| 释义 |
aloen. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin aloē. Etymology: < classical Latin aloē aloe plant, juice of this plant used as a purgative, bitterness, in post-classical Latin also fragrant resin of the agalloch (Vulgate), partly < Hellenistic Greek ἀλόη bitter aloes, aloe vera (Dioscorides, Plutarch; of uncertain origin; probably a loanword); and partly < Hellenistic Greek ἀλώθ agalloch (Septuagint; also in New Testament in form ἀλόη , by confusion; probably < Hebrew āhālōṯ (feminine plural noun) agalloch, ultimately < an Indian language, compare Malayalam akil (see agila n.) and also Sanskrit agaru : see agarbatti n.); the conflation of the two plant names probably arose from the similarity of the words. Compare Middle Dutch aloe (Dutch aloë ), Old Saxon aloe (Middle Low German āloē , (with development of a glide) ālowe ), Old High German āloē (Middle High German āloē , German Aloe ). Compare also Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French aloe , French †aloé (second half of the 12th cent. denoting the wood, 13th cent. or earlier denoting the plant juice used for medicinal purposes, 1549 denoting the flower; now superseded by aloès : see below), Old Occitan aloe (14th cent.; also aloa (c1350)), Catalan àloe (13th cent.), Spanish aloe (a1250; also áloe ), Portuguese aloé (13th cent.), Italian aloe (a1274). Compare lign-aloes n., lignum aloes n. at lignum n.1 Compounds.In Old English a weak feminine (al(e)we , inflected form al(e)wan ). With the β. forms compare (with variable grammatical agreement) Anglo-Norman aleoes , Old French, Middle French aloes , French aloès (second half of the 12th cent. denoting the wood, 13th cent. or earlier denoting the plant juice used for medicinal purposes, 1611 in Cotgrave denoting the flower), Old Occitan aloes (13th cent.), Portuguese aloés (15th cent.; < Middle French aloes ), Middle Dutch aloës . The γ. forms ultimately reflect the Latin accusative singular aloēn (which is in turn after the Greek accusative singular ἀλόην ), as do Anglo-Norman and Old French aloen (10th cent.), Old Occitan aloen (c1220), Spanish †aloen (c1250), all denoting the wood, and Old High German (in a late copy) alene , denoting the flower. The γ. forms are not be confused with the regular weak feminine oblique form in -n in Old English and early Middle English (compare quot. OE at sense 1, quots. eOE, OE, ?a1200 at sense 2). In sense 4 after Middle French aloëes, plural noun (1562 in this sense, in Du Pinet's translation of Pliny, in the passage translated in quot. 1601). the world > physical sensation > smell and odour > fragrance > [noun] > fragrant substance or perfume > plants and extracts used for > gums and resins society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > other plant resins OE (Corpus Cambr.) xix. 39 Nichodemus..brohte wyrtgemang & alewan [c1200 Hatton aloen; L. mixturam murrae et aloes]. c1230 (?a1200) (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 189 Nichodemus brohte to smirien ure lauerd..of mirre & of aloes. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) John xix. 39 A medlynge of myrre and aloes. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. v. 905 Aloes is a tree wiþ goode smelle. a1450 (?c1421) J. Lydgate (Arun.) (1911) l. 4572 (MED) Of the gommes in the flaumbe spent..As fraunc encence, Mirre and Aloes. a1500 (?c1425) (1936) 108 (MED) They brouȝt forþ as offrynge myrre and aloen and anoyntid hym. 1535 Psalms xliv. 8 All thy garmentes are like myrre, Aloes and Cassia. ?1541 R. Copland Formularie of Helpes of Woundes & Sores in sig. Tij Decoction of thure, mastice, aloen. 1588 T. Hickock tr. C. Federici f. 19v He sendeth another small ship euerye yeare to Cochin China, to lade there wood of Aleos. 1737 (ed. 2) i. i. 93 Take..Aloes Cicatrina, purest Frankincense..of each half an Ounce. 1820 3 Feb. 3/4 They afterwards perfume it [sc. a dead body] with incense, aloes, and a quantity of other odours, of which they are by no means sparing. 1865 7 Jan. 19 The Canticles record in one verse..frankincense, myrrh, and aloes—the last meaning the wood of the aloexylum agallochum. 1907 J. T. Hewitt I. iv. 378 The incense they use is not that of the Indian Salai-tree, but the Guhla Eaglewood or aloes of the tree Aquilaria Agulochum. 2009 L. Tatlock tr. C. R. von Greiffenberg i. 121 Myrrh and aloes are both hot and dry in the second degree. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Liliaceae family or plants > [noun] > aloe plants eOE (Royal) (1865) ii. iii. 182 Ofersceade þonne mid hwites cwidues & alwan duste & pipores hwæthwega. OE (2001) I. iv. 4 To heafodsealfe & to ehsealfe: aluwan; gegnid in eced; smyre þæt heafod mid & in þa eagan do. ?a1200 (?OE) (1896) 21 Eftsona nim piper and alewen and sealt and leaces sæd and hunig and meng eal togadere. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. vi. 906 Aloe is fruyt of a certein herbe þat hatte aloe... Þe iuys þerof is ywronge and ysode on þe fuyre and afterward ydryed in þe sonne. 1551 W. Turner (1568) 17 The nature of the herbe Aloe is to hele woundes. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens 353 We may call it in English Aloë, herbe Aloë, or Sea Aygreene. 1694 tr. F. Martens Voy. Spitzbergen iii. ii. 56 in It is a very pretty Herb, and puts forth thick, prickly and sad green Leaves like those of Aloes. 1754 J. Hill 7 The Socotrine Aloe is a very beautiful Plant; the Leaves are like those of the Pine-apple. 1830 J. Lindley 274 Aloes are mostly found in the southern parts of Africa. 1877 C. W. Thomson I. ii. 113 Clumps of aloes with their rich crimson spikes. 1905 in 28 Dec. 3/2 It is now ablaze with the red torch flowers of an aloe. 1963 4 Apr. 14/6 There were aloes too, red and yellow ones everywhere, and the birds seemed to be singing all the time. 2002 T. Pinchuck et al. (ed. 3) 850 Succulent species such as aloes (with their red-hot poker flowers) and massive candelabra-tree euphorbias dominate a harsher landscape. 3. Also more fully bitter aloe(s). the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > cleansing or expelling medicines > [noun] > purgative > plant-derived a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. vi. 907 Þough aloe be bitter by kynde, ȝit it is wonderliche profitable and holsom, for it purgeþ fleume, colera, and malencolia. ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Paris) (1971) 617 Aloes is þe iuse of an herbe þat is made þicke. a1500 in (1885) 8 281 (MED) Alloye is good medicyne and laxatife withoute-warde. 1543 B. Traheron Interpr. Straunge Wordes in tr. J. de Vigo sig. ζζv/1 Aloe is the liquour of an herbe, brought vnto vs out of India. a1550 (c1477) T. Norton (Bodl. e Mus.) l. 2006 (MED) Odour mislikinge, as alloes and sulphure. 1614 S. Latham ii. xlii. 140 Aloes that is to say the iuice which is vsed in phisicke is moderately hot,..extreame bitter. 1659 R. Boyle (2001) I. 307 Wee sometime finde Syrup of Violets, sometimes a gentle infusion of Roses, sometime sennes, sometime Rhewbarbs, sometimes Aloes, sometimes Zallop, sometimes an alternative potion or decoction only of some pearles produce such sad symptomes. 1704 J. Harris I Succotrine Aloes, is the finest sort that comes from the Island Succotra [etc.]. 1759 E. Burke (ed. 2) Introd. 8 All men are agreed to call..aloes bitter. 1829 J. Togno & E. Durand tr. H. Milne-Edwards & P. Vavasseur x. 389 The socotorine aloes is obtained by cutting the leaves at their base, and keeping them in a vase with the cut side downwards. 1875 H. C. Wood (1879) 462 Aloes is a stomachic, stimulant cathartic. 1922 J. J. Sudborough (new ed.) liv. 815 Many of the milder natural purgatives, such as cascara, senna, aloes, and rhubarb, appear to contain hydroxy derivatives of anthraquinone..as their active constituents. 1994 B. Gilroy 107 Bitter aloes, she told them, was good for sprains. 2009 M. Wood 67 Aloe and most other bitter purgatives containing anthraquinones should only be used in constipation from torpor and depression, not from inflammation and dryness. the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > unkindness > bitterness > [noun] a1529 J. Skelton (?1530) sig. Giiiv Bytter alowes of herde aduersyte. a1617 S. Hieron Penance for Sinne in (1620) II. 203 He purgeth and bringeth low by the bitter aloes of the law. 1630 R. Brathwait 459 Hee attempers his attractivest pastimes with a little Alloes. 1661 K. W. To Rdr. 1 To suppose..that your penetrating and perforating intellectualls will extract some honey from this aloes. 1708 tr. Pope Pius II 63 Thirst not after the Draught of Love, which has always more Aloes than Honey. 1793 J. H. Williams 9 The bitter aloes of rancour and intemperance. 1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton (ed. 2) II. iv. iii. 342 He was often of the greatest service; but he could not help mixing up the draught [of advice] with as much aloes and bitter-apple as possible. 1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in II. 34/1 For the thorny and bitter aloe of dissension required less than a century to flower on the steps of your temple. 