dreev.

Brit.

/driː/, U.S.

/dri/, Scottish English

/dri/, Irish English

/driː/

Forms: 1. Present stem.

α. early Old English driogan (in prefixed forms), Old English dreogan, Old English dreohan (in prefixed forms), Old English driogan (in prefixed forms), Old English droge (1st singular indicative, perhaps transmission error), Old English drohgende (present participle, transmission error), late Old English driohan (in prefixed forms), early Middle English drege, early Middle English dreȝhenn ( Ormulum), early Middle English drehe, early Middle English dreoȝe, Middle English dre (chiefly northern), Middle English dreghe, Middle English dreghȝe, Middle English dreght, Middle English dreȝe, Middle English drei (northern), Middle English dreie, Middle English dreigh, Middle English dreiȝe, Middle English dreih, Middle English dreye, Middle English dreyȝ, Middle English dreyȝe, Middle English–1500s (1600s– English regional (northern and north midlands)) dree, 1800s drie (English regional (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 dre, pre-1700 drey, pre-1700 1700s– dree, pre-1700 1800s– drie.

β. Old English drigan (rare), late Old English drygan (in prefixed forms), early Middle English drieȝe, early Middle English drige, early Middle English drihe, Middle English drie, Middle English drighe, Middle English dright (in a late copy), Middle English driȝe, Middle English dry, Middle English dryee, Middle English dryghe, Middle English dryȝ, Middle English dryȝe, Middle English dryhe, Middle English–1500s drye; Scottish pre-1700 dry (see note).

Also 3rd singular indicative early Old English drigiþ (runic), Old English dryhð, Old English drigð, Old English drycð (in prefixed forms), Old English–early Middle English drihð. 2. Past tense. a. Strong. (i). 1st and 3rd singular indicative Old English dreag, Old English dreah, Old English (in prefixed forms)–early Middle English drah, Old English (in prefixed forms)–early Middle English dreg, Old English (in prefixed forms)–early Middle English dreh, early Middle English drei, early Middle English dreih, Middle English dregh, Middle English dreȝ, Middle English dreiȝh, Middle English drey, Middle English dreyȝe, Middle English drie. (ii). Plural indicative Old English drugan, Old English drugon, late Old English drogan, early Middle English drehen, early Middle English dreoȝon (in prefixed forms), early Middle English droȝon (in prefixed forms), early Middle English drohen, early Middle English druhen. b. Weak.

α. early Middle English drehde, early Middle English drehhede, Middle English dreghit (northern, in a late copy), Middle English dreȝed, Middle English dreȝede, Middle English dreied, Middle English (1800s– English regional (northern)) dreed.

β. Middle English dried, Middle English driede, Middle English driȝed, Middle English dryȝed.

3. Past participle. a. Strong Old English drogen (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English drogon (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English gedrogen, early Middle English drogen, early Middle English idreȝen, early Middle English idrohe, early Middle English idrohen, early Middle English idrowe, Middle English droun, Middle English drowen. b. Weak.

α. Middle English (1800s– English regional (northern)) dreed; Scottish pre-1700 dreit, pre-1700 dreyt, 1700s– dreed.

β. Middle English dried.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) driúga to do, perform (only in 3rd singular past indicative draug , in the phrase hann draug orrostu ‘he did battle’), Gothic driugan to do military service, reflecting a Germanic strong verb of Class II < the same Indo-European base as Old Church Slavonic drugŭ (noun) friend, companion, (adjective) other, the other, Old Prussian draugi- companion (in draugiwaldūnen (accusative singular) coheir), Lithuanian draugas companion, friend, Old Lithuanian sudrugti to make friends with, to attach oneself to; further etymology uncertain: perhaps ultimately reflecting an extended form (with velar extension) of the Indo-European base of Sanskrit dhṛ- to hold, keep, carry (see dharma n.).The Germanic base. The primary sense of the Germanic base appears to have been ‘to do, perform, or carry out (what is due, required, or necessary)’, specifically (in the context of Germanic clan affiliation and the comitatus system) ‘to perform (military service)’. The two major strands of meaning of the verb in Old English (‘to carry out, accomplish, fulfil, carry through, continue’ and ‘to experience, endure, suffer, put up with’) reflect parallel semantic developments of the active and passive aspects of this primary sense. Compare (from the same Germanic base) the rare early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) draugr , Old Norwegian (poetic) draugr person who performs a (military) service, follower, retainer, and (with suffixation) Old English dryht retinue, army, and the Germanic cognates cited at dright n.¹ Compare also the related Scandinavian weak verb formation represented by Old Icelandic drýgja to perform, carry out, to make last, eke out, Norwegian dryge (in Bokmål also drøye ) to make last, eke out, to delay, put off, Old Swedish dröghia to delay, put off (Swedish dröja ), Swedish dryga to eke out (1581), Old Danish dryghe to perform, carry out (Danish drøje to eke out, to delay, put off), a de-adjectival derivative < the Scandinavian base of Old Icelandic drjúgr (see dreich adj.), in early use apparently partly influenced semantically (in sense ‘to perform, carry out’) by the base of the strong verb. (The mid front stem vowel in some forms shows a secondary development.) Form history. In Old English a strong verb of Class II. Weak forms are attested already in early Middle English, and are the norm by the 15th cent.; in Older Scots the verb is always weak. In Middle English sometimes confused with draw v. on account of its phonetic similarity (compare especially forms of the past tense at that entry, and also draw v. 20, a sense which may perhaps have developed under the influence of dree v.); e.g.:a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 9398 Þerynne he [sc. Adam] dreyȝe [Gött. drow, Vesp. drogh; c1460 Laud drie] aftir bale.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 16989 Again þe pine he [sc. Christ] for me dregh [Vesp. drou]. The α. forms show the development in certain varieties of Middle English of a diphthong ei (formed from the coalescence of ē , the reflex of Old English ēo , and ȝ , an (intervocalic) voiced palatal, the reflex of Old English g ); in northern Middle English and Older Scots this new diphthong was subsequently monophthongized to long close ē and followed the regular development of that vowel in the Great Vowel Shift (raising to /iː/) giving the usual modern pronunciation. The word is chiefly northern and Scots from at least the 15th cent. onwards (apparently revived in literary use by Scott in the early 19th cent.). The β. forms are of more than one origin: the Old English (and some of the early Middle English) forms probably show the influence of the mutated stem vowel of the 2nd and 3rd singular present indicative, whereas most of the Middle English forms show regular raising of long close ē to ī before an (intervocalic) voiced palatal in certain midland and southern varieties (compare discussion at dreich adj.); if the word had survived into modern standard English, the expected form would be *dry , pronounced /drʌɪ/ after the operation of the Great Vowel Shift (compare die v.¹, eye n.¹, fly v.¹, lie v.², etc.). The rare Scots form dry at β. forms, in an isolated use by the poet Alexander Montgomerie (see quot. c1600 at sense 2c), probably represents a pseudo-anglicization. (The northern English and Scots form drie at α. forms reflects the pronunciation /dri(ː)/.) Specific senses. In sense 1a(b) (in negative contexts), which is frequent in the works of Wulfstan and in homiletic texts of the 11th cent., probably reinforced by the influence of early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic drýgja , which is commonly used in a similar way in negative contexts in the sense ‘to commit (an act regarded as sinful or immoral)’). With to dree one's weird at Phrases 2 compare Old English poetic usage gesceaft (or gesceap) drēogan to fulfil one's destiny, orleg drēogan to fulfil one's destiny, to endure one's fate (with the latter compare Old Icelandic ørlǫg drýgja , in the same sense). Prefixed forms. In Old English the prefixed verb gedrēogan i-dree v. is also attested, although it is considerably less common; compare also adrēogan adree v., þurhdrēogan to work through, to accomplish, to spend (time) in an action (compare through- prefix). It is unclear whether Old English and early Middle English prefixed forms of the past participle represent the prefixed or the unprefixed verb, i.e. dree v. or i-dree v., as formally they may belong to either; however, given the difference in frequency between the prefixed and unprefixed verbs, they are perhaps more likely to represent dree v.

