economicsn.

Brit.

/ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/,

/ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks/, U.S.

/ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks/,

/ˌikəˈnɑmɪks/

Forms: 1500s aeconomikes, 1500s econymyckes, 1500s oeconomicques (Scottish), 1500s oeconomykes, 1500s–1600s oeconomickes, 1500s–1600s oeconomikes, 1500s–1600s oeconomiques, 1500s–1700s oeconomicks, 1600s– economics, 1600s– oeconomics (now rare).

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion; originally modelled on a Greek lexical item. Etymon: economic n.

Etymology: < economic n. (see -ic suffix 2; compare later economic adj.), originally after ancient Greek τὰ οἰκονομικά (see economic n. and adj.).

With singular and plural agreement. (In most senses predominantly with singular agreement after the end of the 18th cent.)

a. The science or art of household management; domestic economy; (also) a treatise on this subject (see etymology at economic n. and adj.). Cf. home economics n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > control > [noun] > management or administration > domestic management

housewifeship?c1225

cove and keyc1250

husbandryc1300

economica1393

ménagea1393

householda1398

householdinga1425

housewifery1440

economyc1454

economics1535

house rule1579

householdry1581

managery1586

housekeeping1652

household management1741

notability1756

homebuilding1757

domestic economy1778

Wirtschaft1841

homekeeping1846

housecraft1848

homemaking1863

home economics1872

home science1886

household science1896

domestic science1897

1535 W. Marshall tr. Marsilius of Padua Def. of Peace iii. f. 12^v [Aristotle's] oeconomykes [L. Iconomia], wherin he treateth of the gouernynge and ordrynge of an howse or howsholde.

1560 J. Knox et al. Buke Discipline in J. Knox Wks. (1848) II. 214 In the secound colledge, in the first classe, one reader onlie in the ethicques, oeconomicques and politiques.

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ii. 14 Aristotle..in his Oeconomikes..biddeth us to rise before day.

a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. xiv. §2. 356 Morall Philosophie..hath three parts: Ecclesiastickes, Oeconomickes, and Politickes.

1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing xvii. 166 The more practical ones of Politicks and Oeconomicks.

1701 P. Warwick Disc. Govt. 104 A Princes Politicks will be as improsperous as his Oeconomicks are, who loves to spend freely, and yet never to look upon an account.

1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) II. 586/2 Economics, so far as they regard only inanimate things, serve only the low purposes of gain; but where they regard human beings they rise higher.

1832 Times 9 July 4/4 The mysteries of cooking..which this young lady is now about to collect, arrange, and classify, in a code of trans-Atlantic culinary economics.

1909 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 14 741 ‘With respect to labor,’ says Aristotle's Economics, ‘the one sex is by nature capable of attending to domestic duties, but weak in duties out of doors.’

1989 16th Cent. Jrnl. 20 450 Renaissance commentators were fond of reiterating women's household responsibilities set forth in the spurious third book of Aristotle's Economics.

b. The management of private or domestic finances; (also) financial position.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > [noun]

financing1732

economy1741

finance1763

economics1851

money management1935

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling i. iv. 41 The family economics getting yearly more propitious and flourishing.

1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. vi. 208 The Original Regulations..a very solid lucid piece of economics.

1956 Times 14 May 3/4 Few housekeepers seem to make any real attempt to keep track of expenses. Others seem incapable of attempting to discuss family economics with their husbands.

1978 Newsweek (Nexis) 23 Oct. 75 Spurred by Federal deregulation and their own economics, many scheduled carriers are dropping unprofitable ‘puddle jumps’ to concentrate on the big-buck, long-haul business.

1983 Times 5 Jan. 4/8 The rule..will mean a serious blow to the family economics of quite a few bureaucrats.

2. The branch of knowledge (now regarded as one of the social sciences) that deals with the production, distribution, consumption, and transfer of wealth; the application of this discipline to a particular sphere; (also) the condition of a state, etc., as regards material prosperity; the financial considerations attaching to a particular activity, commodity, etc.Earliest in rural economics n., probably in distinction to ‘domestic’ economics (sense 1). The term economics was used without qualification in the 19th cent. as a less frequent equivalent to political economy (political adj. and n. Compounds 2; now sometimes referred to as ‘classical economics’ and associated with Adam Smith, Ricardo, Mill, and others). A more mathematical approach to the discipline (‘Neoclassical economics’) was promoted by Alfred Marshall (1842–1924, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Cambridge from 1864 until 1877: see quots. 1879 and 1890), who popularized the use of economics at the expense of political economy. Various schools of economics emphasize the interplay between humans and the material resources of a nation, etc., to various degrees over mathematical factors.Sometimes with modifying word or affix, as in bioeconomics n., microeconomics n., macroeconomics n., etc. Cf. also -nomics comb. form.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy

political economya1687

economics1764

Pol. Econ.1796

cameralistics1831

catallactic1831

chrematistics1842

plutonomy1851

plutology1864

1764 W. Harte Ess. Husbandry i. 63 Some prize-questions in rural oeconomics were then proposed annually, particularly by the two Academies of Lyons and Bourdeaux.

