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单词 drown
释义

drownv.

Brit. /draʊn/, U.S. /draʊn/
Forms: Middle English–1500s drun(e, droun(e, (Middle English drounne, druen, Middle English drone, Middle English–1500s drowen, Scottish drwn), Middle English–1600s drowne, Middle English– drown. β. 1500s dround, 1500s–1600s drownd (now dialect and nonstandard)
Etymology: Middle English drūn-, droun-, drown-, pointing to an Old English *drúnian, not found: origin obscure. A current conjecture is that Middle English drūn- was a phonetic reduction of Middle English drunkn- or Old Norse drukn- (see drunken v.1) in the same sense. But, on phonetic and other grounds, this appears highly improbable. The later variant drownd is parallel in development to astound, bound, compound, sound, etc.
I. Intransitive.Considered ‘unusual’ by N.E.D. in 1897.
1. To suffer death by submersion in water; to perish by suffocation under water (or other liquid).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > death > manner of death > die in specific manner [verb (intransitive)] > die of drowning
adrinkeOE
drunkenc950
drenchc1000
adrenchc1230
drenklec1330
drown1382
fordrench1430
to be food for fishes1561
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 24867 Al mon we druen [Fairf. 14 droun, Vesp. drun].
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11793 Pharaon, Wit al his folk..Al þai drund in þe se.
1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 256 b/1 He fylle in the water and drowned.
1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xiv. 358 Thai in perell war till droune.
c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 30 Narcissus..for loue of eccho..drounit in ane drau vel.
1654 D. Osborne Lett. (1888) lxii. 292 If I drown by the way, this will be my last letter.
1856 L. H. Grindon Life viii. 66 The bird and the mammal drown if submerged in water.
1924 A. D. Sedgwick Little French Girl i. viii. 70 She had the sensation of drowning yet of keeping calm while she drowned.
1928 Manch. Guardian Weekly 31 Aug. 152/1 Public opinion is like the crowd that watches a man drown while convinced that something ought to be done.
1970 Which? June 171/1 Become exhausted and drown without lifejacket.
figurative.1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) 1 Esdras iii. 23 Whan of win thei drownyn.a1653 Z. Boyd Zion's Flowers (1855) 42 Our life..drownes in time.1902 A. Symons Poems I. 119 I sicken with a wild desire, I drown in sweetness.1957 S. Smith Not waving but Drowning 13 I was much too far out all my life. And not waving but drowning.
2. To sink and perish (as a ship); to suffer extinction or destruction by deluge or inundation. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > destroy [verb (intransitive)] > be crushed or stifled
bechekec1175
drowna1300
smoor1508
chokea1593
a1300 Cursor Mundi 24857 Þair scip ai redi for to drun [v.r. droun].
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Fairf. 14) l. 1532 Þis werlde sulde come til ende to droun or wiþ fire be brende.
1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 182 Trubbill weddyr makes schippis to droun.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Chron. (1812) I. cxx. 144 One of the scafoldes drowned in ye water, and the moost part of them that were within it.
II. Transitive.
3.
a. To suffocate (a person or animal) by submersion in water (or other liquid).Mostly with personal agent, or reflexive or passive; but also said of the action of the water.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > death > killing > killing by specific method > kill [verb (transitive)] > by drowning
adrenchOE
drunkenc1175
ofdrunkenc1175
drenchc1200
drowna1300
drenklea1325
drunka1375
stiflea1387
drinkc1425
overfleetc1425
bishop1840
a1300 Cursor Mundi 1652 I sal þam alle in watur droun [v.rr. drenkil, drenche].
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 5592 Pharaon þat king felun þat badd þe childer for to drun [Fairf. droun].
c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxxiii. 151 Sum ware drouned by violence of þe wawes.
?c1510 tr. Newe Landes & People founde by Kynge of Portyngale sig. Dii Ther they drowne theym self.
1533 J. Gau tr. C. Pedersen Richt Vay sig. Hvv Thay var drunit in ye fluid.
1548 Hall's Vnion: Edward IV 239 b He..was prively drouned in a But of Malvesey.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 109 [He] here leaped in, and drouned himselfe.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. v. 178 The last flood did drowne the greatest part of the Inhabitants.
1785 W. Cowper Task ii. 149 The earth shall..drown him in her dry and gusty gulfs.
1853 Ld. Tennyson Princess (ed. 5) Prol. 3 Part were drown'd within the whirling brook.
1869 C. Gibbon Robin Gray iv My faither's drooned.
β. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 528/2 I dreynt (Lydgate), I drownde, je noye.1644 W. Prynne Vindic. Psalme 105.15 (ed. 3) sig. A3v God..drownded Pharaoh and his host in the read sea.1727 J. Swift Pastoral Dialogue Richmond-Lodge in Wks. (1735) II. 376 In my own Thames may I be drownded.
b. figurative. (Also reflexive.)
ΚΠ
1388 Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) 1 Esdras iii. 23 Whanne thei han be drowned of wyn..thei han no mynde what thinges thei diden.
1555 R. Eden in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde Pref. sig. aiijv Men..drowned in the deluge of erroure.
1659 D. Pell Πελαγος 435 They drown themselves in drink.
1788 F. Burney Diary 29 Nov. (1842) IV. 341 Her Majesty..drowned in tears.
1827 R. Pollok Course of Time II. vii. 89 He drowned himself in sleep, In wine.
β. c1679 in Roxburghe Ballads (1886) VI. 146 They dy'd..in Seas of sorrow Drownded.1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby v. 35 ‘Just fill that mug up with lukewarm water, William, will you?’... ‘Why, the milk will be drownded.’