Now chiefly Scottish, Irish English (northern), English regional (northern), or archaic.

†1.

a. To perform, do, carry out.

(a) transitive. In positive or neutral contexts: to perform or carry out (something, esp. a service or duty). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > carrying out > execute, perform, or carry out [verb (transitive)]

lasteOE

ylastc888

wieldeOE

doeOE

dreeOE

forthOE

fremeOE

workOE

affordOE

full-bringc1175

fulfila1225

perfurnisha1325

complishc1374

performc1384

achievea1393

chevisea1400

practic?a1425

exploitc1425

execute1477

furnish1477

through1498

practa1513

enure1549

chare1570

enact1597

act1602

to carry out1608

outcarry1611

celebrate1615

complya1616

peract1621

tide1631

implement1837

OE Riddle 58 1 Ic wat anfete ellen dreogan wiht on wonge.

OE Wulfstan Canons of Edgar (Corpus Cambr.) (1972) l. 12 We lærað þæt preostas on ciricþenungum ealle an dreogan.

a1200 (?OE) MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 191 Neddre doð þre þing lichamliche, þe þe deuel driȝeð gostliche.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6629 He nefde ileorned nauer nane lare buten in his munstre þat munec scolde drigen.

(b) transitive. In negative contexts: to commit (an act regarded as sinful or immoral). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Handbk. for Use of Confessor (Corpus Cambr. 201) in Anglia (1965) 83 24 Gyf mæssepreost oððe munuc hæmedþingc drihð oððe æwe brycð, fæste x gear.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 37 Þe wapmen and þe wimmen þe hordom drien.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 23 Þa sunfulle monne þe dreȝeð a heore uuele werkes.

b. transitive. To act in accordance with or fulfil (the will of God, the devil, etc.); to carry out or comply with (a person's wishes). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Guthlac A 386 Nis þisses beorges setl meodumre ne mara þonne hit men buge [read duge] se þe in þrowingum þeodnes willan dæghwam dreogeð.

OE Wulfstan Dedication of Church (Cleo.) (1957) 247 Se þe þær deð ænig unnyt wordes oððon weorces, he dryhð deofles willan.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7798 Al þis lond stunt a Vortigernes hond, & we beoð alle his men..& we scullen þis don fain, & driȝen [c1300 Otho dreȝen] his wille.

c. transitive. To do (penance); to perform or undertake (an act or period of repentance). Obsolete (merging into sense 2 in later use).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > sacrament > confession > penance > impose penance on [verb (transitive)] > do penance

dreea1225

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 51 Er he hefde idreȝen þet scrift.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 15829 He bad him he suld go to Rome... ‘Þe to asoyle, penaunce to drie, among þe sayntes salle þou lie’.

c1475 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 6 God hase grauntut me grace, To dre my penawunse in this place.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 210 The slaers..sulde be banist to ffrance and drie thair pennance thair.

1653 in W. B. Cook Stirling Antiquary (1900) II. 13 Jeane Dougell did drie out hir repentance and was receaved be the minister out of the publick place of repentance.

1784 J. Goldie Gospel Recovered from Captive State IV. v. vii. 55 The..Papists, by dreeing penance, with other unprofitable ceremonies of like nature..imagine that they, on account thereof, are accepted in the sight of God.

1831 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae lix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 838 What'n enormities! He maun drie pennance by a pilgrimage to Loch Derg.

a. transitive. To suffer or undergo (a difficult, painful, or unpleasant experience); to endure or bear (pain, hardship, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)]

thave835

i-dreeeOE

tholec897

abeareOE

underbearc950

adreeOE

dreeOE

driveOE

i-tholeOE

throwOE

underfoc1000

bearOE

bidec1200

suffera1250

abidec1275

drinka1340

endure1340

underfong1382

receivec1384

abyea1393

sustain1398

finda1400

undergoa1400

get?c1430

underganga1470

ponder?a1525

a dog's lifea1528

tolerate1531

to stand to ——1540

to feel the weight of?1553

enjoy1577

carry1583

abrook1594

to stand under ——a1616

to fall a victim to1764

the mind > emotion > suffering > suffer mental pain [verb (transitive)]

thave835

i-dreeeOE

tholec897

underbearc950

adreeOE

dreeOE

driveOE

i-tholeOE

throwOE

underfoc1000

bearOE

takec1175

bidec1200

suffera1250

leadc1330

drinka1340

endure1340

wielda1375

underfong1382

receivec1384

sustain1398

finda1400

undergoa1400

underganga1470

ponder?a1525

tolerate1531

to go through ——1535

to feel the weight of?1553

enjoy1577

carry1583

abrook1594

OE Cynewulf Crist II 622 Þu scealt yrmþum lifgan, wunian in gewinne ond wræce dreogan.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1442 Crist tær he wass o þe treo. Naȝȝledd..Drah harrd. & hefiȝ pine inoh.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 262 Woch of scheome þet mon dreȝeð.

c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 2526 He telde hire þe sorewe þat he dreȝ.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 2249 (MED) Wit cord and plum þai wroght sa hei, Þe hette o þe sun moght þai noght drei.

1553 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Eneados iv. x. (heading) Quhat sorow Dreis quene Dydo all the nycht.

1605 W. Leigh Christians Watch sig. B3 Hell with his judgements, the deuil and damned euer dreeing the doome of death, and deepe dispaire.

a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 167 His buik has dreed a sair, sair fa'.

1790 A. Wilson Poems 50 A life like this what beast could dree, 'Twere death and worse to ought but thee.

1844 W. Thom Rhymes & Recoll. 63 Wyles in woman's smiles..bring a pang at whiles That's unco sair to dree.

1848 E. C. Gaskell Mary Barton II. viii. 125 To dree all the cruel slander they'll put upon him.

1920 J. Black Airtin' Hame 98 Through the whins, the weary whins, Dreein' mony a stang.

1987 D. Purves Ill Guidmither (SCOTS) i. iv Na, na, Christ, this canna be! Ah canna drie this! This is mair nor Ah can beir!

2004 R. Fairnie Scots Tung Wittins (SCOTS) No. 125. The Cornish folk haes haed tae dree the dunts o litigation frae the central Government afore.

b. transitive. In negative constructions. To tolerate or put up with (something or someone) without objection or resistance; to be willing to accept (that something is the case). Now rare.

ΚΠ

OE Wulfstan Canons of Edgar (Junius) (1972) xxviii. 8 Riht is þæt man æt cyricwæccan swyðe dreoh [altered to gedreoh] sy, and georne gebidde, and ænig gedrync ne ænig unnytt ðær ne dreoge.

c1330 King of Tars (Auch.) l. 235 in Englische Studien (1889) 11 39 Certes, y nil no lenger dreye, Þat cristen folk for me dye.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxii. l. 338 (MED) Non lengere myht I hire drye, But threw hire owt of myn hows.

