| 释义 |
amokn. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Italian. Partly a borrowing from Portuguese. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Javanese. Partly a borrowing from Malay. Etymons: Italian amoco, Portuguese amouco, French amuchio, Javanese amuk, Malay amuk, amok. Etymology: In α. forms < Italian †amoco, (plural) †amochi, †amocchi, †amouchi, noun (1587 in the source translated in quot. 1588 at sense 1α. ; probably < Javanese or Malay, see below). In β. forms < Portuguese amouco, noun (1602 or earlier; probably < Javanese or Malay, see below). In γ. forms < French †amuchio, noun (1648 in an isolated attestation in the passage translated in quot. 1660 at sense 1γ. ; perhaps < Italian). In δ. forms partly < Javanese amuk fury, violence, suicidal murderous frenzy, and partly < the related Malay amuk (formerly amok, amoek) furious attack, charge, desperate onslaught, suicidal murderous frenzy (Old Malay amuk furious attack (14th cent.), unprovoked rampage by an individual (15th cent.)). Compare Indonesian amuk fury, violence, suicidal murderous frenzy. Compare Dutch amok , amock (1622; < Javanese or Malay). Compare amok adv. and amok v.Identical forms are employed in 16th- and 17th-cent. travellers' accounts (in Italian, Portuguese, English, and Dutch) to denote (a) a suicidal and often unprovoked murderous frenzy, or a person in such a frenzy (with reference to the people of Java and (rarely) the west coast of India, chiefly Malabar), and (b) suicidal acts of revenge for a killed or injured lord, and the category of warriors who were expected to perform such acts (with reference to the west coast of India, chiefly Malabar; often in connection with the Nairs: see Nair n.). Later accounts describe only the former type of behaviour, and with reference only to the Malay world (Java in particular); early uses with reference to India probably reflect a transferred use in a European language. Later accounts also occasionally reflect the other frequent use of the word in Malay and Javanese, denoting a furious attack in a military context. The usual form in present-day Italian, Portuguese, French, and Dutch is amok . With the δ. forms compare muck n.2 the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > frenzy or raging > person the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > reckless or riotous > running amok > person α. 1588 T. Hickock tr. C. Federici 13 Hee hath a great number of Gentlemen which he calleth Amochy [It. Amochi], and some are called Nayry:..so that it maye be for the honor of his king, they will thrust themselues forward in euery danger, although they knowe they shall dye. 1625 S. Purchas tr. G. Balbi in II. x. v. 1724 There are some also which are called Amocchi, who are a kinde of people called Chiaui,..of the Coast of Chiaua, who being weary of liuing, set themselues in the way with a weapon in their hands, which they call a Crise, and kill as many as they meete with, till some body killeth them; and this they doe for the least anger they conceiue, as desperate men. 1704 tr. J. Nieuhof Voy. E.-Indies in A. Churchill & J. Churchill II. 274 Their Kings..are accounted the more potent the greater number they entertain of those Amokos. 1886 H. Yule & A. C. Burnell tr. F. Sassetti Let. to Francesco I in 21 Their forces (in Cochin) consist in a kind of soldiers whom they call amocchi, who are under obligation to die at the King's pleasure. the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > frenzy or raging the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > reckless or riotous > running amok 1665 G. Havers tr. P. della Valle 192 If the King of Cocin..should happen to be slain or wounded,..the fury of revenge is to last..all the time of their lives... They call this term of time, or manner of revenge, Amoco [It. amoco]. 1683 (single sheet) All Ports in those Regions are dangerous for Theft, Poyson, and Amocks. 1849 3 463 These amoks result from an idiosyncrasy or peculiar temperament common amongst Malays. 1893 F. A. Swettenham 47 It is this state of blind fury, this vision of blood, that produces the amok. 1947 11 Oct. 1/2 It was feared that the man..would..begin a second amok. 1985 J. E. Carr & P. P. Vitaliano in A. Kleinman & B. Good viii. 257 Both amok and depression can be accounted for in terms of similar..principles of human behaviour. 2011 R. Conniff xvii. 263 It was common for 20 innocent bystanders to die in an amok. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021). amokv. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Malay. Partly formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: Malay amuk ; amok adv. Etymology: Partly < Malay amuk to attack furiously (see amok adv. and adj.), and partly < amok adv. Now rare. the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [verb (intransitive)] > suffer from frenzy or raging a1811 J. Leyden tr. (1821) vi. 227 Come on then, gentle inchi! let us amok [Malay marilah kita amuk], now is the time. 1866 C. Brooke I. 29 On our return to Saráwak, we found a boy only sixteen years old had amoked in the town. 1908 W. A. Graham viii. 36 The men of Malacca and the Kelantanese mutually amoked against each other with much fury. 1960 K. G. Tregonning ix. 186 Complete panic was created by the amoking Suluks. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021). amokadv.adj.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: amok n. Etymology: < amok n.In adverbial use apparently sometimes interpreted as containing a- prefix3 (compare the α. forms). Compare also muck n.2 With sense A. 1 compare Old Javanese amuk to attack furiously (9th cent.) and Javanese ngamuk , Old Malay amuk , mengamuk (both 14th cent.; Malay amuk , mengamuk ), Indonesian mengamuk , all in the senses ‘to attack furiously‘ and ‘to go on an unprovoked rampage’; compare amok v. A. adv. 1. to run (also occasionally go) amok. In this use, still sometimes in the (formerly prevalent) form amuck.the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [verb (intransitive)] > suffer from frenzy or raging the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > behave violently or use force [verb (intransitive)] > behave with reckless or riotous violence 1672 A. Marvell i. 59 Like a raging Indian..he runs a mucke (as they cal it there) stabbing every man he meets. 1790 I. xii. 289 Jealousy of the women is the usual reason of these poor creatures running amock (or a-muck). 1817 T. S. Raffles I. vi. 298 The accounts of the wars of the Javans, as well as of the Malayus, abound with instances of warriors running amok. 1858 T. P. Thompson i. xxii. 81 If the laborious ox..was seen..running amuck and sending man, woman and child to the hospital by dint of horn or hoof. 1933 L. Ainsworth vii. 75 The reason for the headlong retreat was a Bengali who had run ‘amok’... He had already killed two persons outright. 1969 Feb. 66/3 Today, someone can go amok and hack down a few people. 2002 M. Savage vii. 140 I never killed a soul... I never ran amok and shot anybody. the world > action or operation > manner of action > carelessness > incautiousness > [adverb] > rashly or recklessly the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adverb] > with reckless or riotous violence 1689 E. Hickeringill i. 2 Running a Muck at all Mankind. 1733 A. Pope 11 I'm too discreet To run a Muck, and tilt at all I meet. 1854 H. D. Thoreau 186 I..might have run ‘amok’ against society; but I preferred that society should run ‘amok’ against me. 1870 B. Disraeli (new ed.) xxx. 145 Ready to run a muck with any one who crossed him. 1918 Feb. 655/2 The biologisers have run amuck in attempting to carry over into human institutions..the ‘survival of the fittest’ theory. 1941 10 448/1 To ‘defend’ democracy with the spirit of liberty gone amuck in arrogance and race pride is to consign our democracy to further centuries of stultification. 1971 28 July 11 Cardin has run amok..with the tucking and tiering attachments on his sewing machine. 2003 26 Apr. a21/1 Having a new cold virus running amuck that can superinfect people with an untreatable pneumonia is definitely bad news. the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adverb] > with rapid or sudden violence 1838 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare (ed. 2) 1st Ser. 329 If we could banish our wits to grin amuck with savages and monkies. 1922 Mar. 23/2 Both go morris-dancing amuck on a case of bootleg liquor. 2003 B. Klähn in K. Stierstorfer 86 A sports-car pilot driving amok on a French coastal road. B. adj.the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [adjective] 1868 Aug. 109 No doubt the man was amok. 1968 55 55 Anxiety, fever or pain can provoke these amok reactions. 2001 S. C. Lim (2002) 251 His soaked baju and sarong clung to him as he stumbled blindly... He was amok! the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > abundance > [adjective] > abounding or teeming 1963 H. Blamires ii. i. 73 A world amok with fundamentally powerless creatures, running hither and thither. 1987 (Electronic ed.) 31 Oct. e1 I had come out of our house early that night alone, not the wisest of moves on Halloween, what with the streets and sidewalks amok with ghosts. 2009 @rares_pdx 16 Mar. in twitter.com (accessed 23 May 2019) Craigslist's real estate section is amok with spam and desperate, disingenuous agents. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  n.1588 v.a1811 adv.adj.1672 |
