| 释义 |
dungn.1 Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with (in different stem classes) Old Frisian dung manuring (West Frisian dong dung, dung heap), Middle Dutch dong , donge dung (early modern Dutch dunghe , Dutch regional dong ), Middle Low German dünge , dunc (in compounds, as düngerecht , duncrecht right to use manure), (with suffixation) düngel (in compounds, as düngelwāgen dung cart), Old High German tunga manuring (compare also tung-gulla dung-water) (Middle High German tunge dung, manuring, German Dung dung, manure), Old Icelandic dyngja (in a late source) heap, bird's nest (Icelandic dyngja heap, dung), Norwegian (Bokmål) dynge , (Nynorsk) dyngje heap, pile, Norwegian regional dunge heap, dung heap, Old Swedish dyngia heap, dung heap, dung, manure (Swedish dynga dung, muck, manure), early modern Danish dyng dung, dynge , djunge , dung heap, pile (Danish dynge heap, pile) < a Germanic base of uncertain and disputed origin (a form of the base was borrowed into Finnish as tunkio rubbish heap). The Germanic words cited at dung n.2 perhaps represent an extended use of the same base.Further etymology. The original meaning is often assumed to be ‘covering’ and hence perhaps < the same Indo-European base as Lithuanian dengti to cover, danga covering, Old Church Slavonic dǫga rainbow, Russian duga arc. An alternative derivation, taking the meaning ‘heap’ as primary, relates the word to the Germanic base of ding v.1 (to strike, beat), positing an original sense ‘heap of beaten or pulped material’. Other suggestions have also been made. Form history. Old English dung (of uncertain gender; see α. forms) is attested only once (see quot. OE at sense 1a). The more commonly attested Old English dyncge (see β. forms) is apparently a strong feminine (jō -stem; also in an isolated attestation as a weak feminine), with i-mutation caused by the stem-forming suffix (compare the Scandinavian forms). In this word, palatalization and assibilation of the stem-final consonant would be expected. But Middle English forms with the reflex of the i-mutated stem vowel appear at least occasionally to show the unassibilated consonant (compare e.g. quot. ?c1335 at sense 4b), probably by influence of the α. forms or the Scandinavian cognates; compare also later regional forms at dung fork n. (Later dingy adj.1 probably shows the reflex of the assibilated consonant.) Compare also forms of dung v., which show a similar development. In Old English also attested in β. forms in glosses rendering classical Latin novālia novalia n., apparently specifically in the sense ‘manured land’; compare also later field names and place names (reflecting β. forms), as e.g. Denge, Kent (1275–6; now Denge Wood), le Denge (field name), Cambridgeshire (13th cent.), Dyngefurlonge (field name), Cambridgeshire (14th cent.), Dengestret, Wiltshire (1395; now Dunge), etc. I. Compost, manure, and related senses. 1. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] > dunging > dung OE (2011) 45 Fimus, dung. c1200 ( (Hatton) xiii. 8 Ic hine [sc. the fig tree] beweorpe mid dunge [OE Corpus Cambr. meoxe]. c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring (1891) lxxxii. 9 Hij ben made as dunge of þe erþe [L. stercus terræ]. c1390 (a1376) W. Langland (Vernon) (1867) A. iv. l. 130 Þat lawe schal ben a laborer and leden a-feld dounge. c1405 (c1387–95) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 532 A Plowman..That hadde ylad of donge ful many a Foother. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ix. l. 14 Hit [sc. lupynes] dongith best the vynys—Al other donge is infectif of wynys. a1500 (Sloane) (1890) 49 (MED) Yeff it rayne a litell when ye lay your doung on your londe it doithe moche good for it cawsithe þe dung & þe lond to joyne well togeder. 1583 P. Stubbes sig. G2v What kind of dung is best to fatten the same [sc. barren ground] againe. 1651 R. Child Large Let. in S. Hartlib 46 Generally all things that will rot..would make dung. 1676 J. Evelyn 53 Cast..on this a layer of well-matur'd Dung. 1727 R. Bradley (Dublin ed.) at Garden Dung made of Leaves that are well rotted. 1786 J. Abercrombie 19 Having some strawey mulchy dung lay it on the ground over the roots. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler (ed. 7) III. 213 All the essential fertilising substances of a large mass of home-made dung. 1990 I. Blom in P. Hudson & W. R. Lee vi. 159 The wife would take part in..other outdoor activities, ranging from haymaking..to the gathering of..seaweed for dung. 2010 G. Phinn (Electronic ed.) xiii. Dad would store the [fresh horse] manure and later sprinkle the rich crumbly dung on the soil... He had the finest roses in the street. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Table Princ. Matters sig. (*)ij/2 Chalke vsed for doung. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault v. viii. 670 It will be good to spread quicklime vpon the plowed ground..the haruest after it is more plentifull, then after anie other dung that a man can inuent. 