1922 ‘Restalrig’ Sheep's Heid 73 Men'll no' dree thae feckless craturs owre lang.

†c. intransitive. To suffer; to endure or undergo pain, sorrow, etc. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. iii. 245 Eala on hu grundleasum seaðe þæt mod drigð, þonne hit bestyrmað þisse worulde ungeþwærnessa.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2524 (MED) Betere is ous forto die..in fiȝte, Þan herinne clynge & drie & daye for hunger.

c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Fabula Duorum Mercatorum (Harl.) l. 215 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 493 Thus longith it to freendys, entirparte Nat oonly merthe, but wo and hevynesse..yif oon drye, bothe they haue distresse.

c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 36 Of duill and dolour so I dry [rhymes I, fry, wry, invy, spy].

1637 in W. Stevenson Presbyterie Bk. Kirkcaldie (1900) 67 William Young salbe weelcome to my hous come when he will, and I shall drie for it.

a1728 W. Kennett Etymol. Coll. Eng. Words & Provinc. Expressions (2018) 174 I dree much, I suffer much. Lan[cashire].

†3. transitive. In positive or neutral contexts: to experience or feel (something); to enjoy (something pleasant, a good experience). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

OE Beowulf (2008) 1782 Ga nu to setle, symbelwynne dreoh wigge weorþad [perhaps read wiggeweorþad].

a1200 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Trin. Cambr.) l. 292 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 229 (MED) Nis hit bute game & glie of þat man mai here drie [v.rr.] dreoȝen, drieȝen, dreye, dreȝe.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 3546 Now couertly her eyene for to baite In place wher as set is her pleasaunce, Now priuely to haue her daliaunce Be some sygne or castyng of an eye, Or toknes schewyng in hert[e] what þei drye.

c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1879 For what I drye or what I thynke I wil my selfe alle hyt drynke Certeyn, for the more parte As fer forthe as I kan my arte.

a. transitive. To last through (a period of time); to pass, spend, live (one's life, days). Often with the notion of endurance in the face of hardship or sorrow (cf. sense 2). Also with †forth, out.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > [verb (transitive)]

leadc900

dreeOE

liveOE

traverse1477

inleadc1560

OE Beowulf (2008) 2726 Wisse he gearwe þæt he dæghwila gedrogen hæfde, eorðan wyn[ne].

c1330 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 32 Wiþ diol dreye we our days & walk..As wandrand wiȝtes.

a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) i. l. 1085 Troylus..fareth lyk a man þat hurt is sore..And þus he drieth forth his auenture.

1586 in W. A. Craigie Maitland Quarto MS (1920) xxxv. 58 Ane lyife full of delyite gif ȝe ȝour dayis wald drie In pastyme maist perfyite Gif that ȝe list to be.

c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 23 Drie furth the inch as thou hes done the span.

1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel ii. v. 39 Would'st thou thy every future year In ceaseless prayer and penance drie.

1881 D. Thomson Musings 94 There's ither puir mortals, wha dree oot their life, Just scrapin' for siller.

2005 New Shetlander No. 234. 12/2 Wark stops wi a seich, a hooch, a foy, or drees oot da night ida hidmaist pub.

b. intransitive. To continue in existence; to endure, last, hold out, survive. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > be constant or steadfast [verb (intransitive)] > endure without giving way

bearOE

sustaina1382

dreec1400

to bear, hold tack1580

to stick out1677

to tough it (out)1830

to keep (carry, have) a stiff upper lip1837

to take it (or life) on the chin1928

to hang in1969

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 491 Þen watz þer joy in þat gyn where jumpred er dryȝed.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xvii. 207 Well is me that I shall dre Tyll I haue sene hym with myn ee.

a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. l. 19596 The scottis than, that no langer micht dre, Tha faucht to deid ilkone.

a1728 W. Kennett Etymol. Coll. Eng. Words & Provinc. Expressions (2018) 174 To dree, to hold out, as in a long walk they say, I can never dree, i.e. never hold out.

1868 J. C. Atkinson Gloss. Cleveland Dial. Dree, to endure, to last.

1871 P. H. Waddell Psalms frae Hebrew lxxxviii. 15 I..kenna nae langer how till dree.

1919 G. Rae 'Tween Clyde & Tweed 90 Ablow yon simmer sky, That hauds the hame where love for ever drees.

†5. intransitive. With may and might. To have the endurance or strength necessary to continue doing something; to have the strength or ability to do or accomplish something. Chiefly in as fast as one (also feet) might (or may) dree. Obsolete.In early use also transitive with infinitive as object.

ΚΠ

c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 187 Six men beateð hire hwil ha mahten drehen.

c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) l. 552 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 304 Alle þe lordings..Seiden hi ne seȝe neuer wiȝ egȝe Man þat mighte so longe dreghe..Sitten a strok of here King.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1772 Fled as fast homward as fet miȝt drie.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 13448 Is noon so siȝty foule of eȝe Ny so fer to fle may dreȝe.

c1440 (c1350) Octovian (Thornton) l. 461 Scho ran ywhils þat scho myght dreghe [c1450 Cambr. whyll sche myght].

c1580 ( tr. Bk. Alexander (1921) II. ii. l. 1890 He liftit his hand-axe hie, And straik als fast as he micht dre.

c1750 4 New Songs & Prophecy iii. 5 He's away to the Hostler's House, Even as fast as he might dree.

1827 W. Motherwell Minstrelsy 59 Carmichael's awa to Margaret's bower, E'en as fast as he may drie.

†6. transitive. With out. To extend the length or duration of (something); to spin or drag out. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > spending time > spend time or allow time to pass [verb (transitive)] > waste time

leese?c1225

losea1340

defer1382

wastea1400

slip1435

consumea1500

superexpend1513

slow?1522

sloth1523

to fode forth1525

slack1548

dree1584

sleuth1584

confound1598

spenda1604

to fret out1608

to spin out1608

misplace1609

spend1614

tavern1628

devast1632

to drill away, on, outa1656

dulla1682

to dally away1685

squander1693

to linger awaya1704

dangle1727

dawdle1768

slim1812

diddle1826

to run out the clock1957

the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (transitive)] > cause to endure, sustain, or prolong

lengOE

drawOE

teec1200

forlengtha1300

lengtha1300

drivec1300

tarryc1320

proloynec1350

continuec1380

to draw alonga1382

longa1382

dretch1393

conservea1398

to draw (out) in, into, at, or on lengtha1400

prorogue1419

prolongc1425

aroomc1440

prorogate?a1475

protend?a1475

dilate1489

forlong1496

relong1523

to draw out1542

sustentate1542

linger1543

defer1546

pertract1548

propagate1548

protract1548

linger1550

lengthen1555

train1556

detract?a1562

to make forth (long, longer)1565

stretch1568

extend1574

extenuate1583

dree1584

wire-draw1598

to spin out1603

trail1604

disabridge1605

produce1605

continuate1611

out-length1617

spin1629

to eke out1641

producta1670

prolongate1671

drawl1694

drag1697

perennate1698

string1867

perennialize1898

1584 King James VI & I Ess. Prentise Poesie sig. H^v To drie Her voyage out.

1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. 33/2 ‘Don't dree it out so’.

7. transitive. To fear, worry about, or anticipate (something painful, unpleasant, or difficult); to dread. Now rare.Continuing currency of this sense is perhaps implied by recent evidence of the corresponding noun in the sense ‘source or object of fear or worry’ (see quot. 2007 at dree n.).