1956 J. Baldwin ii. i. 109 They did not work themselves to the beginning until our high beginning was aloes on our tongues. 1993 (Nexis) 9 May 23 Highly seasoned with the bitter aloes of the Vietnam War. the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > other miscellaneous minerals > [noun] 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny II. xxvii. iv. 271 Aboue Ierusalem..there is a certaine minerall Aloe to be found [Fr. Aucuns dient qu'on trouue d'Aloëes mineral en Iudee, au dessus de Ierusalem, L. traderent in Iudaea super Hierosolyma metallicam eius naturam], growing in manner of a mettal within the ground. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Amaryllidaceae > [noun] > types of 1665 C. Merrett Acct. Freezing 39 in R. Boyle Our great Houseleek or American Aloes (usually hung up in houses) kept in an upper room, was totally destroy'd by the cold. 1682 G. Wheler i. 27 Here I saw Aloes in flower. 1752 P. Miller (ed. 6) H 2 A vulgar Error..relating to the large American Aloe; which is, that it never flowers till it is an hundred Years old. 1843 W. H. Prescott I. i. i. 8 Plantations of the aloe or maguey (Agave americana). 1866 in J. Lindley & T. Moore 29 The American Aloe appears to have been first introduced to Europe in 1561. 1903 Sept. 210 There are, indeed, few that have seen the great American Agave (so persistently mis-called Aloe) in full beauty. 1908 R. J. Farrer xiii. 271 Rare in the marshes of East Anglia is the water-Aloe, Stratiotes aloeides, exactly like a thorny, submerged aloe, with spikes of whitish flowers. a1933 J. Galsworthy (1934) iii. xiv. 694 It was very sweet of you, but the aloe only blooms once in a hundred years. 2003 (Nexis) 13 Sept. 24 The fully grown American aloe (agave) specimen has suddenly burst in to bloom. Compounds society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > other vegetable materials > plant resin > [noun] > other plant resins 1599 R. Hakluyt (new ed.) II. 208 In the midst there are three [pillars] of Aloes-wood not very thicke, and couered with tiles of India of 1000. colours. 1658 tr. G. della Porta iv. xv. 141 Alome one pound, good Salt two pound, of Aloes and Myrrhe half a pound, of Aloes-wood half a pound, of the Oyl of Spicknard three onces, [etc.]. 1717 Lady M. W. Montagu 18 Apr. (1965) I. 352 Slaves..with silver Censors..perfum'd the air with Amber, Aloes wood, and other Scents. 1830 J. Lindley 77 Aloes wood, a fragrant resinous substance of a dark colour, is the inside of the trunk of the Aquilaria ovata and A. Agallochum. 1904 119 509 The wood is cut up and buried in the earth, the inferior portion decomposes and the remainder containing the oleo-resin is pure aloe wood. 1986 2 37 Reliance on natural sources to supply the trade (as for instance, for aloes wood, Aquilaria species, in South-east Asia) has proved to be unmanageable and disastrous in conservation terms. 2005 25 Apr. 52/2 The smoke from its beams of aloe wood, sandalwood, and ebony filled the air with a fragrance. the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Liliaceae family or plants > [noun] > aloe plants 1640 J. Parkinson xvii. i. 1564 Agallochum..or the wood of the Aloe tree, is a drogue rare to be had, and of much worth. 1673 J. Ray 108 The Aloe-trees (for so I may well call them for the Greatness and Highth of their Stalks. 1769 J. Cook 33 They..sleep all in their grass hammocks, as they are called, though they are made of the thready fibres of the leaves from the aloe-tree. 1855 May 154 The aloe tree is very fragrant, though it is bitter to the taste. 1861 P. B. Du Chaillu v. 43 Part of its [sc. a river's] course lay through a tangled thicket or jungle of aloe-trees, whose sharp thorns tore our clothes, and wounded me so that I was covered in blood. 1908 J. Hastings et al. I. 69/2 The aloe tree might have been equally well known by reputation, although unfamiliar both to Balaam and the Israelites personally. 2005 A. Joyce 194 Here are handsome aloe trees and a congregation of barrel-type cactus plants. Derivatives 1778 J. Abercrombie at Bromelia Many long, erect, aloe-like leaves. 1839 P. J. Bailey 350 There are some hearts, aloe-like, flower once, and die. 1917 H. R. Haggard xviii. 307 Herbage and ferns grew in the accumulated soil, also a few stunted, aloe-like plants. 1996 39 This interesting and attractive succulent plant forming a dense, Aloe-like rosette of..green leaves. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.eOE |