4. To sink (a ship or the like) in water; to send to the bottom. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > cause to come or go down [verb (transitive)] > dip or plunge into liquid > cause to sink in a liquid
senchOE
asenchOE
sinkc1175
drenchc1200
adrenchc1300
drenklea1325
submerse?a1425
drownc1465
submerge1490
sommerse1632
whelm1725
whemmel1824
c1465 Eng. Chron. (Camden) 43 On of the grettist carrakez..was so rent and bored in the sides..that sone aftir it was dround.
c1500 Melusine (1895) xxxvi. 270 His peuple assaylled strongly, and drowned foure of the sarasyns shippes.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. 46 Brasse and lead in the masse or lumpe sinke downe and are drowned.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. ii. 66 In that fight [Lepanto] there was taken and drowned 180 of Turkish Gallies.
5.
a. To lay under or cover with water, etc.; to submerge, flood, inundate, deluge; to drench.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > make very wet [verb (transitive)]
drenchc1000
washc1275
drowna1300
drunkena1300
drunka1382
bewetc1400
bedrenchc1450
bucka1513
sowp1513
drooka1522
sousea1542
soaken1577
overdrown1579
soss1587
embay1590
steep1590
overdrencha1592
embathe1593
indrench1593
imbue1594
douse1606
besob1609
bucket1621
sob1625
dash1670
sop1682
saturate1696
float1729
water1754
sodden1812
douche1864
poach1881
tosh1883
sod1895
a1300 Cursor Mundi 1532 Þat þis werld suld cum til end, Or drund wit watur, or wit fir brend.
a1513 W. Dunbar Ballat Passioun in Poems (1998) I. 37 My visage all in watter drownit.
1556 in J. G. Nichols Chron. Grey Friars (1852) 19 The watter of the Temse by excesse of floode..incresid on the londe unto Populer, and drownyd many howsys and feldes and medowes.
1697 Philos. Trans. 1695–7 (Royal Soc.) 19 353 When the Fens are drowned.
1708 J. C. Compl. Collier 10 in T. Nourse Mistery of Husbandry Discover'd (ed. 3) Several good Collieries..lye unwrought and drowned for want of such Noble Engines.
1861 W. J. M. Rankine Man. Steam Engine 151 A weir is said to be drowned when the water in the channel below it is higher than its crest.
β. ?1677 S. Primatt City & Covntry Purchaser & Builder 7 The works in mines of Lead or Tin Oare, are like..to be drownded.
b. to drown out: to put or drive out by inundation; to stop (works, etc.) or drive (people, etc.) from their habitation by flooding.
ΚΠ
1851 S. Judd Margaret (rev. ed.) i. iii Chilion fished, hunted, laid traps for foxes, drowned out woodchucks.
1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 28 Aug. 3/2 The [Severn Tunnel] works were constantly ‘drowned out’.
1890 S. W. Baker Wild Beasts I. 186 During inundations the islands are frequently drowned out.
1894 Daily News 23 Nov. 6/7 Deserted cottages, whose tenants had..been ‘drowned out’.
c. Tobacco culture. passive. To be injured by long-continued rain followed by hot sunshine.
ΚΠ
1897 Yearbk. U.S. Dept. Agric. 33 This tobacco was cut after being drowned or scalded.
6.
a. transferred and figurative. To overwhelm, to overpower, by rising above like a flood; to immerse or smother; to overpower (sound) by greater loudness.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > prosperity > success > mastery or superiority > have or gain mastery or superiority over [verb (transitive)] > overcome or overwhelm > specifically of things
to come over ——OE
accumberc1275
encumber1377
drown1398
overbear1535
to usurp on or upon1594
overact1649
1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) iii. xiii. 57 The more the resonable soule drowneth hym in to the body the more slowely and the lesse perfytely he vnderstondyth.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 18361 Þou slockens al vr sin; þou has þam drund and don forfare.
a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 29 They wych have theyr myndys drownyd in the vayn plesurys of thys lyfe.
1577 R. Holinshed Hist. Eng. 33/2 in Chron. I Luds gate,..vnto this day it is called Ludgate, the .s. only drowned in ye pronunciation of the word.
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. I1v The sound..was drowned by some lowder noise. View more context for this quotation
1665 J. Glanvill Sciri Tuum: Authors Defense 53 in Scepsis Scientifica Vice drowns the noble Idea's of the Soul.
1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 43/1 Little pieces of..Stone..which they perfectly drowned in Mortar.
1772 W. Jones Poems 31 His heav'nly charms..drown'd her senses in a flood of light.
1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar xiii. 175 Yells drowned his voice.
β. 1550 R. Crowley Way to Wealth sig. Bii Thy curate (that otherwise wold mumble in the mouth & drounde his wordes).1884 Harper's Mag. Feb. 401/2 He had a beautiful voice. He could drownd out the whole choir.
b. Law. To extinguish by merging in something greater or higher. Also intransitive. To merge. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. ix. §584. 254 If the estate in remainder or in reversion be such an estate wherein the particular estate may be drowned.
1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. ix. §589. 256 An estate for life cannot drown in an estate for yeares.
1661 J. Stephens Hist. Disc. Procur. 54 Estates in land are properly drowned or confounded, when a lesser estate concurs with a greater in the same person, and in the same right.
1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 159 The term in possession was quite gone and drowned in the reversion.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1897; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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