ΚΠ

1784 Jock o' Side in G. Caw Poet. Museum 146 Three men I'll take, to set him free, Weel harness'd a' wi' best o' steel; The English rogues may hear, and drie The weight o' their braid swords to feel.

1860 J. Crawford Doric Lays 2nd Ser. 36 Guidman.., Gae stake ye the winnock for danger I dree.

1892 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Dree, drie, to dread... ‘Ye'll dree the deeth ye'll nivver dee’, Northumberland Proverb.

1896 H. Ochiltree Redburn (Amer. ed.) xx. 246 The past's an unco fyke, but I dree the future mair. We ken what has been; but we dinna, what's to be.

8. transitive. To deliver (a speech, statement, etc.) in a slow, long-winded, or monotonous way; to drone, to drawl. Now rare.Also with direct speech as object.

ΚΠ

1855 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words 49 Dreed, delivered slowly in the way of a discourse. ‘He dreed a lang drone’, delivered a tiresome dissertation.

1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. 33/2 ‘He dreed so long a tale, it was dowling..to hear him’.

1934 P. MacGill Glen of Carra 140 ‘Off to her sister's house,’ dreed Peggy.

Phrases

†P1. to dree death: to die. Obsolete (archaic and literary in later use).

ΚΠ

OE Guthlac A 680 Þær ge gnornende deað sceolon dreogan.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 448 Hit is aȝein riht & aȝein leaue of euch cundelich lahe, þet godd þe is undedlich mahe deð drehen, & deadlich mon mahe deð ouercumen.

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 82 (MED) Þat wite wel, þat þu shalt dreigen det.

a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 6253 Lyfed he [sc. Lazarus] after fyften yhere, Bot he lughe never, ne made blythe chere, For drede of dede þat he most efte dreghe.

1881 J. Payne tr. Villon Poems (new ed.) 4 She..Wills and ordains that I should dree Death and leave life and liberty.

P2. to dree one's weird and variants: to endure one's fate; to suffer or submit to one's destiny. In later use also with a particular kind of fate specified (see e.g. quots. 1816, 1996). Chiefly archaic and literary in later use.In early use only with weird in plural (cf. weird n. 3b).In quot. c1450 apparently (in weakened sense): to try one's luck.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > fate or destiny as determining events > must as decreed by fate [verb (intransitive)] > endure one's fate

to dree one's weirdc1400

to grin and abide1785

to grin and bear ita1827

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1224 In doungoun be don to dreȝe þer his wyrdes.

c1450 (?a1400) Parl. Thre Ages (BL Add. 31042) l. 3 (MED) Als I went to the wodde my werdes to dreghe..a schotte me to gete At ane hert or ane hynde, happen as it myghte.

1603 Proph. Waldhaue in Whole Prophesie Scotl. sig. C^v Heere in wildernes I dwell, my weird for to dree.

1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. iii. 54 Ohon! we're dreeing a sair weird—we hae had a heavy dispensation.

1886 E. Lynn Linton Paston Carew III. vi. 133 French must dree his weird as a brave man should.

1922 G. Atherton Sleeping Fires xlvii. 295 ‘Poor Howard!’ ‘He dreed his weird,’ said Mrs. McLane indifferently. ‘He couldn't help it.’

1926 ‘H. MacDiarmid’ Drunk Man looks at Thistle 2 Ony man s'ud wish To dree the goat's weird tae as weel's the sheep's!

