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empressn. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French emperice, emperreis. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman emperice, emprice, Anglo-Norman and Old French empereis (Middle French emperreis, empreis) (mid 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman; also 12th cent. in Old French as empereriz ) < classical Latin imperātrīc- , imperātrīx imperatrix n. Compare emperor n.Compare Old Occitan emperairitz , Spanish emperatriz (1129), Portuguese imperatriz (13th cent. as †emperadriz ), Italian imperatrice (a1282). With the forms in -esse , -ess compare Middle French emperesse, emperresse (late 14th cent.), alteration (with suffix substitution: compare -esse -ess suffix1) of empereis , emperreis etc. With the form amperesse compare α. forms at emperor n. With β. forms compare classical Latin imperātrīc- , imperātrīx imperatrix n. and perhaps also im- prefix1. 1. Frequently as a title (often with the). society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > empress ?a1160 (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1140 Þerefter com þe kinges dohter Henries, þe hefde ben Emperice [in] Alamanie & nu wæs cuntesse in Angou. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 9064 He louede hire vor heo was eir & hei emperesse. a1375 (c1350) (1867) l. 5343 Meliors..was crouned emperice. 1520 vii. f. 79v/1 Wyllyam..helde warre agaynst Maude the empresse. 1559 Bp. Scot in J. Strype (1824) I. ii. App. vii. 417 The emperesse Theodora that then was. 1618 L. Andrewes 28 Presently fell Leo to writing letters..To the Emperour Martian himselfe (and to the Empresse to sollicite him). 1643 W. Prynne i. 53 Maude the Empresse..was put by the Crowne by the Prelates and Barons. 1705 J. Addison 411 Among the Emperesses. a1745 J. Swift Stephen in (1768) XIII. 301 The earl of Chester..commanded there for the empress. 1762 13 Aug. 1/3 The reigning Empress published the following Manifesto. ‘We Catherine II. by the Grace of God, Empress and Autocrat of all the Russias, &c.’ 1836 V. 132/2 Napoleon..crowned his wife as empress. 1888 19 Dec. 573. 7/4 The Queen and the Empress Frederick..were compelled to delay their departure from the Royal borough. 1905 W. Littlefield tr. H. de Noussanne ii. ii. 103 As for the German Empress, although lavishly gotten up, she appeared altogether spare and lean in a gown that revealed neither variety nor art. 1958 W. Willetts I. v. 312 She became in turn Kao-tsung's concubine and Empress. 2001 4 Sept. 23/6 A clock..given, in 1804, to Napoleon Bonaparte who, in turn, had given it to the Empress Josephine. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > sovereign ruler or monarch > emperor > [noun] > empress a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 189 Cleopatra, þe douȝter of Ptholomeus Denys kyng of Egipt, was emperise of Egipt [L. imperavit Ægyptiis] two and twenty ȝere. 1559 R. Crowley (new ed.) iii. f. 194 After whome Constantine Monomathus was made emperour of Constantinople, and maried Zoe the empresse. He reigned .xii. yeres. 1604 W. Traheron tr. P. Mexia 611 In Constantinople during the time of this Emperour Henry..raigned Constantinvs Monachvs, by his marriage with the Empresse Zoe. 1744 J. Mottley I. ii. 169 The present Empress Elizabeth,..Daughter of Peter the Great of immortal Memory. 1798 W. Tooke (ed. 2) I. 55 What may be executed in ice was shewn by the ice-palace which the empress Anna caused to be built on the bank of the Neva in 1740. 1857 24 Sept. 2/4 The fiction of the East India Company should be done away with, and the Queen proclaimed Empress of India. 1869 W. G. Dickson ii. 94 These three men all lived and rose to power..during the reign of Koken the Empress. 1900 Apr. 390 The announced preference of the Empress Gemmei for the rites of Buddhism aided very materially to establish it in Japan. 