1789 A. Young Jrnl. 31 Aug. in Trav. France (1792) i. 177 He..engaged to go with me..to Tour D'Aigues to wait on the baron..whose essays..are among the most valuable on rural œconomics.

1839 T. Carlyle Chartism iv. 26 The oppression has gone far farther than into the economics of Ireland.

1841 R. W. Emerson Prudence in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) vii. 188 Let him accept..every fact of chemistry, natural history, and economics.

1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. iii. iii. 283 Those moral attributes..are independent of economics.

1863 M. Howitt tr. F. Bremer Greece & Greeks I. v. 138 The improvement of Greece in economics.

1879 A. Marshall & M. P. Marshall Economics of Industry 2 I therefore proposed to term it [sc. economic science] Economics..and I am happy to say that this suggestion is now meeting with very general acceptance. Wherever you turn now the term economics meets your eye.

1881 P. Geddes in Nature 29 Sept. 526/1 Those sections..were devoted to..physical economics.

1890 A. Marshall Princ. Economics I. 1 Political Economy, or Economics, is a study of man's actions in the ordinary business of life; it inquires how he gets his income and how he uses it.

1906 J. S. Stuart-Glennie in Sociol Pap. II. 250 The second order of ethical sciences..form the contents of three classes of sciences—Economics, Deontics, and Juridics.

1914 J. A. Hobson Work & Wealth xxii. 326 The difficulty is best illustrated in the recent extension of quantitative analysis into economics by the method of marginal preferences.

1924 T. N. Carver (title) Elements of rural economics.

1938 Amer. Econ. Rev. 28 17 In his messianic zeal for the new order Marx built up a system of economics to support his preconceptions.

1958 J. K. Galbraith Affluent Society iii. 20 As the man who first gave economics its modern structure—who looked at the factors determining prices, rents, wages, and profits..—Ricardo has a special claim to have bent the twig.

1967 Times Rev. Industry Mar. 103/2 (advt.) Lecturer..in Management Science... Applicants should have a good honours degree..in a ‘numerate’ subject (e.g., engineering, mathematics, mathematical economics, physics, statistics).

1988 Oxf. Today 1 35/2 ‘Not just teaching economics, but doing it well, in Whitehall twice, and as a member of, or adviser to, three successive quangos.’

2002 P. Augar & J. Palmer Rise Player Manager ii. 11 New economic policies built around monetarism in the UK, supply-side economics in the US and a belief nearly everywhere in the virtues of open market competition and deregulation, transformed the environment for business.

3. With plural agreement. The financial considerations relating to a particular activity, project, or commodity. Chiefly with of.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > financial dealings > [noun] > money matters

money matter1549

economics1879

fiscality1904

1879 Times 26 Apr. 11/5 The ethics and economics of smuggling ought by this time to be pretty clearly understood.

1937 Amer. Home Apr. 4/2 To account for the present providential situation would be to delve into..the psychology of the home owner, the economics of real estate.

1970 T. Southern Blue Movie iv. xxiii. 256 The economics of film-making today simply are not compatible with budget allocations of exorbitant fees for the actors.

1983 J. S. Foster Struct. & Fabric (rev. ed.) I. iii. 13/2 His choices must be made in terms of..the economics of the end result.

2001 Contact May 63/2 The economics of notebook production..dictate that only the very biggest players can afford..their own designs.

Phrases

economics of scale n. the (beneficial) economic and financial effects of increasing the scale of an (esp. industrial) process; cf. economies of scale n. at economy n. Phrases 2.