1996 Independent (Nexis) 25 Feb. 42 I am..hunched keening under the bedclothes with a Cadbury's Creme Egg, dreeing my feeble weird.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	dree
释义	dreen. Brit. /driː/, U.S. /dri/, Scottish English /dri/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: dree v. Etymology: < dree v. Compare earlier dreich n. Scottish and English regional (north-eastern). Suffering, grief, trouble; (also) a source or object of fear or worry. Cf. dreich n. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun] sorec888 teeneOE sorrowOE workOE wrakeOE careOE gramec1000 harmOE howc1000 trayOE woweOE angec1175 derfnessc1175 sytec1175 unwinc1175 wosithc1200 ail?c1225 barrat?c1225 derf?c1225 grief?c1225 misease?c1225 misliking?c1225 ofthinkingc1225 passion?c1225 troublec1230 pinec1275 distress1297 grievancea1300 penancea1300 cumbermentc1300 languorc1300 cumbering1303 were1303 angera1325 strifea1325 sweama1325 woea1325 painc1330 tribulationc1330 illa1340 threst1340 constraintc1374 troublenessc1380 afflictiona1382 bruisinga1382 miseasetya1382 pressurec1384 exercisec1386 miscomfortc1390 mislikea1400 smarta1400 thronga1400 balec1400 painfulnessc1400 troublancec1400 smartness?c1425 painliness1435 perplexity?a1439 penalty?1462 calamity1490 penality1496 cumber?a1513 sussy1513 tribule1513 afflict?1529 vexation of spirit1535 troublesomeness1561 hoe1567 grievedness1571 tribulance1575 languishment1576 thrall1578 tine1590 languorment1593 aggrievedness1594 obturbation1623 afflictedness1646 erumny1657 pathos1684 shock1705 dree1791 vex1815 wrungnessa1875 dukkha1886 thinkache1892 sufferation1976 the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > cause of evilc897 anguishc1330 discomfortc1405 trouble1591 dree1791 the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > tribulation, trouble, or affliction teeneOE harmOE sourc1000 trayOE angec1175 wosithc1200 ail?c1225 barrat?c1225 misease?c1225 passion?c1225 troublec1230 sorenessc1275 grievancea1300 cumbermentc1300 cumbering1303 thro1303 angera1325 strifea1325 sweama1325 encumbrancec1330 tribulationc1330 threst1340 mischiefa1375 pressc1375 unhend1377 miseasetya1382 angernessc1390 molestc1390 troublancec1400 notea1425 miseasenessc1450 cumber?a1513 tribule1513 unseasonableness?1523 troublesomeness1561 tribulance1575 tine1590 trials and tribulations1591 pressure1648 difficulty1667 hell to pay1758 dree1791 trial and tribulation1792 Queer Street1811 Sturm und Drang1857 a thin time1924 shit1929 crap1932 shtook1936 1791 J. Learmont Poems Pastoral 80 Whase with thee leagu'd, Sale be on brunstane's lowes wi' dree Eternal plagu'd. 1871 P. H. Waddell Psalms frae Hebrew (xxvii. 5) 21/2 I' the day o' dule an' dree. 1917 D. G. Mitchell Kirk i' Clachan 193 A' that strike aff frae God's road will fin' the same dree. a1970 T. Moody Mid-Northumbrian Dial. (2007) 196 She'll hĕh tĭ beer the dree on't. 2007 S. Blackhall Quarry iii. 23 Pat Duguid's warst dree wis that Neil wad find his birth-mither gin the day cam that he wad ettle tae sikk her oot. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). dreev. Brit. /driː/, U.S. /dri/, Scottish English /dri/, Irish English /driː/ Forms: 1. Present stem. α. early Old English driogan (in prefixed forms), Old English dreogan, Old English dreohan (in prefixed forms), Old English driogan (in prefixed forms), Old English droge (1st singular indicative, perhaps transmission error), Old English drohgende (present participle, transmission error), late Old English driohan (in prefixed forms), early Middle English drege, early Middle English dreȝhenn ( Ormulum), early Middle English drehe, early Middle English dreoȝe, Middle English dre (chiefly northern), Middle English dreghe, Middle English dreghȝe, Middle English dreght, Middle English dreȝe, Middle English drei (northern), Middle English dreie, Middle English dreigh, Middle English dreiȝe, Middle English dreih, Middle English dreye, Middle English dreyȝ, Middle English dreyȝe, Middle English–1500s (1600s– English regional (northern and north midlands)) dree, 1800s drie (English regional (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 dre, pre-1700 drey, pre-1700 1700s– dree, pre-1700 1800s– drie. β. Old English drigan (rare), late Old English drygan (in prefixed forms), early Middle English drieȝe, early Middle English drige, early Middle English drihe, Middle English drie, Middle English drighe, Middle English dright (in a late copy), Middle English driȝe, Middle English dry, Middle English dryee, Middle English dryghe, Middle English dryȝ, Middle English dryȝe, Middle English dryhe, Middle English–1500s drye; Scottish pre-1700 dry (see note). Also 3rd singular indicative early Old English drigiþ (runic), Old English dryhð, Old English drigð, Old English drycð (in prefixed forms), Old English–early Middle English drihð. 2. Past tense. a. Strong. (i). 1st and 3rd singular indicative Old English dreag, Old English dreah, Old English (in prefixed forms)–early Middle English drah, Old English (in prefixed forms)–early Middle English dreg, Old English (in prefixed forms)–early Middle English dreh, early Middle English drei, early Middle English dreih, Middle English dregh, Middle English dreȝ, Middle English dreiȝh, Middle English drey, Middle English dreyȝe, Middle English drie. (ii). Plural indicative Old English drugan, Old English drugon, late Old English drogan, early Middle English drehen, early Middle English dreoȝon (in prefixed forms), early Middle English droȝon (in prefixed forms), early Middle English drohen, early Middle English druhen. b. Weak. α. early Middle English drehde, early Middle English drehhede, Middle English dreghit (northern, in a late copy), Middle English dreȝed, Middle English dreȝede, Middle English dreied, Middle English (1800s– English regional (northern)) dreed. β. Middle English dried, Middle English driede, Middle English driȝed, Middle English dryȝed. 3. Past participle. a. Strong Old English drogen (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English drogon (in prefixed forms (not ge-)), Old English gedrogen, early Middle English drogen, early Middle English idreȝen, early Middle English idrohe, early Middle English idrohen, early Middle English idrowe, Middle English droun, Middle English drowen. b. Weak. α. Middle English (1800s– English regional (northern)) dreed; Scottish pre-1700 dreit, pre-1700 dreyt, 1700s– dreed. β. Middle English dried. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) driúga to do, perform (only in 3rd singular past indicative draug , in the phrase hann draug orrostu ‘he did battle’), Gothic driugan to do military service, reflecting a Germanic strong verb of Class II < the same Indo-European base as Old Church Slavonic drugŭ (noun) friend, companion, (adjective) other, the other, Old Prussian draugi- companion (in draugiwaldūnen (accusative singular) coheir), Lithuanian draugas companion, friend, Old Lithuanian sudrugti to make friends with, to attach oneself to; further etymology uncertain: perhaps ultimately reflecting an extended form (with velar extension) of the Indo-European base of Sanskrit dhṛ- to hold, keep, carry (see dharma n.).The Germanic base. The primary sense of the Germanic base appears to have been ‘to do, perform, or carry out (what is due, required, or necessary)’, specifically (in the context of Germanic clan affiliation and the comitatus system) ‘to perform (military service)’. The two major strands of meaning of the verb in Old English (‘to carry out, accomplish, fulfil, carry through, continue’ and ‘to experience, endure, suffer, put up with’) reflect parallel semantic developments of the active and passive aspects of this primary sense. Compare (from the same Germanic base) the rare early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) draugr , Old Norwegian (poetic) draugr person who performs a (military) service, follower, retainer, and (with suffixation) Old English dryht retinue, army, and the Germanic cognates cited at dright n.