited) use into the 20th cent.; compare:1914 T. S. Eliot Let. 30 Sept. (1988) I. 58 The thing is to be able to look at one's life as if it were somebody's else—(I much prefer to say somebody else's). A mixed construction (e.g. somebody's else's) is also sometimes attested from the 18th cent. onwards and is still in (chiefly colloquial) use. A. adv. 1. In addition to, or in place of, the person, thing, place, time, manner, reason, etc., just mentioned or alluded to; besides; instead.In this use else is broadly equivalent to other (see other adj. 5), and like the latter, it can be interpreted contextually in two different ways: e.g. something else may mean something in addition to what is mentioned, or something as an alternative or substitute. In the former case else may be replaced by besides, further, more; in the latter case it may sometimes be rendered by different, instead, with that exception, etc. a. Used after (formerly also before) an indefinite, nominal relative, or interrogative pronoun (e.g. none, whatever, who), or a word or phrase equivalent to one of these (e.g. nothing, everybody), or the pronouns all, much, little, or a phrasal quantifier such as a great deal, a lot.Often (like other) followed by but (see but conj. 4b) or than (see than conj. 2a).For the compound pronouns anybody else, anyone else, anything else, everyone else, nothing else, somewhat else, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > alternation > [adverb] > as alternative elchurc890 elseOE alternatively1590 OE Seafarer 46 Ne biþ him to hearpan hyge ne to hringþege, ne to wife wyn ne to worulde hyht, ne ymbe owiht elles, nefne ymb yða gewealc. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 9304 Nohht elless. ne nohht mare. Þann þatt tatt ȝuw iss sett. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 662 Ȝif ho oȝt elles understode..Þat miȝte helpe to oþer þinge. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 4096 Alle elles he driuen in deades weph. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1550 Forto haf wonnen hym to woȝe, what-so scho þoȝt elleȝ. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Zeph. ii. 15 I am, and there is els none. 1577 J. Ludham tr. A. Hyperius Pract. Preaching i. xv. f. 36^v Finally whatsoeuer else of this order is taught of the Rhetoritans..doe appertayne and belonge vnto him [sc. the Preacher]. 1625 S. Ierome Englands Ivbilee iii. xiii. 180 Wee all hold the foundation against Papist, and Pelagian, and Armenian, and who ever else..without the workes of the law, according to the Scriptures. a1677 I. Barrow Wks. (1683) II. 49 What doe they else, but scrape and scramble..for these things? 1737 Gentleman's Mag. June 332/2 Though Christ's Appeal to the 110th vindicates that Psalm to David, it vindicates none else. 1796 T. Jefferson Let. 7 Feb. in J. Catanzariti Papers (2000) XXVIII. 608 We have had enough else to do..in cutting coal wood. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Audley Court in Poems (new ed.) II. 45 Emilia, fairer than all else but thou, For thou art fairer than all else that is. 1879 J. Stainer Music of Bible 2 Singing is little else than a highly beautiful speaking. 1930 W. White Furness Folk & Facts 112 We want nowt wi' neea lakers ner offcums ner nowt else i' this deeal. 1964 K. Amis Let. (2000) 658 Pending the completion of the Maida Vale joint (which has a letter-box but practically fuck-all else yet). 2013 Observer 8 Dec. (Food Monthly Suppl.) 74/3 Sometimes I long for a good, plain cake with butter icing and not a lot else. b. Used after an indefinite, relative, or interrogative adjective (determiner), with a noun interposed or (formerly) following. Now chiefly poetic or archaic.In quot. OE used after an interrogative adjective with the rest of the clause interposed. ΚΠ OE Blickling Homilies 39 Hwylc beren mænde he þonne elles buton heofona rice? a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1080 To lasse & to more, þat ouȝten him omage or ani seute elles. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xv. 6 (MED) My witte wex and wanyed til I a fole were..loth to reuerencen Lordes or ladyes or eny lyf elles. c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) l. 1019 Þo bostful dedeus..Schal ȝou procre to pryde and to no profit ellus. 