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empiricn.adj. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin empirica; Latin empīricus. Etymology: As noun partly < post-classical Latin empirica remedy or medicine (1363 in Chauliac; compare quot. ?a1425 at sense A. 1), use as noun of feminine singular of empiricus , adjective (see below), and partly < classical Latin empīricus (also empēricus; usually in plural, empīricī ) physician who relies on observation and practice rather than on philosophical theory < Hellenistic Greek ἐμπειρικός (Galen; usually in plural, ἐμπειρικοί ), use as noun of ancient Greek ἐμπειρικός experienced (see below). As adjective < post-classical Latin empiricus, adjective (a636 in Isidore) < ancient Greek ἐμπειρικός experienced < ἐμπειρία experience (see empirie n.) + -ικός -ic suffix. With use as adjective compare empirical adj. Compare also classical Latin empīrica (feminine singular) school of empirical medicine, empīrica (neuter plural) collection of empirical remedies (both in Pliny).Compare Old French, Middle French emperique , Middle French, French empirique (1314 as adjective designating a school of medical thought, 1594 or earlier designating a folk medicine or a medicine prescribed by a practitioner without academic training, a1377 as noun denoting a physician who relies on observation and practice rather than on philosophical theory, 1610 or earlier denoting a charlatan), Spanish empírico (1493 (as †emperico ) as noun denoting a physician who relies on observation and practice rather than on philosophical theory, 1594 as adjective), empírica medicine or remedy used by an empirical practitioner (1529 as †emperica ), Italian empirico (early 14th cent. as noun, denoting a physician who relies on observation and practice rather than on philosophical theory, 1618 as adjective); also early modern German empiricus , noun (1490, with Latin inflectional endings; German Empiriker , 1763), empirisch , adjective (1517 as †emperisch ), Dutch †empirijck (1598 in the passage translated in quot. 1598 at sense B. 1c, or earlier; the now usual Dutch adjective is empirisch , 18th cent.). In sense B. 5 after German empirisch (1781 in Kant in this sense). With use in reference to medical practice compare the following earlier isolated attestation of empitricam , reflecting the accusative singular form of classical Latin empīrica (feminine) in sense ‘discipline of empirical medicine’:?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 3 Giwislica se Apollon ærest he ȝemetta meþodicam, þæt syndon sa ysene, þa mann mid curf unhæle [printed mid cnifun hæle] menn [L. metho[d]ycam, que est cyrurgia, id est ferramentorum incisio]; and [E]scolafius empitricam [L. empiricam], þæt is ilæcnunga of læcecrafta.Form history. With the β. forms compare discussion at im- prefix1. The position of stress apparently varied in early use between the first and the second syllable, the first-syllable stress being common in the 17th and early 18th centuries; compare e.g. quots. ?1605, 1702 at sense A. 1, a1616 at sense A. 2c, and also the syncopated forms with medial -pr- , e.g. in quots. 1640 at sense A. 4, a1700 at sense B. 1c. A. n.the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [noun] > a medicine or medicament > worthless or quack ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 152v (MED) Empericz [L. empericas] .i. experimentez & incantacionz .i. charmez I accepted litil, of which shal be founden copy and plente In gilbertyna & in thesaurus pauperum. ?1605 J. Davies sig. H4 Loue-sicke they are and neede an Emperick which Loue denieth. 1618 C. Lever ii. iii. 185 For but the Sonne of God (Christ Iesus), there is no Empiricke, no quintessence, no Physicke, can cure a wounded soule. 1702 J. Harris 6 An Air, from gross Infection free, Native impregnate with Salubrity, The best, the chief of Empiricks must be. 2. the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > of specific schools or theoretical standpoints > others the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > branch of knowledge > systematic knowledge, science > [noun] > scientist > relying on observation or experiment ?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Paris) (1971) 10 Of lewde men and of emperiqes [L. empericorum] or charmers, reproued of Galien. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Gij, in The whiche thynge the Emperykes [Fr. les Empiriques] vnderstande by onely experyence. 1568 G. Skeyne vii. sig. B3 Mony Emperikis and methodikes. 1605 T. Tymme tr. J. Du Chesne Pref. 5 Among Physitians there are Empericks, Dogmaticks, Methodici, or Abbreuiators, and Paracelsians. 1756 (new ed.) 4 While the Disciples of the Rationalists were enquiring into..the Conjectures of others concerning the Nature and Causes of Diseases, the Followers of the Empiricks, entirely neglecting them, were only diligently attending to the Diseases themselves. 