¹ Compare also the related Scandinavian weak verb formation represented by Old Icelandic drýgja to perform, carry out, to make last, eke out, Norwegian dryge (in Bokmål also drøye ) to make last, eke out, to delay, put off, Old Swedish dröghia to delay, put off (Swedish dröja ), Swedish dryga to eke out (1581), Old Danish dryghe to perform, carry out (Danish drøje to eke out, to delay, put off), a de-adjectival derivative < the Scandinavian base of Old Icelandic drjúgr (see dreich adj.), in early use apparently partly influenced semantically (in sense ‘to perform, carry out’) by the base of the strong verb. (The mid front stem vowel in some forms shows a secondary development.) Form history. In Old English a strong verb of Class II. Weak forms are attested already in early Middle English, and are the norm by the 15th cent.; in Older Scots the verb is always weak. In Middle English sometimes confused with draw v. on account of its phonetic similarity (compare especially forms of the past tense at that entry, and also draw v. 20, a sense which may perhaps have developed under the influence of dree v.); e.g.:a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 9398 Þerynne he [sc. Adam] dreyȝe [Gött. drow, Vesp. drogh; c1460 Laud drie] aftir bale.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 16989 Again þe pine he [sc. Christ] for me dregh [Vesp. drou]. The α. forms show the development in certain varieties of Middle English of a diphthong ei (formed from the coalescence of ē , the reflex of Old English ēo , and ȝ , an (intervocalic) voiced palatal, the reflex of Old English g ); in northern Middle English and Older Scots this new diphthong was subsequently monophthongized to long close ē and followed the regular development of that vowel in the Great Vowel Shift (raising to /iː/) giving the usual modern pronunciation. The word is chiefly northern and Scots from at least the 15th cent. onwards (apparently revived in literary use by Scott in the early 19th cent.). The β. forms are of more than one origin: the Old English (and some of the early Middle English) forms probably show the influence of the mutated stem vowel of the 2nd and 3rd singular present indicative, whereas most of the Middle English forms show regular raising of long close ē to ī before an (intervocalic) voiced palatal in certain midland and southern varieties (compare discussion at dreich adj.); if the word had survived into modern standard English, the expected form would be dry , pronounced /drʌɪ/ after the operation of the Great Vowel Shift (compare die v.¹, eye n.¹, fly v.¹, lie v.², etc.). The rare Scots form dry* at β. forms, in an isolated use by the poet Alexander Montgomerie (see quot. c1600 at sense 2c), probably represents a pseudo-anglicization. (The northern English and Scots form drie at α. forms reflects the pronunciation /dri(ː)/.) Specific senses. In sense 1a(b) (in negative contexts), which is frequent in the works of Wulfstan and in homiletic texts of the 11th cent., probably reinforced by the influence of early Scandinavian (compare Old Icelandic drýgja , which is commonly used in a similar way in negative contexts in the sense ‘to commit (an act regarded as sinful or immoral)’). With to dree one's weird at Phrases 2 compare Old English poetic usage gesceaft (or gesceap) drēogan to fulfil one's destiny, orleg drēogan to fulfil one's destiny, to endure one's fate (with the latter compare Old Icelandic ørlǫg drýgja , in the same sense). Prefixed forms. In Old English the prefixed verb gedrēogan i-dree v. is also attested, although it is considerably less common; compare also adrēogan adree v., þurhdrēogan to work through, to accomplish, to spend (time) in an action (compare through- prefix). It is unclear whether Old English and early Middle English prefixed forms of the past participle represent the prefixed or the unprefixed verb, i.e. dree v. or i-dree v., as formally they may belong to either; however, given the difference in frequency between the prefixed and unprefixed verbs, they are perhaps more likely to represent dree v. Now chiefly Scottish, Irish English (northern), English regional (northern), or archaic. †1. a. To perform, do, carry out. (a) transitive. In positive or neutral contexts: to perform or carry out (something, esp. a service or duty). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > carrying out > execute, perform, or carry out [verb (transitive)] lasteOE ylastc888 wieldeOE doeOE dreeOE forthOE fremeOE workOE affordOE full-bringc1175 fulfila1225 perfurnisha1325 complishc1374 performc1384 achievea1393 chevisea1400 practic?a1425 exploitc1425 execute1477 furnish1477 through1498 practa1513 enure1549 chare1570 enact1597 act1602 to carry out1608 outcarry1611 celebrate1615 complya1616 peract1621 tide1631 implement1837 OE Riddle 58 1 Ic wat anfete ellen dreogan wiht on wonge. OE Wulfstan Canons of Edgar (Corpus Cambr.) (1972) l. 12 We lærað þæt preostas on ciricþenungum ealle an dreogan. a1200 (?OE) MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 191 Neddre doð þre þing lichamliche, þe þe deuel driȝeð gostliche. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6629 He nefde ileorned nauer nane lare buten in his munstre þat munec scolde drigen. (b) transitive. In negative contexts: to commit (an act regarded as sinful or immoral). Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Handbk. for Use of Confessor (Corpus Cambr. 201) in Anglia (1965) 83 24 Gyf mæssepreost oððe munuc hæmedþingc drihð oððe æwe brycð, fæste x gear. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 37 Þe wapmen and þe wimmen þe hordom drien. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 23 Þa sunfulle monne þe dreȝeð a heore uuele werkes. b. transitive. To act in accordance with or fulfil (the will of God, the devil, etc.); to carry out or comply with (a person's wishes). Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Guthlac A 386 Nis þisses beorges setl meodumre ne mara þonne hit men buge [read duge] se þe in þrowingum þeodnes willan dæghwam dreogeð. OE Wulfstan Dedication of Church (Cleo.) (1957) 247 Se þe þær deð ænig unnyt wordes oððon weorces, he dryhð deofles willan. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7798 Al þis lond stunt a Vortigernes hond, & we beoð alle his men..& we scullen þis don fain, & driȝen [c1300 Otho dreȝen] his wille. c. transitive. To do (penance); to perform or undertake (an act or period of repentance). Obsolete (merging into sense 2 in later use). ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > confession > penance > impose penance on [verb (transitive)] > do penance dreea1225 a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 51 Er he hefde idreȝen þet scrift. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 15829 He bad him he suld go to Rome... ‘Þe to asoyle, penaunce to drie, among þe sayntes salle þou lie’. c1475 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 6 God hase grauntut me grace, To dre my penawunse in this place. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1895) II. 210 The slaers..sulde be banist to ffrance and drie thair pennance thair. 1653 in W. B. Cook Stirling Antiquary (1900) II. 13 Jeane Dougell did drie out hir repentance and was receaved be the minister out of the publick place of repentance. 1784 J. Goldie Gospel Recovered from Captive State IV. v. vii. 55 The..Papists, by dreeing penance, with other unprofitable ceremonies of like nature..imagine that they, on account thereof, are accepted in the sight of God. 1831 J. Wilson Noctes Ambrosianae lix, in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 838 What'n enormities! He maun drie pennance by a pilgrimage to Loch Derg. 2. a. transitive. To suffer or undergo (a difficult, painful, or unpleasant experience); to endure or bear (pain, hardship, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > suffer (adversity or affliction) [verb (transitive)] thave835 i-dreeeOE tholec897 abeareOE underbearc950 adreeOE dreeOE driveOE i-tholeOE throwOE underfoc1000 bearOE bidec1200 suffera1250 abidec1275 drinka1340 endure1340 underfong1382 receivec1384 abyea1393 sustain1398 finda1400 undergoa1400 get?c1430 underganga1470 ponder?a1525 a dog's lifea1528 tolerate1531 to stand to ——1540 to feel the weight of?1553 enjoy1577 carry1583 abrook1594 to stand under ——a1616 to fall a victim to1764 the mind > emotion > suffering > suffer mental pain [verb (transitive)] thave835 i-dreeeOE tholec897 underbearc950 adreeOE dreeOE driveOE i-tholeOE throwOE underfoc1000 bearOE takec1175 bidec1200 suffera1250 leadc1330 drinka1340 endure1340 wielda1375 underfong1382 receivec1384 sustain1398 finda1400 undergoa1400 underganga1470 ponder?a1525 tolerate1531 to go through ——1535 to feel the weight of?1553 enjoy1577 carry1583 abrook1594 OE Cynewulf Crist II 622 Þu scealt yrmþum lifgan, wunian in gewinne ond wræce dreogan. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 1442 Crist tær he wass o þe treo. Naȝȝledd..Drah harrd. & hefiȝ pine inoh. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 262 Woch of scheome þet mon dreȝeð. c1330 Seven Sages (Auch.) (1933) l. 2526 He telde hire þe sorewe þat he dreȝ. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 2249 (MED) Wit cord and plum þai wroght sa hei, Þe hette o þe sun moght þai noght drei. 1553 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Eneados iv. x. (heading) Quhat sorow Dreis quene Dydo all the nycht. 1605 W. Leigh Christians Watch sig. B3 Hell with his judgements, the deuil and damned euer dreeing the doome of death, and deepe dispaire. a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 167 His buik has dreed a sair, sair fa'. 1790 A. Wilson Poems 50 A life like this what beast could dree, 'Twere death and worse to ought but thee. 1844 W. Thom Rhymes & Recoll. 63 Wyles in woman's smiles..bring a pang at whiles That's unco sair to dree. 1848 E. C. Gaskell Mary Barton II. viii. 125 To dree all the cruel slander they'll put upon him. 1920 J. Black Airtin' Hame 98 Through the whins, the weary whins, Dreein' mony a stang. 1987 D. Purves Ill Guidmither (SCOTS) i. iv Na, na, Christ, this canna be! Ah canna drie this! This is mair nor Ah can beir! 2004 R. Fairnie Scots Tung Wittins (SCOTS) No. 125. The Cornish folk haes haed tae dree the dunts o litigation frae the central Government afore. b. transitive. In negative constructions. To tolerate or put up with (something or someone) without objection or resistance; to be willing to accept (that something is the case). Now rare. ΚΠ OE Wulfstan Canons of Edgar (Junius) (1972) xxviii. 8 Riht is þæt man æt cyricwæccan swyðe dreoh [altered to gedreoh] sy, and georne gebidde, and ænig gedrync ne ænig unnytt ðær ne dreoge. c1330 King of Tars (Auch.) l. 235 in Englische Studien (1889) 11 39 Certes, y nil no lenger dreye, Þat cristen folk for me dye. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xxii. l. 338 (MED) Non lengere myht I hire drye, But threw hire owt of myn hows. 1922 ‘Restalrig’ Sheep's Heid 73 Men'll no' dree thae feckless craturs owre lang. †c. intransitive. To suffer; to endure or undergo pain, sorrow, etc. Obsolete. ΚΠ lOE King Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Bodl.) (2009) I. iii. 245 Eala on hu grundleasum seaðe þæt mod drigð, þonne hit bestyrmað þisse worulde ungeþwærnessa. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 2524 (MED) Betere is ous forto die..in fiȝte, Þan herinne clynge & drie & daye for hunger. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Fabula Duorum Mercatorum (Harl.) l. 215 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 493 Thus longith it to freendys, entirparte Nat oonly merthe, but wo and hevynesse..yif oon drye, bothe they haue distresse. c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 36 Of duill and dolour so I dry [rhymes I, fry, wry, invy, spy]. 1637 in W. Stevenson Presbyterie Bk. Kirkcaldie (1900) 67 William Young salbe weelcome to my hous come when he will, and I shall drie for it. a1728 W. Kennett Etymol. Coll. Eng. Words & Provinc. Expressions (2018) 174 I dree much, I suffer much. Lan[cashire]. †3. transitive. In positive or neutral contexts: to experience or feel (something); to enjoy (something pleasant, a good experience). Obsolete. ΚΠ OE Beowulf (2008) 1782 Ga nu to setle, symbelwynne dreoh wigge weorþad [perhaps read wiggeweorþad]. a1200 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Trin. Cambr.) l. 292 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 229 (MED) Nis hit bute game & glie of þat man mai here drie [v.rr.] dreoȝen, drieȝen, dreye, dreȝe. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. l. 3546 Now couertly her eyene for to baite In place wher as set is her pleasaunce, Now priuely to haue her daliaunce Be some sygne or castyng of an eye, Or toknes schewyng in hert[e] what þei drye. c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 1879 For what I drye or what I thynke I wil my selfe alle hyt drynke Certeyn, for the more parte As fer forthe as I kan my arte. 4. a. transitive. To last through (a period of time); to pass, spend, live (one's life, days). Often with the notion of endurance in the face of hardship or sorrow (cf. sense 2). Also with †forth, out. ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > [verb (transitive)] leadc900 dreeOE liveOE traverse1477 inleadc1560 OE Beowulf (2008) 2726 Wisse he gearwe þæt he dæghwila gedrogen hæfde, eorðan wyn[ne]. c1330 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 14th Cent. (1924) 32 Wiþ diol dreye we our days & walk..As wandrand wiȝtes. a1413 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Pierpont Morgan) (1881) i. l. 1085 Troylus..fareth lyk a man þat hurt is sore..And þus he drieth forth his auenture. 1586 in W. A. Craigie Maitland Quarto MS (1920) xxxv. 58 Ane lyife full of delyite gif ȝe ȝour dayis wald drie In pastyme maist perfyite Gif that ȝe list to be. c1600 A. Montgomerie Poems (2000) I. 23 Drie furth the inch as thou hes done the span. 1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel ii. v. 39 Would'st thou thy every future year In ceaseless prayer and penance drie. 1881 D. Thomson Musings 94 There's ither puir mortals, wha dree oot their life, Just scrapin' for siller. 2005 New Shetlander No. 234. 12/2 Wark stops wi a seich, a hooch, a foy, or drees oot da night ida hidmaist pub. b. intransitive. To continue in existence; to endure, last, hold out, survive. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > be constant or steadfast [verb (intransitive)] > endure without giving way bearOE sustaina1382 dreec1400 to bear, hold tack1580 to stick out1677 to tough it (out)1830 to keep (carry, have) a stiff upper lip1837 to take it (or life) on the chin1928 to hang in1969 c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 491 Þen watz þer joy in þat gyn where jumpred er dryȝed. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xvii. 207 Well is me that I shall dre Tyll I haue sene hym with myn ee. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. l. 19596 The scottis than, that no langer micht dre, Tha faucht to deid ilkone. a1728 W. Kennett Etymol. Coll. Eng. Words & Provinc. Expressions (2018) 174 To dree, to hold out, as in a long walk they say, I can never dree, i.e. never hold out. 1868 J. C. Atkinson Gloss. Cleveland Dial. Dree, to endure, to last. 1871 P. H. Waddell Psalms frae Hebrew lxxxviii. 15 I..kenna nae langer how till dree. 1919 G. Rae 'Tween Clyde & Tweed 90 Ablow yon simmer sky, That hauds the hame where love for ever drees. †5. intransitive. With may and might. To have the endurance or strength necessary to continue doing something; to have the strength or ability to do or accomplish something. Chiefly in as fast as one (also feet) might (or may) dree. Obsolete.In early use also transitive with infinitive as object. ΚΠ c1225 (?c1200) St. Juliana (Bodl.) l. 187 Six men beateð hire hwil ha mahten drehen. c1330 Sir Degare (Auch.) l. 552 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 304 Alle þe lordings..Seiden hi ne seȝe neuer wiȝ egȝe Man þat mighte so longe dreghe..Sitten a strok of here King. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1772 Fled as fast homward as fet miȝt drie. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 13448 Is noon so siȝty foule of eȝe Ny so fer to fle may dreȝe. c1440 (c1350) Octovian (Thornton) l. 461 Scho ran ywhils þat scho myght dreghe [c1450 Cambr. whyll sche myght]. c1580 ( tr. Bk. Alexander (1921) II. ii. l. 1890 He liftit his hand-axe hie, And straik als fast as he micht dre. c1750 4 New Songs & Prophecy iii. 5 He's away to the Hostler's House, Even as fast as he might dree. 1827 W. Motherwell Minstrelsy 59 Carmichael's awa to Margaret's bower, E'en as fast as he may drie. †6. transitive. With out. To extend the length or duration of (something); to spin or drag out. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > spending time > spend time or allow time to pass [verb (transitive)] > waste time leese?c1225 losea1340 defer1382 wastea1400 slip1435 consumea1500 superexpend1513 slow?1522 sloth1523 to fode forth1525 slack1548 dree1584 sleuth1584 confound1598 spenda1604 to fret out1608 to spin out1608 misplace1609 spend1614 tavern1628 devast1632 to drill away, on, outa1656 dulla1682 to dally away1685 squander1693 to linger awaya1704 dangle1727 dawdle1768 slim1812 diddle1826 to run out the clock1957 the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (transitive)] > cause to endure, sustain, or prolong lengOE drawOE teec1200 forlengtha1300 lengtha1300 drivec1300 tarryc1320 proloynec1350 continuec1380 to draw alonga1382 longa1382 dretch1393 conservea1398 to draw (out) in, into, at, or on lengtha1400 prorogue1419 prolongc1425 aroomc1440 prorogate?a1475 protend?a1475 dilate1489 forlong1496 relong1523 to draw out1542 sustentate1542 linger1543 defer1546 pertract1548 propagate1548 protract1548 linger1550 lengthen1555 train1556 detract?a1562 to make forth (long, longer)1565 stretch1568 extend1574 extenuate1583 dree1584 wire-draw1598 to spin out1603 trail1604 disabridge1605 produce1605 continuate1611 out-length1617 spin1629 to eke out1641 producta1670 prolongate1671 drawl1694 drag1697 perennate1698 string1867 perennialize1898 1584 King James VI & I Ess. Prentise Poesie sig. H^v To drie Her voyage out. 1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. 33/2 ‘Don't dree it out so’. 7. transitive. To fear, worry about, or anticipate (something painful, unpleasant, or difficult); to dread. Now rare.Continuing currency of this sense is perhaps implied by recent evidence of the corresponding noun in the sense ‘source or object of fear or worry’ (see quot. 2007 at dree n.). ΚΠ 1784 Jock o' Side in G. Caw Poet. Museum 146 Three men I'll take, to set him free, Weel harness'd a' wi' best o' steel; The English rogues may hear, and drie The weight o' their braid swords to feel. 1860 J. Crawford Doric Lays 2nd Ser. 36 Guidman.., Gae stake ye the winnock for danger I dree. 1892 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Dree, drie, to dread... ‘Ye'll dree the deeth ye'll nivver dee’, Northumberland Proverb. 1896 H. Ochiltree Redburn (Amer. ed.) xx. 246 The past's an unco fyke, but I dree the future mair. We ken what has been; but we dinna, what's to be. 8. transitive. To deliver (a speech, statement, etc.) in a slow, long-winded, or monotonous way; to drone, to drawl. Now rare.Also with direct speech as object. ΚΠ 1855 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words 49 Dreed, delivered slowly in the way of a discourse. ‘He dreed a lang drone’, delivered a tiresome dissertation. 1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. 33/2 ‘He dreed so long a tale, it was dowling..to hear him’. 1934 P. MacGill Glen of Carra 140 ‘Off to her sister's house,’ dreed Peggy. Phrases †P1. to dree death: to die. Obsolete (archaic and literary in later use). ΚΠ OE Guthlac A 680 Þær ge gnornende deað sceolon dreogan. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) l. 448 Hit is aȝein riht & aȝein leaue of euch cundelich lahe, þet godd þe is undedlich mahe deð drehen, & deadlich mon mahe deð ouercumen. a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 82 (MED) Þat wite wel, þat þu shalt dreigen det. a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 6253 Lyfed he [sc. Lazarus] after fyften yhere, Bot he lughe never, ne made blythe chere, For drede of dede þat he most efte dreghe. 1881 J. Payne tr. Villon Poems (new ed.) 4 She..Wills and ordains that I should dree Death and leave life and liberty. P2. to dree one's weird and variants: to endure one's fate; to suffer or submit to one's destiny. In later use also with a particular kind of fate specified (see e.g. quots. 1816, 1996). Chiefly archaic and literary in later use.In early use only with weird in plural (cf. weird n. 3b).In quot. c1450 apparently (in weakened sense): to try one's luck. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > fate or destiny as determining events > must as decreed by fate [verb (intransitive)] > endure one's fate to dree one's weirdc1400 to grin and abide1785 to grin and bear ita1827 c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1224 In doungoun be don to dreȝe þer his wyrdes. c1450 (?a1400) Parl. Thre Ages (BL Add. 31042) l. 3 (MED) Als I went to the wodde my werdes to dreghe..a schotte me to gete At ane hert or ane hynde, happen as it myghte. 1603 Proph. Waldhaue in Whole Prophesie Scotl. sig. C^v Heere in wildernes I dwell, my weird for to dree. 1816 W. Scott Antiquary III. iii. 54 Ohon! we're dreeing a sair weird—we hae had a heavy dispensation. 1886 E. Lynn Linton Paston Carew III. vi. 133 French must dree his weird as a brave man should. 1922 G. Atherton Sleeping Fires xlvii. 295 ‘Poor Howard!’ ‘He dreed his weird,’ said Mrs. McLane indifferently. ‘He couldn't help it.’ 1926 ‘H. MacDiarmid’ Drunk Man looks at Thistle 2 Ony man s'ud wish To dree the goat's weird tae as weel's the sheep's! 1996 Independent (Nexis) 25 Feb. 42 I am..hunched keening under the bedclothes with a Cadbury's Creme Egg, dreeing my feeble weird. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † dreeadv. Forms: see dreich adj. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: dreich adj. Etymology: < dreich adj.Apparently re-formed in the late 18th cent. Obsolete (Scottish and English regional (northern and north midlands) in later use). 1. To a great degree or extent; with great force. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adverb] strongeOE hotOE unsoftOE snellya1000 stitha1000 stronglyOE woodlyc1000 hatelyOE unridelyc1175 wood1297 mainlyc1300 dreec1330 spackly?c1335 brothelyc1340 bremelya1375 fiercelya1375 violentlya1387 throlyc1390 roughlya1400 snarplya1400 unrekenlya1400 dreichlyc1400 ranklyc1400 witherlyc1400 maliciouslya1450 fervently1480 roidlyc1480 thrafully1535 vehement?1541 toughly1589 sickerly1596 vengeously1599 virulently1599 rageously1600 ragefullya1631 churlishly1657 improbously1657 rampantly1698 fierce1771 savagerous1832 fulgurantly1873 franticly1883 the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adverb] stronglyeOE felec950 strongeOE highlyOE highOE greatlya1200 stourlya1225 greata1325 dreec1330 deeplya1400 mightya1400 dreichlyc1400 mighty?a1425 sorec1440 mainlyc1450 greatumly1456 madc1487 profoundly1489 stronglya1492 muchwhata1513 shrewlya1529 heapa1547 vengeance?1548 sorely1562 smartlyc1580 mightly1582 mightily1587 violently1601 intensively1604 almightily1612 violent1629 seriously1643 intensely1646 importunately1660 shrewdly1664 gey1686 sadly1738 plenty1775 vitally1787 substantively1795 badly1813 far1814 heavily1819 serious1825 measurably1834 dearly1843 bally1939 majorly1955 sizzlingly1956 majorly1978 fecking1983 c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 3035 Þou louest tristrem dreiȝe. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 2263 Hade hit [sc. weapon] dryuen adoun as dreȝ as he atled, Þer hade ben ded of his dynt. 2. At or to a distance; distant, away, off; aside, back. Cf. adreigh adv., dreich n. 2.With use with draw in quot. c1475, cf. to draw on dreich at dreich n. Phrases. ΚΠ a1450 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Lamb.) (1887) i. l. 12205 Þe lasse hil was nought so drey ffro þe more, but euene ney. c1475 (a1400) Awntyrs Arthure (Taylor) in J. Robson Three Early Eng. Metrical Romances (1842) 19 Querto draues thou so dreȝghe [a1500 Douce Whi drawes þou þe on dreghe]? 3. English regional (northern and north-east midlands). In a persistent, prolonged, or sustained way (chiefly with reference to rainfall). Also with reference to the performance of a task: with constant or close application; assiduously. ΚΠ 1796 J. Lauderdale Coll. Poems Sc. Dial. 72 Lang an' dree' we kept our seat, Without the changing o' our liquor. 1840 S. Bamford Passages Life Radical I. xx. 135 The rain having set in dree. 1865 E. Waugh Lancs. Songs 7 Th' rain's comin' deawn very dree. 1886 R. E. G. Cole Gloss. Words S.-W. Lincs. (at cited word) We've stuck to it very dree to get it finished. He wears dree at his work: anyone who wears dree at a thing may often get through a deal. 1900 Heywood (Lancs.) Advertiser 4 May 2/3 Alas, Sunday found the rain coming down ‘very dree’, which..made all things miserable for them. 4. Scottish and English regional (Lancashire). In a slow, monotonous, or tedious way; slowly; tediously. ΚΠ 1814 E. P. Nelson Poet. Wks. 44 Ilk successive day, wi' anguish, Row'd by heavilie an' dree'. 1857 J. Howell in Wilson's Tales of Borders XII. 260 The time hung sae dreich on his hand that he thocht the world was standin still. 1872 Blackburn Standard 19 June Mr. Cooke added ‘another five,’ of which he appeared to have so many, then Mr. Brown added ‘another five’ also.., when there was a pause, and the auctioneer remarked ‘it comes very dree from you, Mr. Brown’. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2020; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1791v.OEadv.c1330
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dreen.

dreev.

Phrases

† dreeadv.