1702 R. Neve ii. 130 (heading) Of brakish Sands used for Dung. 1863 15 Sept. 4532/1 Lime, or other mineral dungs (chili, saltpetre [i.e. Chile saltpetre], sulphate of ammonia). 1928 R. McG. Carslaw & W. H. Kirkpatrick 9 How far is it possible to dispense with farmyard manure by the wider application of green manuring and the utilisation of synthetic dung? the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > excretions > faeces > [noun] the world > animals > animal body > general parts > substance or secretion and excretion > [noun] > dung OE Aldhelm Glosses (Brussels 1650) in L. Goossens (1974) 447 [Putidum] letamen : gyr [perhaps read gyru], i. dingce. lOE (Corpus Cambr.) xiv. 451 Sceaphyrdes riht is, þæt he hæbbe twelf nihta ðingan [read dingan; L. (Quadripartitus) dingiam] to Middanwintra & i lamb of geares geogeðe. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vii. lxviii. 435 Aȝeynes suche venyme..lambis donge..helpiþ wel. ?a1425 (Egerton) (1889) 64 Þai dight þaire mete with dung of bestez dried at þe sonne. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 527 Donge of fowlis is ful necessary To londtiling. ?c1450 in G. Müller (1929) 247 (MED) A playster of gootis donge. a1500 in D. W. Singer (1931) II. 360 (MED) When the donge wexith drye, put to warme water. ?1530 J. Fitzherbert (rev. ed.) f. xi Horse donge is the worst donge that is... And the donge of douues is best, but it must be layde on the grounde very thynne. 1535 2 Kings xviii. 27 That they maye eate their owne donge and drynke their owne stale. 1611 Job xx. 7 Yet he shall perish for euer, like his owne doung . View more context for this quotation 1662 J. Chandler tr. J. B. van Helmont 239 The undunged fields of Bohemia do yield lesse tartarous fruits than those which were fattened..with the dung of living Creatures. 1743 123 The Dung of Horses is not proper for sandy Grounds, being too hot. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre I. 262 Now this dung was entirely the produce of the fishes on which those fowls constantly fed. 1855 J. Gadsby xxiii. 219 As there is scarcely any wood for fuel in the country [sc. Egypt], and no coal.., the people have to burn dung. 1863 23 Dec. 7/1 Both the walls and the floor were strewn with human dung. 1909 1 218 This species is found in considerable quantity on elephant's dung. 1976 16 Mar. 9/4 The dung beetle..is specially equipped for..rolling the dung into balls. 2003 K. Daswani 18 The stench of cow dung in the heat was overwhelming. c1300 St. Francis (Laud) l. 78 in C. Horstmann (1887) 56 Huy harleden him wel faste..and dunge [L. luto platearum] on him caste. 1422 in R. W. Chambers & M. Daunt (1931) 127 (MED) Item we endite all þe Cokes of Bredstret for kepyng of her dung and garbage vnder her stalles. 1460 in J. T. Gilbert (1889) I. 306 All carterys and carmen that usyth to drawe dung out of the towne. 1561 J. Daus tr. H. Bullinger xlviii. 324 All filthie thinges are caste out into the strete, yea the Dunge of all stretes is troden vnder fete. 1677 G. Miege i. sig. *Rrrr3 Voirie, les ordures des Villes.., the dung and filth of a Town. 1761 3 The statutes..dividing the city dung or filth. 1808 25 Apr. The street dung of the town of Dalkeith... The streets to be cleaned, and the dung collected into heaps.., and carried off. 1814 II. iv. 525 Town-dung may be considered as of two sorts: 1. Of ashes, night soil, and the sweepings of streets; and, 2. of muck made..by horses..and..milch cows... From these..a great quantity of manure is procured. 1867 41 197 Slaughterhouse dung is..much sought after, and is..a powerful manure. 1903 13 22 Town dung..the great part of it may be described as soiled straw. Then a good deal is made up of street droppings... Miscellaneous garbage..helps to make up the total. 1911 16 Feb. 505/1 With the introduction of the motor omnibus, the motor lorry and car, and the electric tram, the supply of town dung has fallen off. 1996 19 Jan. 62/2 Refuse collection fees:..Slaughterhouse dung per month..100. 2017 C. Gerrard & M. Aston iii. 143 Town or village dung might be the source of the extraordinary density of 19th-century pottery in the field. II. Figurative and extended uses. 4. Chiefly in religious contexts. the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > foulness or filth > foul thing > [noun] society > morality > moral evil > [noun] > moral foulness > that which is ?c1225 (?a1200) (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 113 Hamot..up halden ham þet ha ne fallen iþe dung of sunne. ?c1335 in W. Heuser (1904) 82 (MED) Louerd king, to hori ding What makiþ man so hold? 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville (Caxton) iii. viii. f. lvv They were fallen and leyen defyled in the donge of synne. 1526 Phil. iii. 8 For whom I have counted all thynge losse, and do iudge them but donge. ?1577 J. Northbrooke 51 This dung and filth of ydlenesse. 