1936 23 Nov. 32/1 Victoria came to the throne a queen in 1837 and died an empress in 1901. 2005 (Nexis) 26 Oct. (Features section) 23 80 per cent of Japanese would like to see the law changed to allow a woman to become empress. society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > absolute ruler > [noun] > female c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham (1902) 115 (MED) Þorȝ-out helle geþ here power, Ase he hys emperysse. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 20801 (MED) Of heuen and erth..scho es quene, Bath imperice and heind leuedi. a1450 (?1420) J. Lydgate (Tanner) (1891) l. 1212 (MED) Hou I haue made hir þin hertes emperesse. a1500 (a1460) (1994) I. xix. 226 Thi moder is of helle emprise. 1582 R. Stanyhurst tr. Virgil iv. 67 Thus toe Venus turning spake thee Saturnical empresse [sc. Juno, daughter of Saturn]. 1594 W. Shakespeare ii. iii. 40 Harke Tamora the Empresse of my soule. View more context for this quotation 1603 T. Dekker et al. sig. D3v Now ile boast that I haue found, An Angell vpon earth: she shalbe cround The empresse of all women. 1658 A. Cokayne 45 You are my Empress; under your fair hand Send me what Destiny you will command. 1716 M. Hole IV. xviii. 140 I know some have carry'd this matter too high,..worshipping her [sc. the Virgin Mary] as a Goddess, as the Queen of Angels, and the Empress of Heaven. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer III. xi. 273 Thus while she spoke, in swarms hell's Empress brings Daughters and wives of heroes and of kings. 1797 A. Radcliffe II. i. 3 The lady Abbess..seemed the Empress of the scene. 1827 14 Apr. 83/1 To the Empress of Heaven, mother of the eternal world, the leading star of all Spain,..the most holy Mary. 1844 A. W. Kinglake v. 82 Yonder Empress..throned at the window of that humblest mud cottage. 1852 T. Carlyle 7 May (1999) 108 Poor Margaret [Fuller]... Such a predetermination to eat this big universe as her oyster or her egg, and to be absolute empress of all height and glory in it that her heart could conceive. 1923 J. S. Kennard 177 She [sc. Venus] is no more empress of earth, and sea, and sky. 1995 R. V. Gerard (ed. 2) 141 Now she's legally my wife, but in reality, she's my empress and guardian. Need I say more? 2006 J. Miller x. 246 The Empress of Heaven is popularly venerated in Taiwan as Mazu, an affectionate kinship term denoting ‘Granny’. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. i. l. 3098 For felonie is emperisse and flowreþ ful of rycchesse [L. nam imperante florenteque nequitia]. c1447 Queen Margaret To King in R. Willis & J. W. Clark (1886) I. Introd. p. lxiii The Imparesse of alle sciences and facultees, theologie. 1599 E. Spenser in L. Lewkenor tr. G. Contarini sig. ❧ 3v The antique Babel, Empresse of the East, Vpreard her buildinges to the threatned skie. 1604 E. Grimeston tr. J. de Acosta ii. vi. 93 This river (which in my opinion, deserves well the name of Empresse and Queene of all flouds). 1634 W. Habington i. 30 The pale fac'd Empresse of the night, Lent in her chaste increase her borrowed light. 1682 J. Dryden 8 Now Empress Fame had Publish'd the Renown Of Shad—s Coronation. 1740 50 The Terror of the British Naval Force will be much greater than ever: Britain may then be truly stiled Empress of the Ocean. 1795 T. White 10 Soon as the empress of the tides Was seen to rear her silver horn on high. 1832 Feb. 353/1 The British capital has been called..the empress of all cities. 1837 W. Wordsworth (new ed.) V. 277 The aspiring Mountains and the winding Streams Empress of Night! are gladdened by thy beams. 1897 F. Thompson 113 Thou hast enwoofèd her [sc. the earth] An empress of the air, And all her births are propertied by thee. 1955 R. J. Deferrari tr. Eusebius in XXIX. x. iv. 249 In the midst of the city that is empress of cities on earth. 