ΚΠ

1972 Observer 20 Aug. 9/7 The economics of scale, that much-abused phrase, used to justify any increase in size.

2002 R. Porter Blood & Guts viii. 155 Since then the iron law has been expansion, capital investment, bureaucratization, commodification and the economics of scale and the division of labour.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	economics
释义	economicsn. Brit. /ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪks/, /ˌɛkəˈnɒmɪks/, U.S. /ˌɛkəˈnɑmɪks/, /ˌikəˈnɑmɪks/ Forms: 1500s aeconomikes, 1500s econymyckes, 1500s oeconomicques (Scottish), 1500s oeconomykes, 1500s–1600s oeconomickes, 1500s–1600s oeconomikes, 1500s–1600s oeconomiques, 1500s–1700s oeconomicks, 1600s– economics, 1600s– oeconomics (now rare). Origin: Formed within English, by conversion; originally modelled on a Greek lexical item. Etymon: economic n. Etymology: < economic n. (see -ic suffix 2; compare later economic adj.), originally after ancient Greek τὰ οἰκονομικά (see economic n. and adj.). With singular and plural agreement. (In most senses predominantly with singular agreement after the end of the 18th cent.) 1. a. The science or art of household management; domestic economy; (also) a treatise on this subject (see etymology at economic n. and adj.). Cf. home economics n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > control > [noun] > management or administration > domestic management housewifeship?c1225 cove and keyc1250 husbandryc1300 economica1393 ménagea1393 householda1398 householdinga1425 housewifery1440 economyc1454 economics1535 house rule1579 householdry1581 managery1586 housekeeping1652 household management1741 notability1756 homebuilding1757 domestic economy1778 Wirtschaft1841 homekeeping1846 housecraft1848 homemaking1863 home economics1872 home science1886 household science1896 domestic science1897 1535 W. Marshall tr. Marsilius of Padua Def. of Peace iii. f. 12^v [Aristotle's] oeconomykes [L. Iconomia], wherin he treateth of the gouernynge and ordrynge of an howse or howsholde. 1560 J. Knox et al. Buke Discipline in J. Knox Wks. (1848) II. 214 In the secound colledge, in the first classe, one reader onlie in the ethicques, oeconomicques and politiques. 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health ii. 14 Aristotle..in his Oeconomikes..biddeth us to rise before day. a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. xiv. §2. 356 Morall Philosophie..hath three parts: Ecclesiastickes, Oeconomickes, and Politickes. 1661 J. Glanvill Vanity of Dogmatizing xvii. 166 The more practical ones of Politicks and Oeconomicks. 1701 P. Warwick Disc. Govt. 104 A Princes Politicks will be as improsperous as his Oeconomicks are, who loves to spend freely, and yet never to look upon an account. 1770 J. Langhorne & W. Langhorne tr. Plutarch Lives (1879) II. 586/2 Economics, so far as they regard only inanimate things, serve only the low purposes of gain; but where they regard human beings they rise higher. 1832 Times 9 July 4/4 The mysteries of cooking..which this young lady is now about to collect, arrange, and classify, in a code of trans-Atlantic culinary economics. 1909 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 14 741 ‘With respect to labor,’ says Aristotle's Economics, ‘the one sex is by nature capable of attending to domestic duties, but weak in duties out of doors.’ 1989 16th Cent. Jrnl. 20 450 Renaissance commentators were fond of reiterating women's household responsibilities set forth in the spurious third book of Aristotle's Economics. b. The management of private or domestic finances; (also) financial position. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > [noun] financing1732 economy1741 finance1763 economics1851 money management1935 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling i. iv. 41 The family economics getting yearly more propitious and flourishing. 1851 T. Carlyle Life J. Sterling ii. vi. 208 The Original Regulations..a very solid lucid piece of economics. 1956 Times 14 May 3/4 Few housekeepers seem to make any real attempt to keep track of expenses. Others seem incapable of attempting to discuss family economics with their husbands. 1978 Newsweek (Nexis) 23 Oct. 75 Spurred by Federal deregulation and their own economics, many scheduled carriers are dropping unprofitable ‘puddle jumps’ to concentrate on the big-buck, long-haul business. 1983 Times 5 Jan. 4/8 The rule..will mean a serious blow to the family economics of quite a few bureaucrats. 2. The branch of knowledge (now regarded as one of the social sciences) that deals with the production, distribution, consumption, and transfer of wealth; the application of this discipline to a particular sphere; (also) the condition of a state, etc., as regards material prosperity; the financial considerations attaching to a particular activity, commodity, etc.Earliest in rural economics n., probably in distinction to ‘domestic’ economics (sense 1). The term economics was used without qualification in the 19th cent. as a less frequent equivalent to political economy (political adj. and n. Compounds 2; now sometimes referred to as ‘classical economics’ and associated with Adam Smith, Ricardo, Mill, and others). A more mathematical approach to the discipline (‘Neoclassical economics’) was promoted by Alfred Marshall (1842–1924, Professor of Political Economy at the University of Cambridge from 1864 until 1877: see quots. 