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单词 dure
释义

dureadj.

/djʊə/
Forms: Also Middle English dur, Middle English deure, 1500s Scottish duire.
Etymology: < French dur, dure < Latin dūrus hard: compare also dour adj.
archaic.
1. Hard. literal and figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > [adjective]
hardeOE
braasny1382
dure1412
flinty?1541
obdurate1598
putaminous1598
oakeda1618
marblya1620
obdure1625
marmorean1656
durous1666
calculous1682
scirrhous1694
horn-hard1768
marmoreal1798
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > harshness > [adjective]
unmildeOE
unmeekc1175
unkindc1325
dure1412
roughc1415
foula1500
harsh1579
untender1608
unsoftened1645
kindless1659
unkind-hearted1760
uncannya1774
unkindly1787
unbeneficent1822
bad-blooded1842
half-hearted1864
brash1868
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > hard-heartedness > [adjective]
hard hearteOE
hateleOE
hard-heartedc1225
cruel1297
dure1412
flinty1536
heartless1556
flint-hearted1560
stone-hearted?1569
stony-hearted1569
iron-hearted1570
steel-hearted1571
unbowelled1592
blunt1594
flintful1596
flint-heart1596
brassy1600
unfeeling1600
cold-blooded1602
cold-hearteda1616
flinty-hearted1629
callous1647
unsympathizing1735
cool-hearted1748
pebble-hearted1816
unsympathetic1823
cold1849
the mind > emotion > absence of emotion > [adjective] > callous or hard-hearted
hard hearteOE
steelena1000
hardOE
hard-heartedc1225
stony?c1230
yhert1340
dure1412
hardedc1425
induratec1425
stonishc1450
hardenedc1480
steely1508
flinty1536
endured1540
stiff-stomached1540
heartless1556
indured1558
flint-hearted1560
iron1561
marble1565
stone-hearted?1569
stony-hearted1569
iron-hearted1570
steel-hearted1571
rocky?1578
brawned1582
flinted1582
padded1583
obdure?1590
brawny1596
flintful1596
flint-heart1596
steeled1600
cauterized1603
indurated1604
flinty-hearted1629
ahenean1630
dedolent1633
brawny-hearteda1639
hard-grained1643
callous1647
upsitten1682
seared1684
petrified1720
calloused1746
coreless1813
pebble-hearted1816
hard-shelled1848
hard-plucked1857
steel trap1921
the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adjective]
heavyc825
grimc900
strongeOE
hardeOE
drearyOE
eileOE
sweerOE
deara1000
bitterOE
tartc1000
smartOE
unridec1175
sharp?c1225
straitc1275
grievousc1290
fellc1330
shrewda1387
snella1400
unsterna1400
vilea1400
importunea1425
ungainc1425
thrallc1430
peisant1483
sore?a1513
weighty1540
heinous?1541
urgent?1542
asperous?1567
dure1567
spiny1586
searching1590
hoara1600
vengible1601
flinty1613
tugging1642
atrocious1733
uncannya1774
severe1774
stern1830
punishing1833
hefty1867
solid1916
1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy i. vi His bryght skales were so hard and dure.
c1480 (a1400) St. Andrew 621 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 81 Gyf þat þu sa dur wil be þat þu wil nocht consent to me.
1567 R. Sempill Test. & Trag. King Henrie (single sheet) As the woirme that workis vnder cuire At lenth the tre consumis that is duire.
1567 G. Turberville tr. Ovid Heroycall Epist. 47 That place with dure and deadly dinte hath Cupid crased earst.
1664 Floddan Field viii. 80 Blows with bils most dure was delt.
1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold II. ix. i. 295 In reply to too dure a request.
1885 R. F. Burton tr. Arabian Nights' Entertainm. I. 111 The last judgment will deal them durer pains and more enduring.
2. Music. Sharp. (In quot. applied to the note now called B natural, as distinguished from B flat.) [compare French dur, formerly used in same sense.]
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > [adjective] > high > raised by semitone
dural1609
dure1609
sharpened1730
sharped1746
1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 15 The Scale of ♮ dure, and where the Mutations are made.
1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 16 For ♮ dures are not changed into b mols, nor contrarily.

Derivatives

ˈdurely adv.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > harmfulness > harshness > [adverb]
unkindly?1387
untenderly?a1400
unmeeklya1425
durely1477
roidlyc1480
kindlessly1826
the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adverb]
heavilyc897
sharplyc900
hardeOE
sharpc1000
sorec1000
hardlyOE
etelichec1175
sorelyc1275
straita1300
sourc1300
grievously1303
drearilya1400
foullya1400
felly?c1400
snapelyc1420
durely1477
penallya1500
shrewlya1529
shrewdlyc1533
asperously1547
heinouslya1555
sensibly1613
instantly1638
shrowardly1664
severelya1682
atrociously1765
punishingly1839
1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 136 He made his heed hurtle ayenst his crowpe right sore & durely.
ˈdureness n. stubbornness.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun]
obstination?1387
pertinacyc1390
obstinacya1393
thronessa1400
stubbornnessc1440
obstinance?a1475
durenessc1480
pertinacity?1504
stomacha1513
stiffness1526
tenacity1526
persistence1546
obstacleness1548
obstinateness1561
stiffneckedness1570
self-mindedness1574
intractability1579
persistency1600
obstinancy1614
contumacy1619
stomachfulness1621
tenaciousness1642
pertinaciousness1651
irresignation1657
peremptoriness1747
mulishness1763
strongheadedness1793
dourness1794
unmovableness1818
stoutheartedness1826
bullet-headednessa1849
stalwartism1879
camelishness1883
thick and thin1884
stupidity1886
jusqu'auboutisme1917
die-hardism1922
obstinative-
c1480 (a1400) St. James Less 337 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 160 Þe Iowis..wald [not] mend þar wikit liffis..bot in to durnes ay abad.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

durev.