1648 8 That once Renowned University, now filled up with a company of Harpys and stinking Fellows, defilers of their owne nests, and the nasty batners in the dung. a1677 I. Barrow (1678) 63 The dust of pelf, the dung of sensuality. a1752 R. Erskine (1777) I. viii. 328 Can this repair the wrongs done to God, while we have cast the dung of sin upon all the perfections of God? 1776 J. Leacock Pref. p. v They that did feed delicately perish in the streets; they that were brought up in scarlet embrace the dung. 1858 T. Carlyle I. i. i. 17 The noteworthy Dead is sure to be found lying under infinite dung, no end of calumnies and stupidities accumulated upon him. 1912 L. Abercrombie iii. 129 They are poured out into the dung of the world, And drench, pollute, the fortune of their state. 2014 J. Dotta xxx. 445 Who can resist the perils that come with fame and fortune, unless such things are already but dung to them? ?c1335 in W. Heuser (1904) 90 Wormis of þi fleisse schul spring, Þi felle wiþ oute nis bot a sakke, Ipudrid ful wiþ drit and ding [rhyme spring]. ?c1450 tr. (1906) 38 (MED) Worldely peple, the whiche are but donge [Fr. boue] and erthe. a1475 Visio Philiberti (Brogyntyn) in J. O. Halliwell (1855) 24 (MED) O wrecheyd fleche, O thou stynkynge donge..thy knyl is ronge, Thy dyrge is done. 1583 F. Filding tr. D. Tossanus sig. Tiij This wretched bodie, which is but a vessell of dung, and must be a pray for wormes. 1658 P. Temple 227 My carcasse is nothing but dung, and my Soul then corruption. a1676 J. Dunton (1692) 94 If you ask the Sacred Writers, Man is the Bait of Worms, a Skin full of Dung. 1893 J. Gray p. xxxviii Give me, Lord God, to look upon that dung, My body and my heart, without disgust. the world > action or operation > prosperity > advancement or progress > [noun] > that which aids or facilitates 1623 R. Abbot 50 The bloud of the Martyrs hath bin the dung of our Church. 1878 C. Patmore (new ed.) 195 Bad corpses turn into good dung To feed strange futures beautiful and young. 1992 (Nexis) 28 Nov. a12 Did not the serpent of Nazism first rear its ugly head in the fertile dung of the Depression that preceded the Second World War? society > occupation and work > worker > worker according to manner of working > [noun] > striking > refusing to strike 1765 Chron. 66/2 Who, refusing to comply with the masters terms and the regulations of the magistrate, call themselves Flints, in contradistinction to those who submit, and are in derision stiled by the first Dungs. 1824 June 421/2 There are several ways of setting wages among tailors. They are divided into two classes, called flints and dungs. The flints all work by the day, and all receive the same wages; the dungs work by the day, or the piece, but generally by the day. 1837 N. Whittock et al. (1842) 430 (article Tailor) Any man being declared a ‘dung’ for working ‘too fast’. 1859 J. C. Hotten 35 Dung, an operative who works for an employer who does not give full or ‘society’ wages. 1867 6 Aug. 7/1 He said, ‘I know by your walk you are a “dung!”’ (A term applied to men who work for a shop where the hands are on strike.) 1952 4 248 The cleavage between the ‘Flints’ and the ‘Dungs’ gradually became narrower. 2012 J. White vi. 240 There were fights between Flints and Dungs in a public house. Compounds1593 G. Harvey 59 I will prooue truth to be no truth, marching out of thy doung-voiding mouth. 1610 J. Healey tr. J. L. Vives in tr. St. Augustine xviii. xv. 691 Stercutius who was deified for dung-finding. a1646 J. Burroughs (1648) x. 177 A dung-raker, to rake channels, or to cleanse places of filth. 1793 T. Baird iii. 41 An ox-team will always be serviceable for strong work or dung-carting from the fold yard. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin III. xxiii. 583 Many kinds of dung-feeding beetles. 1866 31 Mar. 227/1 The carts and dung-spreaders lose a deal of time awaiting the opening of the ridges to admit the manure. 1887 Mar. 605 There are real coprophagists or dung-eaters among birds. 1937 W. C. Bethune 137 The plants..are a dung-loving species. 1968 14 Dec. 22/4 Now..we have better dung-spreading machinery. 2006 J. T. Costa xiv. 423 These beetles face a host of dung-burrowing predators. C2. 1800 (new ed.) at Fevers The common symptoms of fever in the horse are extraordinary heat and dryness of the skin.., frequent casting out of dung-balls, [etc.]. 1810 D. Hopkins 438/2 A beetle's dung ball. 1882 17 Apr. 9/3 The fleeces will be found..to contain dung-balls or burrs. 1917 Aug. 252/2 These dung balls serve the scarab and its brood as food. 1937 88 600 In this [trench] was found a large pine log and dung balls which later proved to be those of..the Extinct Ground Sloth. 1990 M. Tyndale-Biscoe 2 The weight of a dung ball can be several times that of the beetle. 2005 168 418/3 Scientists estimate elephant populations by counting dung balls or conducting aerial surveys. 1607 F. Beaumont iii. ii. sig. E2v Hee that shall marry thee, had better spend the poore remainder of his dayes in a Dung-barge. 1751 T. Smollett IV. cv. 169 The rudder of a dung-barge. 