1789 W. Cullen I. 5 Philinus is by many supposed to have been the author or founder of the sect of professed empirics which appeared immediately after that time. 1805 14 446 The ancient empirics were peculiarly eminent for their talent of observation. 1850 16 Nov. 547/1 The dispute between the ancient empirics and rationalists, or rather dogmatists, is admirably stated in the pages of Celsus. 1901 29 June 650/1 In order to judge the empirics we have scarcely anything but Celsus, Galen and Cælius Aurelianus, but, unfortunately for the disciples of Philinus and of Serapion, Galen, who gives most complete information on this subject, is especially an accuser. 1973 C. R. S. Harris v. 255 The supposed perception of fullness is a typical feature of post-Herophilian sphygmology from which only the Empirics apparently dissented. 2003 A. Guerrini i. 6 Many medical sects flourished in the wide-open atmosphere of Alexandria, but the opinions held by the followers of two of these, the empirics and the dogmatists, are especially relevant. the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > ignorant or untrained the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun] > duly qualified > not duly qualified 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig sig. Oj Than came there an onlerned Empyricus.] 1562 W. Bullein Bk. Simples f. 68v, in One called Edwardus, a doltish impericke. 1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner iii. f. 176 Another oyle of Antimonie, learned of a Frenche Empericke. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens vi. vi. 665 Broomrape is counted of some empiriques (or practisioners)..for an excellent medicine. 1618 P. Anderson sig. D2 That famous & learned Empyrick Rulandus. 1701 G. Cheyne Ess. Improvem. Theory Med. in (ed. 2) 2 They saw many Practitioners rather Empiricks than Physicians, who prescrib'd such Remedies as they read or heard had been successful in Cases which they imagin'd like that of their Patients. 1797 J. Abernethy iii. 52 Hildanus..relates the case of a man who died in consequence of an empiric having dressed a tumour of this kind with alum and calcined vitriol. 1819 R. Thomas (ed. 6) 18 Arsenic has long been administered by empirics with the greatest success in intermittents, under the appellation of the ague-drop. 1914 45 207 A few are exceedingly jealous of the standing and success of the self-educated empiric. 1997 M. R. McVaugh in I. Loudon iv. 61 The Antipocras written c.1270 by a Dominican medicus, the empiric Nicholas of Montpellier, denied angrily that medicine should be controlled by reason and an élite. society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of quack remedies 1608 T. Dekker sig. K2 Upon this Scaffold, also might bee mounted a number of Quack-saluing Empericks, who ariuing in some Country towne, clappe vp their Terrible Billes, in the Market-place. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. i. 121 We must not..corrupt our hope, To prostitute our past-cure malladie To empericks . View more context for this quotation 1621 R. Burton ii. i. iv. i. 298 There be many mountebanks, quacksaluers, Empericks, in every street. 1722 J. Quincy (ed. 2) Magisterial Remedy, is yet sometimes retained in the Cant of Empiricks, more for its great Sound than any Significancy. 1799 J. Parkinson (ed. 2) II. 350 Such a specific will be sought with as little success from the empiric, as from the physician. 1835 R. Browning v. 164 They are hooting the empiric, The ignorant and incapable fool. 1846 2 403 His advertisements produce a suspicion that he is an empiric, and his appearance confirms the suspicion. 1902 E. Reed 377 Bacon says (Advancement of Learning), that it is an error to commit any person to the care of empirics. Burton classes empirics with mountebanks. 1991 G. S. Rousseau v. 136 The idea of an occult and metaphysical agency as a ‘cause’ of disease was disappearing but ‘empirics’..promoted it as their rationale, especially when asked why their cures were universally applicable. 2005 L. Kassell (2007) iii. vi. 152 Particularly during outbreaks of plague, London was portrayed as teeming with empirics who posted bills throughout the city advertising a water, pill, or potion to prevent and cure the disease. 1600 W. Cornwallis I. xxv. sig. N6v Though he cannot take away that leprosity, and Imperfectnesse that keepes base Mettalles from being the best: yet commonly his Distillations, and Abstractions, make him a perfect Emperick, and so it leaues him; not without an Occupation, though it drops somewhat short of his purpose. 1652 A. Burgess i. 4 In physick we call that man by way of contempt an Emperick, who goeth by experience only, and hath no knowledge of the nature of things, yet to be an Emperick in Christianity may have a good sense. 1694 I. Newton Let. 25 May in (1961) III. 360 Let it be further considered whether it be most for the advantage of Sea affaires that the ablest of our Marriners should be but mere Empiricks in Navigation, or that they should be alsoe able to reason well about those figures, forces, and motions they are hourly concerned in. 1849 L. P. Hickok Introd. 