1538 J. Bale Tragedye Promyses God in I. Reed Dodsley's Sel. Coll. Old Plays (1780) I. 25 The adders ded stynge other wycked persones els In wonderfull numbre. 1577 T. Vautrollier tr. M. Luther Comm. Epist. to Galathians (new ed.) f. 92 Sharpe chidings and bitter wordes are as necessary..as any other vertue els. 1613 S. Purchas Descr. India in Pilgrimage (1864) 19 Hee is Lord of all nor hath any else possession of any thing, but at the will of the King. ?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) xvii. 186 By force She kept his person from all else recourse. a1722 J. Toland Coll. Several Pieces (1726) I. 47 Why the modern Irish Historians, I say, give us such a medly of relations, unpick'd and unchosen, I had rather any man else shou'd tell. 1765 G. Coleman Phormio II. iv. 562 And Phormio, as on all occasions else, Prov'd himself a brave fellow. 1827 R. Pollok Course of Time II. x. 247 That silence..Was now forgotten, and every silence else. 1842 W. Wordsworth Airey-Force Valley in Poems Early & Late Years 78 Where all things else are still and motionless. 1857 J. A. Heraud Judgem. of Flood (rev. ed.) iv. i At length, the Light Was reapparent; but not whence it came, The solar orb, or any planet else. 1974 R. Adams Shardik xxiii. 174 The din obliterated every noise else. 1998 Independent 30 Mar. ii. 2/5 Isadora Wing, who longed above all things else, for the..consumingly erotic, zipless fuck. c. Used after adverbs or adverbial phrases expressing place, time, manner, reason, etc., and correlative with the pronouns mentioned in sense A. 1a, e.g. nowhere else, when else, however else.See also somewhere else adv. at somewhere adv. 1c, somewhither else adv. at somewhither adv. 2b. ΚΠ OE St. Euphrosyne (Julius) in W. W. Skeat Ælfric's Lives of Saints (1900) II. 344 Nelle ic þeh þæt þu ahwider elles ga. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 8472 Seldenn owwhær elless. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) 23819 (MED) Here es þe time vr sinnes bete, Ouþer here or nouþer-quar ellis. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 32 Groundid sumwhere ellis. 1512 Act 4 Henry VIII c. 19 §11 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 78 Wher he then shalbe moste conversaunte..& no wher elles. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. 2 Are than and neuer els. 1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. i. i. §6. 6 Whether that motion..and operation, were by incubation, or how else, the manner is only knowne to God. 1649 V. Powell God Father Glorified 11 He glorified him by his sufferings as much as any way else. 1668 S. Colepresse Let. 2 Apr. in H. Oldenburg Corr. (1967) IV. 295 His abilities in respect of generation were proportionable to ye number [sc. of his testicles] thoe noe way else noted for feats of activitie, or strength. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 133 Why else should they be directed in such a Manner, just at the Moment when I was mourning over my Condition. 1755 T. Sherlock Several Disc. preached at Temple Church II. xvi. 372 But whether his Fear discovered him..or however else it happened, he was challenged by a Damsel. 1827 R. Pollok Course of Time I. iii. 132 Sinks—where could he else?—to endless wo. 1878 J. Morley Crit. Misc. 1st Ser. 199 Here more than anywhere else. 1907 E. Rickert Golden Hawk xxxix. 296 The music was pipe and tambourin, of course, how else should one dance in Provence? 1932 J. M. Brewer in J. F. Dobie Tone Bell Easy (1965) 29 Ah sho' thanks Yuh fuh de fifteen dollars, but Ah'll git de udder five some place else. 1981 S. McAughtry Belfast Stories i. 63 When else was he to do his betting? 2015 A. Titley tr. M. Ó Cadhain Dirty Dust vi. 164 The ref will be up for Kerry anyway. Why else would they have won so many All-Irelands? †2. a. In a different manner, differently; by other means. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adverb] elseOE diverselyc1325 diverslyc1384 differentlya1398 another gatea1450 anew1528 unlike1552 different1588 contrary1598 differingly1599 unalike1619 unresemblingly1662 dissimilarlya1771 disparately1881 the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adverb] > otherwise elseOE otherwiseOE otherlikerOE otherwaysa1225 anotherc1275 otherc1275 othergatea1375 othergatesa1400 otherwarda1450 elsewise1548 elsehow1666 otherguess1777 otherguise1824 OE Beowulf (2008) 2520 Gif ic wiste hu wið ðam aglæcean elles meahte gylpe wiðgripan. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1085 He..begeat swiðe mycelne sceatt of his mannan þær he mihte ænige teale to habban, oððe mid rihte oððe elles. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 108 He ne maȝȝ nohht elless. Onn ennglissh writenn rihht te word. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 449 (MED) Summen hit weora iqueme..Summe queðen ælles [c1300 Otho elles]. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2346 (MED) So miȝtow be saued; for soþe, neuer elles. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. i. l. 151 (MED) Þe same Mesure þat ȝe Meten, A-mis oþer elles, ȝe schul be weyen þer-with. c1450 (c1405) Mum & Sothsegger (BL Add. 41666) (1936) l. 78 (MED) Whethir I wisse þe wel wisely or elles. a1550 ( G. Ripley Compend of Alchemy (Bodl. e Mus.) f. 51 (MED) Bodyes elles maye not be alterid naturally. b. In or to some other place, in another direction. Cf. elsewhere adv. 1, elsewhither adv. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > direction > [adverb] > to or towards some thing or place > in another direction > to or towards another place elseOE elsewhitherc1000 otherwherec1480 elsewhere1513 otherwhither1585 somewhither else1623 elsewardsa1882 OE Cynewulf Fates of Apostles 110 Ic sceall feor heonan, an elles forð, eardes neosan, sið asettan, nat ic sylfa hwær, of þisse worulde. c1300 (?c1225) King Horn (Cambr.) (1901) 245 In þe curt & vte & elles al abute. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 2139 Of lond ichil elles fare. a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iv. ii. 121 Since the substance of your perfect selfe Is else deuoted, I am but a shadow. View more context for this quotation c. At another time; at other times. Hence: already; beforehand. Obsolete (Scottish in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > time > particular time > [adverb] > at another time otherwhilec1225 elsec1400 elsewhen1418 anotherwhilea1425 otherwhiles?a1425 othertimes1447 othersome time1585 othersome whiles1606 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. i. l. 89 In lentene, and elles. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 61 (MED) On þe Seterday it rynnez faste and all þe weke elles it standes still. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. vi. 136 Contrar hys keyn dartis ellis stand haue we. 1636 A. Montgomerie Cherrie & Slae (new ed.) 1491 ‘Did he not else,’ quoth he, ‘consent The Cherry for to pow?’ 1691 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 24 I have done that else, i.e. already. a1726 D. Craufurd Poems (1798) 33 I tell'd ye else, on black an' white, Gude fok like me at you hae spite. 1777 Whole Proc. Jockey & Maggy (rev. ed.) 8 Beddet, and is my brithel done ells? 1864 W. D. Latto Tammas Bodkin xv. 139 ‘Ou, Tam, ye're up els—are ye?’ was the first salutation I got. 1887 J. Service Life Dr. Duguid 199 Dod! John, are ye there 'is mornin' else? 1910 C. Fraser Glengonnar 54 If a baker or cadger had come suner than she expected she wad say ‘Is that you, elze, I didna think it was that time o' day.’ 1922 J. Inkster Mansie's Röd 24 A'm haed dem [sc. a pair of spectacles] on else da night, an deil stime can I see wi' dem. 3. a. In another case, under other circumstances; otherwise, on any other supposition; if not. Now usually preceded by or: see or else at or conj.¹ 6. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > contrariety or contrast > [adverb] > else, otherwise, or under other conditions elseOE otherwisea1393 beside1598 OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 1 Elles næbbe ge mede mid eowrum Fæder þe on heofonum ys. OE Ælfric Homily: De Duodecim Abusivis (Corpus Cambr. 178) in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 301 Elles ne bið his gefadung ne fæst ne langsum. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 27 (MED) All ȝelief ðu fastliche, elles ðu, ne namann ne mai bien ȝeboreȝen. a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 3072 Beter ist laten hem vt-pharen, Al sal egipte elles for-faren. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1647 (MED) Foule þow me fodest wiþ þi faire wordes, elles had i deide for duel. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 159 And ell he rytt in a charett with .iiij. wheles. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 53 At the laste Egglame fledde, and ellis he had bene dede. 1570 T. Tusser Hundreth Good Pointes Husbandry (new ed.) f. 19 Where Iuie embraceth the tree very sore, kill Iuie, or tree else will adle no more. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. i. sig. A5^v Strangle her, els she sure will strangle thee. 1642 D. Rogers Naaman 89 The land certainly had..vomited them out else. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd iv. 165 I give to whom I please,..yet with this reserve, not else, On this condition [etc.]. 1720 B. Mandeville Free Thoughts 53 That in my Remonstrance to Dissenters, I had been favourable to our Church; but else, that we had several Ceremonies and Usages not to be insisted on. 1757 S. Foote Author i. sig. B^v When George convinces me that he inherits my Spirit, he shall share my Property; not else. 1765 H. Walpole Castle of Otranto (1798) v. 80 It comes to warn your highness; why should it appear to me else? 1798 W. S. Landor Gebir 25 The fierce element which else aspires Higher and higher,..Below earths adamantine arch rebuffed. 1837 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. (ed. 3) I. v. 115 Else how should any one be saved? 1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country ii. 115 Boughs above, Darken, deform the path, else sun would streak. 1930 P. O'Donnell Knife xxi. 102 ‘I always like the patter of the rain when it can't get at me.’ ‘I get no good of it,’ Phil Burns said, ‘barrin' I can smoke; every drop makes me teeth water else.’ 1938 H. L. Mencken Diary 10 Aug. (1989) 112 Black has told friends that this indicates to him that Reed must be a trimmer, else he would not be favored by all parties. 2013 L. Powell Witch Fire xvii. 155 Shut up, else I'll only make it worse for you. Both of you. †b. If it is not believed; for confirmation. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1577 T. Cartwright Rest of Second Replie agaynst Dr. Whitgiftes Second Answer ii. viii. 261 Afterward, yt had a notable vse..whereunto he answereth not: Els, I ask of hym, why it was continued in the church so many hundred yeares. a1592 R. Greene Hist. Orlando Furioso (1594) sig. Div I am Orgalio, aske all these people else. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) iv. i. 107 The fire is dead with griefe,..See else your selfe. View more context for this quotation 1640 J. D. Knave in Graine i. i. sig. B3^v I was extream drunke, aske my man Fub else, he'le tell you what a coyle he had with me. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela II. 108 Shew her else, Madam. 1809 J. Parkins Culpepper's Eng. Physician Enlarged 245 St. Peter being the greater Apostle, ask the Pope else. 1883 All Year Round 27 Jan. 75/2 I can assure you that Dr. Stubbs says they are required for my health. You ask him else. 1902 J. H. Yoxall Rommany Stone xxv. 266 But he wants you to go now—he's none again it—ask him, else. c. poetic. Modifying an adjective. Now rare. ΚΠ 1593 W. Vaux Let. in MS BL Add. 39828 f. 187^v In relievinge my distressed, my else desperate estate. a1631 J. Donne Poems (1633) 35 If that tree, Whose fruit threw death on else immortall us, If lecherous goats, if serpents envious Cannot be damn'd; Alas; why should I bee? 1657 W. Morice Coena quasi Κοινὴ Def. xxv. 252 Prudential omission of such censures, upon pretence of an else inevitable participation of sin, is a symptom of Donatisme. 1739 J. Armstrong Oeconomy of Love (new ed.) 33 Unhurt And unoffending, thus thy tutor'd Feet May tread the Wilds of else-delusive Joy. 1800–24 T. Campbell Ode to Burns iii Love..The choicest sweet of Paradise, In life's else bitter cup distill'd. 1839 T. De Quincey Lake Reminiscences in Tait's Edinb. Mag. July 459/2 Carrying the reader fluently along the else monotonous recurrences. 1909 A. C. Benson Poems 64 She..smites with meek artillery whate'er Wounds and deflowers the else ambrosial air. 1972 I. Crichton Smith Coll. Poems (1995) 140 These are notes inside the music which so dominates the else unmeaning scenery. B. adj. In predicative use: of another kind, otherwise. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > difference > [adjective] othereOE otherkinseOE unilicheOE elseOE otherways?c1225 diversc1250 diverse1297 unlikea1300 likelessa1325 sundrya1325 contrariousc1340 nothera1375 strangec1380 anothera1382 otherwisea1393 diversed1393 differenta1400 differing?c1400 deparayll1413 disparable1413 disparail1413 dissemblable1413 party?a1439 unlikeningc1450 indifferent1513 distinct1523 repugnant1528 far1531 heterogene?1541 discrepant1556 mislike1570 contrary1576 distincted1577 another-gainesa1586 dispar1587 another gate1594 dislike1596 unresembling1598 heterogeneana1601 anothergates1604 heterogeneal1605 unmatched1606 disparate1608 disparent?1611 differential1618 dissimilar1621 disparated1624 dissimilary1624 heterogeneous1624 unparallel1624 otherguess1632 anotherguise1635 incongenerous1646 anotherguess1650 otherguise1653 distant1654 unresemblant1655 distantial1656 allogeneous1666 distinguished1736 otherguised1768 unsimilar1768 insimilar1801 anotherkins1855 diff1861 distinctive1867 othergate1903 unalike1934 OE Will of King Ælfred (Sawyer 1507) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 19 Gif hit elles sy, gange hit ofer hyra dæg swa swa we ær gecweden hæfdon. OE Ælfric Homily (Cambr. Ii.4.6) in J. C. Pope Homilies of Ælfric (1967) I. 366 Ne heora nan ne bið abroden to oþrum, þæt he elles beo of ðam þe he ær wæs. c1300 (c1280) Southern Passion (Harl. 2277) (1927) l. 1943 Ȝif a womman haþ a sclaundre, alles [a1325 Pepys elles] þei hit beo, Ech man ȝeo were loþ to wedde. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. iii. l. 60 (MED) Ho is Corteis, or kuynde, Couetous, or elles. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 293 (MED) A desert for som doynge, derne oþer elles. c1450 (c1405) Mum & Sothsegger (BL Add. 41666) (1936) l. 35 (MED) Any lay lord, lettrid or elles. a1500 Tale of Basin in M. M. Furrow Ten 15th-cent. Comic Poems (1985) 53 Summe byn trew and sum byn ellis. a1834 S. T. Coleridge Opus Maximum (2002) iii. 233 Whatever is else, and in that sense more than this, we must say of it that God hath or possesses it. 2003 M. R. Hill in M. R. Hill & S. Hoecker-Drysdale Harriet Martineau Epil. 191 The shape and scope of sociology as a disciplinary enterprise would be quite else than it is without their contributions. C. n. Something else, anything else; (with plural reference) other things. Formerly also: †other people, people of other kinds (obsolete). Now rare.In quot. OE in poetry, probably with an indefinite pronoun or equivalent phrase understood. ΚΠ OE Genesis A (1931) 20 Elles ne ongunnon ræran on roderum nymþe riht and soþ. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. l. 3382 (MED) Themperour, which to him tolde His swevene and elles what he wolde. a1475 (?a1350) Seege Troye (Harl.) (1927) l. 1965 These to treytours he lete out passe, And ells [a1425 Linc. Inn þeo oþir, a1400 Egerton al other] yeden to swerde. 1571 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 339 Noe freman of the Cytie, beyng baker or els. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) ii. i. 276 Bastards and else . View more context for this quotation 1659 Publick Intelligencer No. 165. 245 17 Field-pieces taken. 5 Morter-peices. 1600 Iron shot... 800 Pickaxes, Mattocks and else. 1862 Mrs. H. Wood Mrs. Halliburton's Troubles I. xx. 245 There were parers, grounders, leather-sorters, dyers, cutters, makers-up, and else. 1888 Southern Jrnl. Homeopathy Feb. 36/2 Anything in this article that may seem to savor of else than good feeling for them. 1911 Spirit Lake (Iowa) Beacon 10 Aug. 4/4 A good driver who in order to do his best work has little time for else than quietly handling his teamland implement. 1920 Oxf. Mag. 14 May 332/1 How could they do else, when their bishops were all in prison? 1992 Amer. Scholar Autumn 602 The day the English officers who dine At this establishment should talk of else Than horses, women or dogs. †D. conj. If only, provided that, so long as. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 295 Elleȝ þou wyl diȝt me þe dom to dele hym an oþer. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 466 (MED) Þe raven..þat reches ful lyttel How alle fodez þer fare, ellez he fynde mete. c1480 (a1400) St. Paul 904 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 55 Ellis þat till our saweour þe will of þe man knawyn be. 1563 Ressoning Crosraguell & Knox f. 9^v I am hartlie content to receaue the same, but els, that it be laughful to me with. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adv.adj.n.conj.OE
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