1855 23 June 646/1 He gathered round him a little fleet of dung-barges, and advertised his wares. 1909 19 Sept. 10/3 The hours of labor are as barbarous as the conditions under which the heroic ‘can crew’ of the dung barge Moreton work. 1988 S. Schama in 15 May vii. 34/2 Sewage was not deposited in the canals but taken away in carts and dung barges to improve the soil yield of local market gardens. 1790 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy (new ed.) I. 124 But some intermediate body is often put between the fire and the substance exposed to its action; hence the names balneum mariæ, sand-bath, cinder-bath, dung-bath, &c. 1836 VI. 153/2 The chalk occasionally added to the dung-bath serves to neutralize the acids as they are evolved from the mordants. 1884 J. Gardner iii. 73 The dung-bath is a large trough filled with weak solutions of the arseniate or silicate of soda, or some other salt used as a dung substitute. the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Lamellicornia Scarabaeoidea > family Scarabaeidae > member of (dung-beetle) 1634 T. T. de Mayerne et al. (new ed.) i. xxi. 151 Anglicè, Dungbeetle, sharnbugg. 1771 M. Peters vii. 158 Dung beetle; of which, many are found in pastures under cow and horse dung. 1828 C. Darwin Let. 13 Sept. in (1985) I. 65 A bluish, metallic coloured, globular, dung beetle, which is very common on the hill sides. 1963 49 486/1 Several species of dung beetles of the subfamilies Aphodiinae, Coprinae, and Geotrupinae were used in this phase of the study. 2006 May 11/2 Dung beetles are not often regarded as useful insects, but, not only are they valuable for the removal of dung, they are also an important source of food for other animals. 1614 G. Markham i. v. 29 Prouide a Mat, Canuasse, or other couering, which being placed vpon stakes ouer the dung bed. 1769 A. Taylor 12 Thus the Vapours, which arise from the Fermentation of the Dung-Bed &c, will be dissipated more freely. 1845 6 47 The preference of a small [hot] house over a dung-bed. 1908 13 June 380/2 On the Continent, in parts where the winters are..severe.., it is a common practice in gardens to grow varieties of white..in frames heated by dung beds. 2009 M. Campbell-Culver in J. Evelyn 223 The heat from a well-made dung bed extended the growing season, earlier sowing and germination could be achieved, and young or tender plants were sheltered from frosts. the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > [noun] > genus Stercorarius (skuas or jaegers) > stercorarius skua (skua) 1677 W. Charleton (ed. 2) 98 Nidum enim ex stercore humano fingit in arboribus excavatis,..quod vulgo the Dung-bird dicatur. 1731 G. Medley tr. P. Kolb II. 136 The Size of this Eagle, or Dung-Bird, is something larger than that of a Wild Goose. 1768 T. Pennant (new ed.) I. ii. 195 The Hoopoe... The Dung Bird. 1793 J. Leslie tr. Comte de Buffon VIII. 400 (heading) The Labbe, or Dung-bird. 1870 5 407 This and the preceding [sc. Pomarine Skua and Arctic Skua] are called ‘dung birds’.., evidently from the manner in which they persecute the smaller species of Laridæ, and devour not only their disgorged food but also their fœces. 1885 E. Balfour (ed. 3) III. 581/1 The Dung kite or Dung bird, Neophron percnopterus, Linn.,..is abundant southwards from Bengal, also in N. Africa, W. Asia, S. Europe, and even in England. ?1959 G. Theiner tr. O. Štěpánek 40 The nest is unambitious, merely a few chips or dead leaves, generally mixed with animal excrement, which habit has earned the bird the name of Dung Bird. 2008 P. Burger 201 (heading) The Vultures. Dreckvogel, assvoëls, dung birds? 1349 (P.R.O.: E 101/471/2) m. 10 Pro batellando cum suo Doungbott petras de Purbyk de Westmonasterio vsque turrim xvj.d. a1395 in (1832) 24 311 (MED) j Dongebote vocatus Showte. 1577 J. Dee 50 The often Recours of the Carts to the Dung boats sides, haue made such Publik Shores..to become..very myry, and depe to the knees. a1667 A. Cowley Answer Invitation Cambr. in (1711) III. 63 The Quondam Dung-boat is made gay. 1721 tr. 107 Great Dung Boats were brought, into which was thrown all the Filth and Nastiness that lay about every where. 1812 Jan. 31/2 You have been making a canal for dung-boats. 1909 19 Sept. 10/3 Sometimes a city inspector does have a day out down the river in the dung-boat Moreton. 2015 C. Taylor in P. D. Mitchell 79 Businesses and citizens of London could also put their waste into wagons, dung-boats, or just outside of their doors to be picked up by carts. 1599 M. Drayton Idea in (new ed.) sig. Qiv I scorne all earthlie dung-bred scarabies. 1796 ‘A. Pasquin’ 63 Then does the fierce high-mettled steed Smite with his tail.., Scorning by nobler means than those, To extirpate the dung-bred foes. 1841 T. W. Harris 413 These filthy, dung-bred creatures swarm in some houses, covering every article of food by day, and absolutely blackening the walls by night. 1915 19 81 The majority of the dung-bred flies are not house frequenting nor cattle pestering flies, but are beneficial scavengers. 