20 An Empiric may take a model and copy after it by careful mensuration; but the scientific architect projects the whole structure from apriori principles. 1877 E. Caird Introd. v. 100 The animals are pure empirics, and only guide themselves by examples. 1980 tr. G. Simmel 113 A technician who is a mere empiric may invent a mechanical device which is fully intelligible to him as a consequence of the relationship between the construction of the apparatus and the purpose for which he intended it. 1992 C. A. J. Coady xvi. 286 It is the ramified theorizing that must be responsive to experience; this is what contrasts the scientist with the empiric. The latter is responsive to experience but instead of ramified theory he has rules of thumb and rough generalizations. the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > a charlatan, fraudster > [noun] 1614 E. Grimeston tr. P. Matthieu vii. 235 He goes directly to the Kings Chamber, and seazeth vpon all these Empericks of state [Fr. tous ses Empiriques d'Estat], vnder whose gouernment impietie had so raigned. 1639 T. Fuller xxvi. 157 None but an empirick in warre will denie, but that more true valour is in an orderly well grounded retreat, then in a furious rash invasion. 1640 F. Quarles iv. lxxxix Hee that beleeves with an implicite Faith, is a meere Empricke in Religion. 1670 J. Eachard 22 A disesteemed Pettifogger, or Empyrick in Divinity. 1747 D. W. Linden 71 High Time..to raise up amongst the thinking Part of Mankind some Reflection of the Losses they sustain, by being ruled by such Empiricks. 1817 S. T. Coleridge 7 Such are the political empirics mischievous in proportion to their effrontery, and ignorant in proportion to their presumption. 1858 F. W. Robertson i. 11 A man who understands nothing of agriculture, nothing of trade, nothing of human nature, nothing of past history, nothing of the principles of law, cannot pretend to be more than a mere empiric in political legislation. 1880 A. C. Swinburne 18 The last resource of an empiric, the last refuge of a sciolist. 2006 T. A. Johnson 69 Lacking an appropriate background but having a gift for gab and familiarity with the jargon, empirics take advantage of the gullible and desperate. B. adj. 1. the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > medical theories or doctrines > [adjective] > other theories or doctrines ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 2v (MED) Of lewedmen & of emperic men [L. empericorum] reproued of G[alien]. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Eiijv, in Seynge that none Emperyke, nor racyonall [Fr. nul Empirique, ne rational] hath so wryten before. 1633 T. Johnson (new ed.) To Rdr., sig. ¶¶3 Our Anazarbean Dioscorides was of the Empericke sect, but the other [sc. Dioscorides Phacas] was..of the Rationall sect. 1650 R. Gentilis tr. V. Malvezzi 50 Though a great wise man compared a man that wanted Science, and had Experience, to an Empyrick Physitian, and the learned man to the Methodicall; yet hee was deceived in the comparison. 1702 J. Gardiner 2 The Event of this Unsettledness of Opinions..would rather confirm..that the Art is wholly Conjectural, and Guess-work at best; the Empirick and Rational Physician will be equally esteem'd. 1819 Mar. 247 The empiric school found medicine in the utmost confusion; it was distracted by the opposing theories of individual dogmatists, and absolutely entombed in the systems of philosophers. 1902 S. Gee xiv. 230 I come next to the Empiric sect, much less dogmatic than any of the sects I have mentioned hitherto. 1954 11 Dec. 1229/1 Deliberately planned clinical trials of a kind which could hardly have been foreseen by those who founded the empiric school of thought and would have been quite outside the philosophy of their immediate successors. 2008 S. P. Mattern 32 Little testimony survives for the Empiric school in general. the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [adjective] > like a charlatan ?1583 J. Hester tr. Paracelsus et al. sig. C6 Yea and others that seemed wiser did finally regard him that would euery houre vse the helpe of an Empericke man most vnlearned. 1606 E. Forset 85 The empericke Phisicions, who hauing bene brought vp onely in an experimentall prentiship, do seldome apply that which is proper. 1798 J. Lawrence II. viii. 345 The ostentatious La Fosse, as fond of splitting hairs, and of sublimating diseases into a useless variety, as our countryman Taylor of empiric notoriety, who divided the diseases of the eye into two hundred and forty-five. 1889 C. Creighton 27 A confused observer and empiric practitioner like John Ardern stands out as a brilliant figure because he describes from nature. 1978 H. Kenner i. 5 Part of Swift's complicated game with Gulliver was to make him an empiric physician—not one who had grown learned in the art of medicine, but a forward fellow who had been apprenticed to a surgeon and watched how things were done. the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > types of treatment generally > [adjective] 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Methodicalle Disc. in f. 49v/1 The Empiricke medicamentes [Du. empirijcke Medicamenten; Fr. remedes Empiriques], which the Methodicall Physiciones doe so disdayne,..are those which throughe experience, & throughe the divturnall vse have fownde to be most excellent, which being vsed with iudgement, are not wholye to be disdayned. a1649 W. Drummond Hist. James V in (1711) 90 This Empyrick Balm could the French apply to cure the Wounds of the Scottish Common-wealth. a1700 J. Dryden Great Mogul in (1701) II. 21 Bold Counsels are the best. Like Emp'rick Remedies they last are try'd. 1837 1 79 There are also empiric remedies used by very clever men; among these may be classed the enormous quantity of warm water prescribed by the late Gassicourt the younger, James's powders, eaux gazeuses, &c. 1883 25 Dec. 3/3 But M. Songeon..maintained that the first step was to alter the method of taxation: and that no local and empiric remedy could cure a constitutional malady. 1912 May 511 Several important empiric specifics came gradually into general use. 1925 3 July 17/4 ‘Go away, my dear, and have a good cry,’ said the wise old ladies of an earlier generation. To them it was an empiric remedy. 1986 21 864 But other popular empiric remedies have survived the years and have been incorporated into official medicine. 2006 M. R. McVaugh ii. 65 Mondeville expresses no more reservations about these empiric remedies..than he does about the artificialia. the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > types of treatment generally > [adjective] > empirical 1831 19 Nov. 277 We do not..mean to deny the value of empiric contributions to the armoury of medicine, for we must all admit that our administration of mercury in syphilis, iodine in scrofula, quinine in ague, &c., is dictated by empiric experience alone. 1890 19 July 135/2 A rational system of medical practice, by which I mean one based on scientific knowledge and not on empiric treatment varying from day to day according to no definite law. 1950 50 101/3 The final solution..will probably come from the laboratories engaged in the investigation of the degeneration of protoplasm. In the meantime, medicine must make use of substitutive surgery and empiric therapy. 1977 86 16/2 When, because of the severity of the proband's symptomatology, empiric courses of metronidazole and broad spectrum antibiotics were started, there was no evidence of a response. 2008 47 397/1 Pinworm infection is a very common diagnosis in young children that is not always confirmed through laboratory evaluation before empiric therapy is prescribed. 1576 G. Baker tr. C. Gesner i. f. 22 As touching the Copper Vessels, sayd in an Empericke Chymist, that there needeth no tynning of them wythin. 1667 J. Milton v. 440 By fire Of sooty coal the Empiric Alchimist Can turn..Metals of drossiest Ore to perfet Gold. View more context for this quotation 1668 E. Maynwaring ix. 80 He is very studious in the Scientifical or Philosophical part of Chymistry (which distinguisheth him from the Emperick Chymist). 1775 (Royal Soc.) 65 178 The popular persuasion of the Moon's influence upon the changes of our weather..hath some how or other gained credit even among the learned, without that strict empiric examination, which a notion in itself so improbable..ought to undergo. 1787 (Royal Soc.) 77 43 They [sc. calculations of the geocentric places of Saturn] are only empiric, and not founded upon the theory and principles of gravitation. 1841 A. B. Granville p. xxx It having been ascertained from long practice, and empiric observations of the effects of such chemical agents on that region [sc. the kidneys], that the result..would be the one desired. 1879 tr. E. Haeckel II. xv. 32 Even if in our own time Monera were produced daily by spontaneous generation..yet the absolute empiric proof of this fact would be extremely difficult—indeed, in most cases impossible. 1886 Aug. 534 Besides the invention of mere empiric mixtures of known substances, chiefly nitro-compounds, much work is done of a purely scientific nature, such as investigations on the chemical reactions and products of explosive mixtures. 1900 H. Szold tr. M. Lazarus I. i. 48 Ethics is not an empiric science. It is to teach, not how men acted, or do act, but how they ought to act. 1930 A. Bosker iv. 64 The empiric methods of science, which had been so destructive of all arbitrary authority and abstract theory, left their distinctive mark on literary criticism as well, and favoured the disbelief in external laws. 1937 M. W. Zemansky xiii. 231 The isothermal compressibility of a gas may be calculated from an empiric equation expressing the dependence of V upon P at constant temperature. 