1879 and 1890), who popularized the use of economics at the expense of political economy. Various schools of economics emphasize the interplay between humans and the material resources of a nation, etc., to various degrees over mathematical factors.Sometimes with modifying word or affix, as in bioeconomics n., microeconomics n., macroeconomics n., etc. Cf. also -nomics comb. form. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [noun] > political economy political economya1687 economics1764 Pol. Econ.1796 cameralistics1831 catallactic1831 chrematistics1842 plutonomy1851 plutology1864 1764 W. Harte Ess. Husbandry i. 63 Some prize-questions in rural oeconomics were then proposed annually, particularly by the two Academies of Lyons and Bourdeaux. 1789 A. Young Jrnl. 31 Aug. in Trav. France (1792) i. 177 He..engaged to go with me..to Tour D'Aigues to wait on the baron..whose essays..are among the most valuable on rural œconomics. 1839 T. Carlyle Chartism iv. 26 The oppression has gone far farther than into the economics of Ireland. 1841 R. W. Emerson Prudence in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) vii. 188 Let him accept..every fact of chemistry, natural history, and economics. 1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby I. iii. iii. 283 Those moral attributes..are independent of economics. 1863 M. Howitt tr. F. Bremer Greece & Greeks I. v. 138 The improvement of Greece in economics. 1879 A. Marshall & M. P. Marshall Economics of Industry 2 I therefore proposed to term it [sc. economic science] Economics..and I am happy to say that this suggestion is now meeting with very general acceptance. Wherever you turn now the term economics meets your eye. 1881 P. Geddes in Nature 29 Sept. 526/1 Those sections..were devoted to..physical economics. 1890 A. Marshall Princ. Economics I. 1 Political Economy, or Economics, is a study of man's actions in the ordinary business of life; it inquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. 1906 J. S. Stuart-Glennie in Sociol Pap. II. 250 The second order of ethical sciences..form the contents of three classes of sciences—Economics, Deontics, and Juridics. 1914 J. A. Hobson Work & Wealth xxii. 326 The difficulty is best illustrated in the recent extension of quantitative analysis into economics by the method of marginal preferences. 1924 T. N. Carver (title) Elements of rural economics. 1938 Amer. Econ. Rev. 28 17 In his messianic zeal for the new order Marx built up a system of economics to support his preconceptions. 1958 J. K. Galbraith Affluent Society iii. 20 As the man who first gave economics its modern structure—who looked at the factors determining prices, rents, wages, and profits..—Ricardo has a special claim to have bent the twig. 1967 Times Rev. Industry Mar. 103/2 (advt.) Lecturer..in Management Science... Applicants should have a good honours degree..in a ‘numerate’ subject (e.g., engineering, mathematics, mathematical economics, physics, statistics). 1988 Oxf. Today 1 35/2 ‘Not just teaching economics, but doing it well, in Whitehall twice, and as a member of, or adviser to, three successive quangos.’ 2002 P. Augar & J. Palmer Rise Player Manager ii. 11 New economic policies built around monetarism in the UK, supply-side economics in the US and a belief nearly everywhere in the virtues of open market competition and deregulation, transformed the environment for business. 3. With plural agreement. The financial considerations relating to a particular activity, project, or commodity. Chiefly with of. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > financial dealings > [noun] > money matters money matter1549 economics1879 fiscality1904 1879 Times 26 Apr. 11/5 The ethics and economics of smuggling ought by this time to be pretty clearly understood. 1937 Amer. Home Apr. 4/2 To account for the present providential situation would be to delve into..the psychology of the home owner, the economics of real estate. 1970 T. Southern Blue Movie iv. xxiii. 256 The economics of film-making today simply are not compatible with budget allocations of exorbitant fees for the actors. 1983 J. S. Foster Struct. & Fabric (rev. ed.) I. iii. 13/2 His choices must be made in terms of..the economics of the end result. 2001 Contact May 63/2 The economics of notebook production..dictate that only the very biggest players can afford..their own designs. Phrases economics of scale n. the (beneficial) economic and financial effects of increasing the scale of an (esp. industrial) process; cf. economies of scale n. at economy n. Phrases 2. ΚΠ 1972 Observer 20 Aug. 9/7 The economics of scale, that much-abused phrase, used to justify any increase in size. 2002 R. Porter Blood & Guts viii. 155 Since then the iron law has been expansion, capital investment, bureaucratization, commodification and the economics of scale and the division of labour. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1535
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