1974 R. Adams xxxiv. 288 If any more of you dung-bred bastards try to betray me, you'll be the first to die. society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > other organic fuels > [noun] > dung 1824 R. Heber Jrnl. 15 Dec. in (1828) I. 533 There was no fire-wood in the neighbourhood, but the tusseeldar sent a cart-load of dung-cakes. 1901 R. Kipling iv. 91 For luxury's sake, Kim bought a handful of dung-cakes to build a fire. 1929 F. L. Brayne 221 The chūla has been designed to burn soft coke, as a substitute for dung-cakes. 1999 P. Mishra (2001) ii. v. 172 Women cooking midday meals on dung-cake fires. 2002 2 134 She lit a fire with a couple of dung cakes in the huge tandoor. the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Coleoptera or beetles and weevils > [noun] > Polyphaga (omnivorous) > superfamily Lamellicornia Scarabaeoidea > family Scarabaeidae > member of (dung-beetle) 1805 W. Bingley (ed. 3) III. 244 Aristophanes, in his Ειρηνη, has introduced one of the Dung-Chafers. 1884 Oct. 117 Coleoptera were not as a rule plentiful, but I obtained a large dung-chafer, Megathopa villosa, Esch. 1932 R. W. G. Hingston xi. 249 The common dung-chafer, Geotrupes stercorarius, sticks its legs out stiff and assumes the same peculiar attitude that develops after death. 1830 S. F. Gray & A. L. Porter II. 725 The dung cisterns should be emptied of their contents at least once a day. 1873 22 Feb. 5/2 (advt.) Adjoining Mill—Three urine and dung cisterns. 1992 10 38/1 Hamilton's madder house was 50 feet wide by 130 feet long with three dung cisterns. 1763 2 Nov. Two Dung-coloured Suits of Cloaths. 1855 (new ed.) II. xi. 347 The softer ones [of stones found in the colon] are dung-coloured, or of a dirty-black hue. 1955 D. Jones iii. 211 On the ground lay a single khaki puttee, unrolled and looking like flat, dung-coloured snake. 2014 (Nexis) 2 May a15 Thursday's surge left..two..apartment complexes engulfed in murky, dung-colored water. 1824 A. Ure tr. C.-L. Berthollet & A. B. Berthollet II. 428 They are then washed, and winced in another clean dung copper. 1836 VI. 154/1 The goods must be..winched through a fresh dung-cistern (commonly called a dung-copper). 1673 in G. F. Dow (1917) II. 349 2 dung forks, a dung drag, prongs & forks. 1795 6 June 3/3 Striking him on the head with a dung drag. 1850 H. Stephens I. 570 He then tilts the cart body..; and, taking the dung-drag..—which is 5 feet long, and may have two or three prongs—he pulls out a small heap of dung into the..drill. 1919 4 Apr. 7/2 (advt.) Dung forks, rakes, hedge cutters, ice picks, dung drags, ladders, hay forks [etc.]. 2004 (Nexis) 21 Jan. 14 Once out in the field the dung had to be pulled out of the cart by a dung drag. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > privy or latrine > emptying or cleaning of privies > [noun] > one who 1546 tr. A. P. Gasser sig. d.v The black swart persons subiecte to Saturne as..Beryers of dead coarses, Dunge fermers and clensers of Masers, and al workers of suche grosse workes. 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet 22 Stincking smells (unless one by little and little be accustomed to them, as our dungfarmers, and kennel rakers are in London..) are..hurtful to the lungs, heart, and stomack. 1699 A. Boyer A Dung-Farmer, (or Tom-Turd), Vn Cureur de Privez, le Maitre des basses oeuvres. 1714 IV. vii. 310/2 They are of a slavish Temper, and serve the Barbarians as Dung-farmers. 1846 J. O. Halliwell I Dungfarmer, a jakes-cleanser. North. 1997 B. T. Boehrer iv. 155 The London dung farmer tended to traffic more or less indiscriminately in both human and animal excrements. the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > order Diptera or flies > [noun] > suborder Cyclorrhapha > family Chloropidae > member of genus Scatophaga 1652 W. Jenkyn v. 392 No people idolized so many, and such vile creatures as did the Egyptians; the Mole, the Bat, the Cat, the dung-flie, Monkies, Birds, Crocodiles. 1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in (rev. ed.) Ep. Ded. sig. Ffff4 Merdivora or Dung-flies are of divers sorts. 1874 5 Apr. 2/6 The Tories, like dung flies, live on corruption. 1982 J. M. Smith iii. 30 Female dung flies come to fresh cowpats to lay their eggs. 2005 165 73/2 The influence of sexual selection on reproductive traits in the yellow dung-fly Scatophaga stercoraria. the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > [noun] > genus Stercorarius (skuas or jaegers) > stercorarius skua (skua) 1694 tr. F. Martens Voy. Spitzbergen 87 (heading) in Of the Struntjager (or Dung-hunter). 1766 T. Pennant ii. 141 This species [of Gull] is called by some the Dung hunter. 1885 C. Swainson 210 Richardson's Skua.., [called] from the vulgar opinion that the gulls are muting, when, in reality, they are only disgorging fish newly caught..Dung bird or Dung hunter. 