1970 5 3/2 There is no need to measure either R, T or A in preparing the silver film for we have evolved an admirable empiric test which looks after this. 1996 S. B. Katz ii. 30 The aesthetic..dimension of scientific discovery..is suppressed in public science in favor of the empiric and analytic modes of investigation. 2009 (Nexis) 19 Sept. 31 His technique..is to play on public fears and perceptions without ever backing his claims with verifiable, empiric evidence. the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > [adjective] > empirical > of persons 1605 F. Bacon i. sig. Cv So by like reason it cannot be but a matter of doubtfull consequence, if States bee managed by Emperique Statesmen, not well mingled with men grounded in Learning. View more context for this quotation 1647 J. Cleveland 4 With them as Coadjutors, joyne the two Empericke Astronomers, Lillie and Booker, who can force the Planets that walke retrograde, to make their perambulations no farther then their proper circuit. 1795 B. H. Malkin iii. 57 Empiric Tutors may rattle through a book of Homer before dinner; but the true scholar will prefer the exact and legitimate investigation of twenty lines. 1815 W. H. Ireland 76 Empiric pigmies may prate about straws. 1839 J. A. Hillhouse II. 116 Many of our faults, much of our danger, are chargeable on a reckless Press. No institutions, or principles, are spared its empiric handling. 1870 3rd Ser. 286 Charlatans with their cut-and-dry modes of empiric management..out-weigh in politics the trained logician who has minutely studied the sequences of things. 1936 W. F. Thrall & A. Hibbard 151 In medicine..an ‘empiric’ usually means a quack. The term is sometimes borrowed by literary critics and used in a derogatory sense, an empiric judgment being an untrained one. 1772 55 Rome and Greece fell by such empiric expedients. 1822 J. C. Loudon iii. 854 Where grapes are to be pressed in any quantity, the management of the liquor should not, if possible, be left to mere empiric practitioners. 1856 15 Mar. 387/2 Public opinion will soon compel some alteration, and left to less competent hands, empiric measures will be past [= passed], injurious alike to the Profession and the Public. 1885 tr. J. W. von Goethe ii. 462 There is a certain kind of empiric judgment which English and French travellers..have brought into vogue. On surveying any work of art you express your immediate impression, without having subjected yourself to any previous preparation for estimating the particular work. 1919 Nov. 2 [Dynamic symmetry] was developed..very early as a [sic] empiric or rule-of-thumb method of surveying. 1949 17 Dec. 934/2 The weakness of our German policy has been that it has scarcely been a policy at all; that is to say that it has been governed by no principle and has been purely empiric. 1968 J. S. Nickerson ii. 15 The subsequent expansion of the original Roman colony was a purely empiric thing, following the needs of the moment. 1800 Mar. 340 He [sc. Kant] divides all our knowledge into knowledge a priori, and knowledge a posteriori. The first is conferred upon us by our nature, the second is derived from our sensations, or from experience, and is also denominated empyric. 1870 4 80 The empiric I-hood, seated in the body and transfusing itself through it, has the eye for its own, as well as for foreign bodily substance, for matter. 1921 31 446 At the age of sixty-three he [sc. William James] turned to the formulation of his empiric philosophy. 1941 2 236 By necessity, when formulating an empiric proposition, a definite epistemological and ontological position must be manifested. 1948 43 171 The genius of Harald Høffding..helped to carry the British empiric philosophers to eminence in Denmark. 2005 I. Kajon in R. Munk 374 This natural and historical world is not a pure empiric world, but a construction of a human activity which comprehends intellectual and sensible functions as well. Derivatives 1620 J. Melton 9 He delivered this Emperike like Oration. 1684 J. Dryden Prol. Univ. Oxf. in 264 Th' illiterate Writer, Emperique like, applies To minds diseas'd, unsafe, chance Remedies. 1703 T. Hicks Pref. sig. A5 As to the Method or Doctrine of Urines deliver'd by most, it looks altogether Empirick-like, and not at all rational. 1741 ‘Philogamus’ 38 'Tis not good to play the Butcher with that naked Sex, who have no Arms but to embrace with, nor, Empiric-like, kill them by wholesale. 1817 Dec. 146/1 We should apply the salve to the minds which received the provocation; not, empiric like, seek to staunch them. 1856 J. A. Tarbell i. 71 The..want of success in the treatment of this singular epidemic by the empiric-like ‘regular’ mode of practice, and its comparatively easy control by ‘infinitesimal doses,’ present a striking contrast. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2014; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.adj.?a1425 |