/djʊə/
Forms: Also Middle English duyre, dyre, Middle English–1500s dour(e, Middle English deure, dewre, dowre, 1500s duer.
Etymology: < French dure-r to last, continue, persist, †extend < Latin dūrāre to harden, be hardened, endure, hold out, last, < dūrus hard.
archaic and dialect.
1. intransitive. To last, continue in existence. archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (intransitive)] > endure, remain, persist, or continue
bidec893
lastOE
through-wonOE
ylasta1000
standOE
runOE
lastlOE
beleavec1200
abidec1275
cleavec1275
durec1275
dwell13..
endurec1386
perseverec1390
continuec1400
contunec1400
tarrya1450
remainc1455
perdure?a1475
rest1474
permanec1485
succeed1486
perpetuate1530
persist1531
demur1547
perduratea1558
weara1568
to hold it out1585
to hold out1585
abye1590
contain1592
live1592
perennate1623
to draw overa1700
exist1754
linger1764
to hang it out1939
c1275 Laȝamon Brut 26708 Al þane day long durede þat fiht strong.
c1315 Shoreham 3 Hy ne moȝe nauȝt dury.
c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Pref. (1810) 189 Þare biriels he þouht to honoure With som þing þat ay myght doure.
13.. Minor Poems fr. Vernon MS. xxxvii. 793 Monnes lyf nis bote schort: Sone wol hit go; Bote þe sely soule Duyreþ euermo.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin ii. 32 As longe as the worlde dureth shall thi boke gladly ben herde.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Matt. xiii. f. xviij Yet hath he no rottes in him selfe, And therefore he dureth but a season.
1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1822) iv. 321 Thare empire durit nocht lang.
1575 T. Churchyard 1st Pt. Chippes f. 4 v This bickring duerd, foure houres and more at lest.
1664 J. Evelyn Sylva (1776) 261 The wood being preserved dry, will dure a very long time.
1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ (1681) 247 You may change for the other, and so make your sport dure the longer.
1871 R. Ellis tr. Catullus Poems xcvi. 6 In thy love dureth a plenary joy.
1882 in W. Worc. Gloss.
2. To persist, ‘hold out’ in action; to continue in a certain state, condition, or place. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > lasting quality, permanence > be permanent [verb (intransitive)] > remain, continue
bidec893
ofstandeOE
astandc1000
restOE
holdc1175
dure1297
akeepc1300
lastc1300
arrest1393
containc1400
perseverec1425
reserve1529
to run on1533
to stick by ——1533
persist1538
persist1539
to hold up1582
retaina1631
persist1659
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 181 He þoȝte..to wynne ȝut al Europe, ȝyf he myȝte dure.
a1400 Coer de L. 2937 The Sarezynes myghten nought doure, And flowen into the heye toure.
1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 10 [They] persecuted them with their arowes as long as they dured.
a1510 G. Douglas King Hart 469 For so in dule he micht no langar dure.
a1542 T. Wyatt Coll. Poems (1969) xci. 27 Against the streme thou maist not dure.
1573 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xlii. 639 As the body can not dure, Except in sesoun men procure Fude in dew tyme it to sustene.
3. To continue or extend onward in space. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > extension in space > extend in space [verb (intransitive)]
bredeOE
comeOE
ylasta1175
drawc1180
areachc1225
lastc1275
tillc1290
durea1300
reachc1330
spreada1400
halec1400
reignc1400
splatec1440
extend1481
endure1523
span1535
discoursea1547
wina1578
distend1581
intend1594
sweep1789
outlie1876
a1300 Floriz & Bl. 210 Babilloine..Dureþ abute furten~niȝt ȝonde.
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) vi. 67 There begynnethe the Vale of Ebron, that dureth nyghe to Jerusalem.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Myrrour of Worlde i. xvii. 52 Lyke as a flye goth round aboute a round apple In like wyse myght a man goo rounde aboute therthe as ferre as therthe dureth.
c1500 Melusine (1895) xxxvi. 281 Nygh therby was a forest that dured a myle.
4. transitive. To sustain, undergo, bear (pain, opposition, etc.); to endure. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > calmness > patience > endure patiently [verb (transitive)]
takec1175
dure1297
suffer1297
eata1382
to take in patiencec1385
to take awortha1387
endure1477
to go through ——1535
pocket1589
to sit down1589
hack1936
1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 335 Ȝyf heo yt may dure.
c1400 Ywaine & Gaw. 2634 Might thare none his dintes dour.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxvii. 232 Durynge grete sorow in ye horryble pryson.
1594 C. Marlowe & T. Nashe Dido iv. iii I may not dure this female drudgery.
1598 J. Marston Certaine Satyres in Metamorph. Pigmalions Image 29 He that..arm'd in proofe, dare dure a strawes strong push.
Categories »
5. To harden: see during n. 2.

Phrases

for the time during: = for the time being at be v. Phrases 1b. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes iii. xxij. sig. Oiiiv He can not compelle hym to paye hym hys money for the tyme durynge of hys legacyon.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 75v He had the best right & title for the tyme duryng, to the shadoe of the Asse.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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adj.1412v.c1275
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