2014 J. Sandrock & J. C. Prior 138 Stercorarius..parasiticus... Common name: Parasitic Jaeger. Other names: arctic skua, dung hunter, man-o'-war. 1706 (new ed.) Dung-Meers, are Places or Pits where Soils, Dungs, Weeds, etc. are mix'd and lie and rot together for some time, for the Improvement of Husbandry. 1805 T. H. Horne vi. 368 The surface of the yards may be removed to the dungmeers and laid down afresh. 1967 1 A method of conveying manure from a stable via a dung-mere to a storage or loading site... A dung-mere of the type ordinarily situated in the vicinity of a stable. 2009 V. Gowariker et al. 200/2 A pit used for dung or manure is called dung mere. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > dirty place > [noun] > dunghill c1500 Lyfe Roberte Deuyll 875 in W. C. Hazlitt (1864) I. 253 So into a foule donge myxen he her caryed. 1673 J. Dare xcii. 145 The Murtherer his Host..had killed and buried him in his Dung-Mixon. 1799 J. Banister i. vii. 34 The proper management of a dung mixen is attended with no trifling expence. 1862 21 Feb. The embers of a kitchen fire had been thrown out near the dung mixen. 1988 J. Lavers 34 Dungmexin, the dungheap in the farmyard. 1535 Neh. ii. 13 I rode by nighte vnto the valley porte..and to the Dongporte [Wycliffite, E.V. a1382 Douce 369(1) drit ȝate; a1425 L.V. ȝat of drit, a1450 Corpus Cambr. 147 ȝate of dunge]. 1753 W. Maitland ii. 139/2 The Ports or Gates in the Town Wall of Edinburgh, till of late, were Nine in Number; but that in Leith Wynd, called the Dung-port, being walled up, they were reduced to eight. 1857 J. T. Barclay vi. 149 At the distance of one thousand cubits south of Hippicus, was the Dung Port of Nehemiah. 1939 Oct. 227/1 [Referring to the description of Jerusalem in Nehemiah] The dung port or sewer outfall was usually located downstream from the city or on the leeward side of the prevailing winds. 1641 12 His [sc. the Rag-man's] servants weare his cloth, who ere you finde With little Dung-rakes, and with bags behinde. 1750 W. Ellis IV. i. 15 A Hand-Instrument, made with three Irons, that are about half bent, somewhat like our Dung-rake. 1840 1 476 The straw litter, which has become foul with excrement, is..well stirred backwards and forwards with the dung-rake [to remove the solid excrement attached to it]. 1942 10 Dec. (advt.) Manchinery..10 foot John Deere disc; spring tooth harrow; 1 dung rake; 1 hay loader, [etc.]. 1978 S. M. Charnas xiv. 259 Try avoiding the reputation of the sort of person who attacks other women with a dung rake. 2001 Summer 33/2 When the machine is raised out of work the dung rake lifts off the ground. 1318–19 Manorial Documents in (1936) 34 58 Idem reddit de iiijd. receptis pro cariacione j Doungerowe. 1796 J. Headrick Ess. on Manures 6 in (Board Agric.) Those who have treated this subject, are much divided respecting the most advantageous construction of a dung-stead. 1805 T. H. Horne vi. 367 The farm-yard is doubtless the most proper and convenient place for forming dungsteads. 1927 13 Apr. 12 There was a thatched farmhouse with dungsteads at either end. 2016 (Nexis) 8 Nov. (Farming section) 29 It contains a nice neat yard with a stable block, a haybarn with a double lean-to and a dungstead. the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > [noun] > genus Stercorarius (skuas or jaegers) > stercorarius skua (skua) 1841 P. W. Selby in 1 No. 9. 256 Arctic skua, better known..by the name of the dung teazer. 1892 R. O. Heslop Dung-teazer, the Arctic skua gull, Skua longicaudus, Brisson. 1968 C. E. Jackson 30 Arctic skua,..dung-bird; dung teaser Berwick. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > [noun] > dunging > dung 1608 H. Plat 160 Water your trees once a moneth..with dung water. 1734 tr. C. F. von Wolff 41 Take one Half of the Seed and let it swell in Dung-water. 1865 Apr. 310/1 The efficacy of dung water on fields cannot be doubtful. 1987 22 2 The soils..have a high content of organic matter due to enrichment by dung-water, excrements, rotting house-garbage, etc. the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > [adjective] c1450 (c1405) (BL Add. 41666) (1936) l. 739 (MED) Til hit droppe al a-dovne and dung-wete hym make. 1599 T. Nashe 73 Fishermen cowthring and quaking dung wet after a storme. 1603 R. Knolles 723 The duke of Alba (wonderfully wearied in the late skirmish) and dung wet. 1770 L. Carter 13 Sept. (1965) I. 489 The tobacco just hung the day before was really stinking and dung wet. 1946 16 Nov. 4/4 The turf..was dung wet... If Fuel Importers do not send dry turf, it would be better if they sent none at all. 2011 @therealvichick 15 Dec. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) I wash my hair from high day and my braids still dung wet. 1616 B. Jonson Every Man in his Humor (rev. ed.) iii. v, in I. 41 A horson filthie slaue, a dung-worme, an excrement! 1753 Suppl. Dung-worms..found in great plenty among cow-dung in September and October. 1930 3 164 The dung worm Helodrilus (Eisenia) foetidus. 2003 (Nexis) 21 Aug. (Features section) 6 I ate dung worms in Thailand... They tasted of dung. I think you miss out if you're too squeamish. 