2009 (Univ. Texas) Jan.–Feb. 37/2 From Istanbul, magnificent ‘Empress of the World’, to ancient ruins, stunning landscapes, and the dramatic Turquoise Coast. Compounds1611 J. Speed ix. iv. 441 An. D. 1126 Emperour Henrie (the Kings Sonne in law) dieth... The Peeres sweare fealty to Empresse Dowager the Kings daughter. a1661 B. Holyday tr. Juvenal (1673) 93 Before his bed she chose a mat that stunk, And wore a night-hood too, an empress-punk! 1748 D. Hume 28 Apr. (1932) I. 130 The Empress Queen..has sent some Missionaries of Jesuites to instruct them. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler III. 140 Charles Maximilian Von Thurn, steward of the houshold to the empress-dowager Eleanora. 1829 I. 483/1 Ottocar duke of Austria and Stiria, who made every effort to support his appointment,..especially by his marriage with the empress-widow, Margaret. 1913 H. B. Morse (rev. ed.) ii. 38 The Empress Consort is chosen by the Emperor..from a bevy of candidates selected by his Ministers. 2003 I. Chang x. 158 The Empress Dowager Cixi..appointed her nephew Guangxu as puppet emperor after her son died under mysterious circumstances. C2. 1859 18 Dec. 6/4 (advt.) Mourning goods, Consisting of..empress cloth, crapes and crape veils, [etc.] 1897 8 Dec. A woolen brocade called ‘Muscovite reps’ is a fashionable material of a rather closely woven corded fabric and is an old acquaintance, being the handsome durable empress cloth of other days under a new title. 1926 28 Nov. m15/3 Poiret twill and empress cloth, $2.39. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022). empressv. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French empresser. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman enpresser, impresser, Anglo-Norman and Middle French empresser (French empresser ) to press, imprint, to torment, oppress, to constrain, harass, urge (all 12th cent. in Old French) < em- em- prefix + presser press v.1 Compare Old Occitan empressar to press (c1280). Compare impress v.1On the variation between forms in em- and en- em- prefix. Now rare. the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] > afflict > oppress or afflict the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > condition of being oppressed > oppress [verb (transitive)] the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > gather together [verb (intransitive)] > crowd together the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > wine-making > [verb (transitive)] > tread or press grapes c1400 (?c1380) l. 528 Pouerte me enpreceȝ and payneȝ in-noȝe. c1400 (?c1380) l. 43 And þere as pouert enpresses, þaȝ mon pyne þynk, Much..he mot..suffer. c1415 (c1395) G. Chaucer (Lansd.) (1875) l. 1071 Suche fendely þouhtes in his hert empresse. c1475 (?c1451) (Royal) (1860) 4 Every man in hym silf let the passions of dolours be..empressid into vyfnes. 1532 Romaunt Rose in f. cxlviiv/1 No man..Ne maye..of the reysyns haue the wyne Tyl grapes..Be sore empressed. ?1543 J. Clerke tr. D. de San Pedro sig. B.iijv Thou wylte haue pytie and receyue doloure of my troble empressyng in thy memorie that whiche I wyl tell ye. 1599 E. Ford sig. F4v Empressing a sweete kisse vpon his lips, shee vttered these speeches. 1641 G. Holles sig. A1 The 5t Article of the Scots, which, as it was Empressed by a Noble Ld. at the Conference, is a verie pregnant, and seeming Article. 1769 J. Johnson ii. iii. 184 Empressing the Words with a strong Emphasis. 1868 July 147 There was a significant emphasis empressed on the ‘since’ in the foregoing words, and the young signore felt its significance. 1935 L. M. Himmer Let. 9 Sept. in T. Thorner & T. Frohn-Nielsen (2010) viii. 194 Thoughts of this kind should be empressed on the pupils by the teachers, and ministers, instead of the C.C.F. doctrine, and athletic sports. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.?a1160 v.c1400 |