1686 N. Cox (ed. 3) iii. 29 As to the rest of its [sc. a Stable's] Perquisites, a Dung-yard, a Pump, or a Conduit, are necessary. 1782 24 Aug. Many considerable crops of hay..are totally spoiled, so as to be cast to the dung yards. 1845 II. 154 The streets [of Sheffield] are regularly swept and cleansed.., and the refuse is carried off by the scavengers and deposited in a dung-yard in the lower part of the town, where it is made up for sale. 1991 N. Brink in F. M. Brouwer et al. x. 241 Large cow stables, dungyards, and silage bunkers are frequently found to be large polluters of streams. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † dungn.2Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Saxon dung weaver's workshop, Old High German tung subterranean chamber, weaver's workshop (Middle High German tunc , German regional (Bavaria) Dunk ), Old Icelandic dyngja lady's bower; further etymology uncertain, perhaps from the same Germanic base as dung n.1 (compare the historically attested Germanic practice of thatching and insulating subterranean chambers with dung (Tacitus Germania 16)), or perhaps related to the Germanic base of dank adj. Compare dingle n.The Old English dative form ding (in isolated attestation in quot. OE, apparently for *dyng ) is usually regarded as implying a nominative form *dung , a feminine athematic consonant stem, with i-mutation in the dative. Compare, however, Old Icelandic dyngja . (Compare also i-mutated forms of dung n.1) Obsolete. society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun] > dungeon OE (1932) 1270 Ða com hæleða þreat to ðære dimman ding, duguð unlytel. c1300 (Laud Misc. 108) (1889) 63 (MED) Fendes..kesten it..Doun into the develes pit..Þe erþe hemsulf it lek aȝeyn, Anon þe donge [c1390 Vernon dungoun] it was fordit. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online December 2021). dungv. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: In Old English (in α. forms) cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian denga , dungia , dongia (West Frisian dongje ), early modern Dutch dunghen , Middle Low German düngen , Old High German tungen (Middle High German tungen , tüngen , German düngen ) < the same Germanic base as dung n.1 In later use (in β. forms) probably re-formed directly < dung n.1 (compare α. forms at that entry).In Old English a weak verb of Class I (dyngan ), with i-mutation of the stem vowel caused by the verb-forming suffix; compare also the Old English form dingiung at dunging n. Forms. With sense 3 compare earlier dunging n. 3. 1. the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > fertilizing or manuring > fertilize or manure [verb (transitive)] > dung OE tr. Orosius (Tiber.) (1980) i. iii. 23 Iordanis seo ea..þæt land middeweard oferfleow mid fotes þicce flode, & hit þonne mid ðam gedynged wearð. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. ii. 890 If it is ydunged wiþ swynes dryt [L. stercore porcino fimata]. a1425 (c1395) (Royal) (1850) Luke xiii. 8 Lord, suffre it [sc. a vine]..the while Y delue aboute it, and Y schal donge it [E.V. 1384 Douce 369(2) sende toordis]. 1485 (St. Albans) sig. biiijv He [sc. Saturnus] regnet vpon them as ther kyng and he taught men fyrst to donge ther feeldys. 1548 H. Latimer sig. A.v The ploughman..tilleth hys lande,..& somtyme doungeth it. 1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten i. lvi. 100/1 In winter time they plant them [sc. coconut palms] againe, and dung them with ashes. 1648 T. Gage xviii. 135 The best way to husband or dung their ground. 1687 S. Hardy v. 104 A Gardiner waters and dungs his Garden..for the sake of the Herbs and Flowers. 1709 R. Steele No. 35. ⁋2 To improve and dung his Brains with this prolifick Powder [sc. snuff]. a1722 E. Lisle (1757) 24 They never dung oats nor barley in Hants. 1799 H. Neuman tr. F.-A.-F. de La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt II. 86 He dungs his fields now and then, and thus prolongs the term of their fertility. 1846 Jan. 156 He dungs the land at every crop of potatoes. 1863 1 Jan. 7/3 The suggestion of dunging fruit trees..is behind the time. We have already written much on the subject of proper manure for trees. 1932 R. Macaulay i. vii. 50 Go dig thy apples and olives about, and dung 'em well. 2017 18 Sept. (Money Matters section) p. iii/7 Farmers in at least 25 villages in the district are now..also dunging their farmlands with manure. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ix. l. 13 Hit [sc. lupynes] dongith best the vynys—Al other donge is infectif of wynys. 1560 Bp. J. Pilkington (new issue) sig. E.iiii Salt..cast on the dongehyl..would doo good in dongynge the fielde. 1589 ‘Pasquill of England’ 5 The carkases of the deade did dunge the grounde. 1658 A. Jackson Annot. Psalms lxv. 514 in Every field is best dunged by the dust that falls from the masters feet. 1745 tr. L. J. M. Columella ii. xi. 81 Of all those [sorts of fodder] that please us, the herb medic is the choicest.., because it dungs the land [L. agrum stercorat]. 1841 20 Jan. 386 Their rotten carcasses dung the earth. 1952 J. M. White in v. 123 Their cadavers will dung the orange-trees. 2. the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > defecation > [verb (intransitive)] the world > animals > animal body > general parts > substance or secretion and excretion > [verb (intransitive)] > excrete 1508 W. Kennedy Flyting (Chepman & Myllar) in (1998) I. 213 I sall dyng the quhill thou dryte and dong. 1543 ( (1812) 49 In the whiche no horsse maye dunge. 1613 T. Milles tr. P. Mexia et al. iv. xxxvii. 388/2 It was not Swallowes that dunged on the eyes of Tobias, but Sparrowes. 1699 W. Dampier ii. iv. 105 He grases on the shore, and dungs like a Horse. 1710 E. Ward v. 54 At last when all Resistance fails, They [sc. hunted foxes] Dung and Piss upon their Tails. 1838 R. Bowers 89 It is very necessary..to watch them [sc. sick animals] while they dung and stale. 1865 Public Health: 7th Rep. Med. Officer Privy Council 1864 App. 183 in XXVI. 1 The women and children dung into pots.., the men dunging away from home. 1901 25 140 He [sc. a horse] dunged frequently, his fæces being hard first..and at the end diarrhœic. 1968 ‘A. Burgess’ in 21 121 He dunged in that foul jakes there. 2011 (Nexis) 21 July Wastell says he has not seen pigs dunging in the feed space. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton (new ed.) f. vi If I delyuer to a man my shepe to dunge or marle his lande. 1587 L. Mascall iii. 241 Your sheep..will dung well the landes. 1607 T. Dekker & J. Webster ii. i. sig. B3v Doe Iack-dawes dung the top of Paules Steeple still. 1759 J. Mills tr. H. L. Duhamel du Monceau i. iv. 9 The land is well dunged by them. 1770 Sept. 472/2 Fold-dikes are impregnated, and rendered as fertile, only by being exposed to the air, as other parts of the fold dunged by cattle. 1825 J. C. Loudon i. i. v. 131 The outfield land..is also dunged by their sheep. 1879 2nd Ser. 15 413 It was dunged and ploughed by horses and oxen. 1943 28 57 The completion of harvest..might be linked with the letting of the cattle into the stubble fields to keep down weeds and to dung the soil. 1995 13 Aug. 26/1 A gang of crows waited patiently for the six horses to dung the field. 2014 E. L. Jones iv. 49 The archetypal arrangement [in the seventeenth century] was for sheep to be..penned..on the arable land, where they consumed fodder crops and dunged the soil. the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > dye [verb (transitive)] > processes or techniques 1824 A. Ure tr. C.-L. Berthollet & A. B. Berthollet II. 351 The goods before being dunged were passed through a solution of sal ammoniac. 1857 13 Nov. 3788/2 Improvements in ‘dunging’ fabrics preparatory to dyeing. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler (ed. 7) I. 628 A solution of arseniate of soda, containing from 10 to 50 grains arsenic acid per gallon, according to the strength and nature of the mordants to be dunged. 1974 F. H. Pettit viii. 101 After fabric had been soaked in the proper mordant, cloth was washed and dunged to remove excess mordant. 1828 Deposition 28 Mar. in D. M. Grider (2000) 161 6th. Did he work about the horses. Ans. He did. he fed them. and dunged the stable. 1870 R. S. Burn in 2 24 Gates hung in the ordinary mode are apt to be in the way when the courts are being cleared out or ‘dunged’. 1900 D. Deeney 49 Do not, as is said in the North, ‘dung the byre’ after sunset. It is strictly prohibited to remove the manure after that hour. 1972 Dec. 101/3 Him and Clem had just come out front from dunging the stables when the woman got here. Phrasal verbs With adverbs in specialized senses. to dung out the world > life > the body > organs of excretion > defecation or urination > defecation > [verb (transitive)] a1642 H. Best (1984) 9 Till such time as the lambe beginne to dunge out the milke which it hath gotten of her [sc. an ewe]. 1718 D. Beeckman ii. 146 They tell you that it [sc. white Pepper] is made white by a certain Bird.., that lives on black Pepper, digesting nothing but the Husk, and dunging out the Substance. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > [verb (transitive)] > muck out 1874 2 July The faculty can use the boys for currying that horse, greasing that wagon, and dunging out that barn on rainy days. 1895 Aug. 482 Dunging out the stable but once in a week is, to say the least, in opposition to good sanitation. 1939 P. Gallagher i. 18 Be up early in the morning and dung out the byre. 1997 28 Mar. 7/1 A major part of ‘Spring Fever’ is exemplified in dunging out the house, garage, basement and attic. 1999 (Nexis) 7 Feb. (Features section) 24 For those keen to progress beyond dunging out stables to running or even owning their own business this course is an ideal training. 2014 @RachArm1 8 June in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) Just wondering if you've had a chance to dung out my room and repaint it yet? This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < |
