douradj.

Brit.

/dʊə/,

/daʊə/, U.S.

/dʊ(ə)r/,

/daʊ(ə)r/, Scottish English

/dur/

Forms: late Middle English 1800s– dour; also Scottish pre-1700 dowre, pre-1700 1700s–1800s doure, pre-1700 1700s–1800s dowr, pre-1700 1700s– dour, 1800s door, 1900s– doore.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French dour, dur; Latin dūrus.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman (rare) dour, Anglo-Norman and Middle French dur (French dur ) (of a person's disposition) stubborn, obstinate, cruel (11th cent. in Old French), (of a person) tough, hardy, robust, (of conditions) harsh, severe (both 12th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin dūrus dure adj. Compare dure adj.Anglo-Norman etymon. Although the Anglo-Norman spelling dour is attested only in the late 13th-cent. French version of the Ancrene Riwle, there is frequent rhyme evidence indicating the merger of French /yː/ with /uː/, especially before sonorants (see further I. Short Manual of Anglo-Norman (2007) §7, and compare A. J. Aitken & C. Macafee Older Sc. Vowels (2002) §14.6.(6)). Possible transmission via Celtic. It has been suggested that in Scots the word may have been reinforced by (or even partly transmitted via) Scottish Gaelic dùr stubborn, obstinate, surly (Early Irish dúr hard, severe, obdurate; < classical Latin dūrus). Pronunciation. The spelling pronunciation with /-aʊ-/ appears to be relatively recent (20th cent.); it is not recorded in N.E.D. (1897).

Originally English regional (northern) and Scottish.

1. Of a person, a person's disposition or behaviour, etc.: characterized by severity, sternness, or grim fortitude; hardy, robust.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective]

retheeOE

hotOE

strongOE

woodlyc1000

un-i-rideOE

stoura1122

brathc1175

unridec1175

unrudec1225

starklyc1275

toughc1275

wood1297

ragec1330

unrekena1350

biga1375

furialc1386

outrageousc1390

savagea1393

violenta1393

bremelya1400

snarta1400

wrothlya1400

fightingc1400

runishc1400

dour?a1425

derfc1440

churlousa1450

roida1450

fervent1465

churlish1477

orgulous1483

felona1500

brathfula1522

brathlya1525

fanatic1533

furious1535

boisterous1544

blusterous1548

ungentle1551

sore1563

full-mouthed1594

savage wild1595

Herculean1602

shrill1608

robustious1612

efferous1614

thundering1618

churly1620

ferocient1655

turbulent1656

efferate1684

knock-me-down1760

haggard-wild1786

ensanguined1806

rammish1807

fulminatory1820

riproarious1830

natural1832

survigrous1835

sabre-toothed1849

cataclysmal1861

thunderous1874

fierce1912

cataractal1926

society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern

wrothc893

retheeOE

stithc897

starkOE

sternOE

hardOE

dangerous?c1225

sharpa1340

asperc1374

austerec1384

shrewda1387

snella1400

sternful?a1400

unsterna1400

dour?a1425

piquant1521

tetrical1528

tetric1533

sorea1535

rugged?1548

severe1548

hard-handed1611

Catonian1676

tetricous1727

heavy1849

acerbic1853

stiff1856

Catonic1883

tough1905

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective]

heavyc825

retheeOE

stithc897

hardeOE

starkOE

sternOE

dangerous?c1225

sharp?c1225

unsoftc1275

sturdy1297

asperc1374

austerec1384

shrewda1387

snella1400

sternful?a1400

dour?a1425

thrallc1430

piquant1521

tetrical1528

tetric1533

sorea1535

rugged?1548

severe1548

iron1574

harsh1579

strict1600

angry1650

Catonian1676

Draconic1708

tetricous1727

alkaline1789

acerbic1853

stiff1856

acerbate1869

acerbitous1870

Draconian1876

Catonic1883

?a1425 (?a1350) T. Castleford Chron. (1996) I. l. 19882 In herte he had yitte sorou to dour Þat he might noght his broþer succour.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) x. 170 [He] wes dour & stout.

a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) ii. v. 23 The dowr Vlixes als, and Athamas.

c1540 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. ii. xvii. 196 Þir legatis was gevin ane doure ansuere be martius.

a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 136 Auld age maist feckly glowrs right dour Upo' the ailings o' the poor.

1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold II. vi. i. 78 Tostig is a man..dour and haughty.

1893 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Nov. 2/3 Lornsen was a Frisian Schleswig-Holsteiner by birth, and had all the characteristics of that doughty, dour race.

1932 ‘L. G. Gibbon’ Sunset Song i. 18 Maybe there were some twenty to thirty holdings in all, the crofters dour folk of the old Pict stock.

1960 J. S. Watson Reign of George III xxi. 567 The dour discipline of Wellington's army.

2000 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 22 Jan. 53 Dixon's dour resistance ensured a narrow 6-4 win.

2. Of a person, a person's disposition or behaviour, etc.: characterized by taciturnity, pessimism, or morose humourlessness. Also of a person's appearance: sullen, gloomy.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective]

starkOE

moodyOE

stithc1000

stidyc1175

stallc1275

harda1382

stubbornc1386

obstinate?1387

throa1400

hard nolleda1425

obstinant?a1425

pertinacec1425

stablec1440

dour1488

unresigned1497

difficultc1503

hard-necked1530

pertinatec1534

obstacle1535

stout-stomached1549

hard-faced1567

stunt1581

hard-headed1583

pertinacious1583

stuntly1583

peremptory1589

stomachous1590

mulish1600

stomachful1600

obstined1606

restive1633

obstinacious1649

opinionated1649

tenacious1656

iron-sided1659

sturdy1664

cat-witted1672

obstinated1672

unyielding1677

ruggish1688

bullet-headed1699

tough1780

pelsy1785

stupid1788

hard-set1818

thick and thin1822

stuntya1825

rigwiddie1826

indomitable1830

recalcitrant1830

set1848

mule-headed1870

muley1871

capitose1881

hard-nosed1917

tight1928

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > ill-naturedness > [adjective]

stour1303

thwarta1325

elvishc1386

wrawc1386

wrawfulc1386

crabbeda1400

crousea1400

cursedc1400

doggeda1425

currishc1460

disagreeable1474

dour1488

thrawn1488

terne?1507

apirsmarta1522

crustyc1570

incommodious1570

bilious1571

mischievous-stomached1577

thrawn-faced1578

thrawn-mowit1578

wearisha1586

shrewish1596

rhubarbative1600

crabbish1606

ill-tempereda1616

cur-like1627

thrawn-faceda1628

terned1638

cross1639

splenial1641

frumpish1647

wry1649

bad-tempered1671

hot-tempered1673

sidy1673

ugly1687

ornery1692

cankerya1699

ramgunshoch1721

cantankerousc1736

frumpy1746

unhappy1756

grumpy1778

crabby1791

grumpish1797

thraw-gabbit18..

snarlish1813

cranky1821

stuntya1825

ill-natured1825

nattery1825

rantankerous1832

foul-tempered1835

cacochymical1836

as cross as two sticks1842

grumphy1846

knappy1855

carnaptious1858

cussed1858

three-cornered1863

snotty1870

sniffy1871

snorty1893

grouchy1895

scratchy1925

tight1950

stroppy1951

snitty1978

arsey1989

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 187 Malancoly he was of complexioun..dour in his contenance.

c1700 Elegy on Blew-stone (single sheet) His bulk none e'er did ken, Dour and Deaf and riven with Grief, When he preserved Men.

1724 A. Ramsay Mouldy-mowdiwart in Health (new ed.) 36 Some said my Looks were groff and sowr, Fretfu', drumbly, dull and dowr.

1847 E. Brontë Wuthering Heights I. vii. 121 He managed to continue work till nine o'clock, and, then, marched dumb and dour, to his chamber.

1891 J. Ogg Glints i' Gloamin 63 Alas! there 's naething left but cracklin' lips, Heidaches, an' lowin' drouth, an' dour reflections.

1925 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 373 It was exactly the kind of crowd which a dour philosopher might have described as typical of ‘pleasure-mad America’.

1959 M. D. McNamee Willamette Interlude i. ii. 46 The dour expression on Captain Moller's face..cast a gloom over the diners.

2013 C. McCullough Bittersweet (2015) 7 The headmistress, a dour Scot, welcomed the eleven girls..with a speech designed to depress their expectations.

3. Of conditions, an environment, or the weather: harsh, bleak, gloomy, dreary.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > bleak (of weather)

doura1500

blaea1522

dreich1847

a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. l. 2509 Dyntis doure [a1530 Royal dowre] war seyn.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 249 He led a dour and hard lyfe.

1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 199 Biting Boreas, fell and doure.

1829 Edinb. Lit. Jrnl. 17 Jan. 140/1 The sky has been looking gay dour for this half-hour past! we'll hae plenty o' caulds and sair throats the morn.

1891 J. C. Atkinson Forty Years Moorland Parish 261 The dour, merciless intensity of a northern moorland..storm.

1932 E. Wharton Let. 25 Mar. (1988) 547 We have had—& are still having—a dour & windy spring after our incredibly lovely early winter.

1977 F. Ormsby Store of Candles 5 Never again would dour fields lie Quite so forbidding.

2010 N.Y. Times Mag. 17 Oct. 50/2 They are pushed from their urban homes into the ghettos of dour apartment blocks.

4. Chiefly Scottish. Of a person, a person's disposition or behaviour, etc.: characterized by stubbornness, intractability, or dogged tenacity; obstinately unwilling to do something. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > of action, disposition, etc.

doura1522

stubborn1526

affectioneda1576

stiff-bornea1616

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xiii. vi. 106 All our prayeris..Mycht nowder bow that dowr mannys mynd.

1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 71 He seem'd as he wi' Time had warstl'd lang, Yet, teughly doure, he bade an unco bang.

1816 W. Scott Old Mortality viii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 189 He's that dour ye might tear him to pieces, and..ne'er get a word out o' him.

1855 E. C. Gaskell North & South I. xvii. 209 Thornton's as dour as a door-nail; an obstinate chap.

1910 N. Munro Fancy Farm xiii. 125 Seeming pliant and irresolute men who relinquish trivial positions with an air of generosity, but are dour to surrender an idea.

1946 J. Barke Wind that shakes Barley 235 He lit the fire; but it was dour to burn.

2008 P. Kerr Cruise Connection vi. 91 His dour determination to do things his way..had made his promotional progress distinctly slower than it should have been.

Derivatives

ˈdourness n. †(a) lateness, tardiness (obsolete); (b) the quality of being dour; severity, stubbornness, sullenness.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun]

obstination?1387

pertinacyc1390

obstinacya1393

thronessa1400

stubbornnessc1440

obstinance?a1475

durenessc1480

pertinacity?1504

stomacha1513

stiffness1526

tenacity1526

persistence1546

obstacleness1548

obstinateness1561

stiffneckedness1570

self-mindedness1574

intractability1579

persistency1600

obstinancy1614

contumacy1619

stomachfulness1621

tenaciousness1642

pertinaciousness1651

irresignation1657

peremptoriness1747

mulishness1763

strongheadedness1793

dourness1794

unmovableness1818

stoutheartedness1826

bullet-headednessa1849

stalwartism1879

camelishness1883

thick and thin1884

stupidity1886

jusqu'auboutisme1917

die-hardism1922

obstinative-

the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > ill-naturedness > [noun]

cursednessc1386

crabbedness1413

thrawnness1499

currishness1542

doggedness1592

spleen1597

incompliance1689

crustiness1727

dourness1794

grumpiness1835

cussedness1852

nabalism1853

ungeniality1859

disgrace1861

cantankerousness1881

ugliness1889

stroppiness1969

1794 T. Johnston Gen. View Agric. Selkirk 28 The time of sowing is..varied according to the earliness or dourness (lateness) of the seed.

1882 Sat. Rev. No. 1411. 629 Scotchmen..have the same caution..courage, and ‘dourness’ [as Yorkshiremen].

1973 I. Murdoch Black Prince (1979) 56 I did not mind the dourness. I dislike girls who are skittish.

2017 Sunday Times (Nexis) 2 July (News section) 18 She was known for a certain dourness, which did little to endear her to the voters.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	dour
释义	douradj. Brit. /dʊə/, /daʊə/, U.S. /dʊ(ə)r/, /daʊ(ə)r/, Scottish English /dur/ Forms: late Middle English 1800s– dour; also Scottish pre-1700 dowre, pre-1700 1700s–1800s doure, pre-1700 1700s–1800s dowr, pre-1700 1700s– dour, 1800s door, 1900s– doore. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French dour, dur; Latin dūrus. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman (rare) dour, Anglo-Norman and Middle French dur (French dur ) (of a person's disposition) stubborn, obstinate, cruel (11th cent. in Old French), (of a person) tough, hardy, robust, (of conditions) harsh, severe (both 12th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin dūrus dure adj. Compare dure adj.Anglo-Norman etymon. Although the Anglo-Norman spelling dour is attested only in the late 13th-cent. French version of the Ancrene Riwle, there is frequent rhyme evidence indicating the merger of French /yː/ with /uː/, especially before sonorants (see further I. Short Manual of Anglo-Norman (2007) §7, and compare A. J. Aitken & C. Macafee Older Sc. Vowels (2002) §14.6.(6)). Possible transmission via Celtic. It has been suggested that in Scots the word may have been reinforced by (or even partly transmitted via) Scottish Gaelic dùr stubborn, obstinate, surly (Early Irish dúr hard, severe, obdurate; < classical Latin dūrus). Pronunciation. The spelling pronunciation with /-aʊ-/ appears to be relatively recent (20th cent.); it is not recorded in N.E.D. (1897). Originally English regional (northern) and Scottish. 1. Of a person, a person's disposition or behaviour, etc.: characterized by severity, sternness, or grim fortitude; hardy, robust. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] retheeOE hotOE strongOE woodlyc1000 un-i-rideOE stoura1122 brathc1175 unridec1175 unrudec1225 starklyc1275 toughc1275 wood1297 ragec1330 unrekena1350 biga1375 furialc1386 outrageousc1390 savagea1393 violenta1393 bremelya1400 snarta1400 wrothlya1400 fightingc1400 runishc1400 dour?a1425 derfc1440 churlousa1450 roida1450 fervent1465 churlish1477 orgulous1483 felona1500 brathfula1522 brathlya1525 fanatic1533 furious1535 boisterous1544 blusterous1548 ungentle1551 sore1563 full-mouthed1594 savage wild1595 Herculean1602 shrill1608 robustious1612 efferous1614 thundering1618 churly1620 ferocient1655 turbulent1656 efferate1684 knock-me-down1760 haggard-wild1786 ensanguined1806 rammish1807 fulminatory1820 riproarious1830 natural1832 survigrous1835 sabre-toothed1849 cataclysmal1861 thunderous1874 fierce1912 cataractal1926 society > authority > strictness > [adjective] > severe or stern wrothc893 retheeOE stithc897 starkOE sternOE hardOE dangerous?c1225 sharpa1340 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 unsterna1400 dour?a1425 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 hard-handed1611 Catonian1676 tetricous1727 heavy1849 acerbic1853 stiff1856 Catonic1883 tough1905 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > harshness or severity > [adjective] heavyc825 retheeOE stithc897 hardeOE starkOE sternOE dangerous?c1225 sharp?c1225 unsoftc1275 sturdy1297 asperc1374 austerec1384 shrewda1387 snella1400 sternful?a1400 dour?a1425 thrallc1430 piquant1521 tetrical1528 tetric1533 sorea1535 rugged?1548 severe1548 iron1574 harsh1579 strict1600 angry1650 Catonian1676 Draconic1708 tetricous1727 alkaline1789 acerbic1853 stiff1856 acerbate1869 acerbitous1870 Draconian1876 Catonic1883 ?a1425 (?a1350) T. Castleford Chron. (1996) I. l. 19882 In herte he had yitte sorou to dour Þat he might noght his broþer succour. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) x. 170 [He] wes dour & stout. a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) ii. v. 23 The dowr Vlixes als, and Athamas. c1540 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1901) I. ii. xvii. 196 Þir legatis was gevin ane doure ansuere be martius. a1774 R. Fergusson Poems (1785) 136 Auld age maist feckly glowrs right dour Upo' the ailings o' the poor. 1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold II. vi. i. 78 Tostig is a man..dour and haughty. 1893 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Nov. 2/3 Lornsen was a Frisian Schleswig-Holsteiner by birth, and had all the characteristics of that doughty, dour race. 1932 ‘L. G. Gibbon’ Sunset Song i. 18 Maybe there were some twenty to thirty holdings in all, the crofters dour folk of the old Pict stock. 1960 J. S. Watson Reign of George III xxi. 567 The dour discipline of Wellington's army. 2000 Birmingham Evening Mail (Nexis) 22 Jan. 53 Dixon's dour resistance ensured a narrow 6-4 win. 2. Of a person, a person's disposition or behaviour, etc.: characterized by taciturnity, pessimism, or morose humourlessness. Also of a person's appearance: sullen, gloomy. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] starkOE moodyOE stithc1000 stidyc1175 stallc1275 harda1382 stubbornc1386 obstinate?1387 throa1400 hard nolleda1425 obstinant?a1425 pertinacec1425 stablec1440 dour1488 unresigned1497 difficultc1503 hard-necked1530 pertinatec1534 obstacle1535 stout-stomached1549 hard-faced1567 stunt1581 hard-headed1583 pertinacious1583 stuntly1583 peremptory1589 stomachous1590 mulish1600 stomachful1600 obstined1606 restive1633 obstinacious1649 opinionated1649 tenacious1656 iron-sided1659 sturdy1664 cat-witted1672 obstinated1672 unyielding1677 ruggish1688 bullet-headed1699 tough1780 pelsy1785 stupid1788 hard-set1818 thick and thin1822 stuntya1825 rigwiddie1826 indomitable1830 recalcitrant1830 set1848 mule-headed1870 muley1871 capitose1881 hard-nosed1917 tight1928 the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > ill-naturedness > [adjective] stour1303 thwarta1325 elvishc1386 wrawc1386 wrawfulc1386 crabbeda1400 crousea1400 cursedc1400 doggeda1425 currishc1460 disagreeable1474 dour1488 thrawn1488 terne?1507 apirsmarta1522 crustyc1570 incommodious1570 bilious1571 mischievous-stomached1577 thrawn-faced1578 thrawn-mowit1578 wearisha1586 shrewish1596 rhubarbative1600 crabbish1606 ill-tempereda1616 cur-like1627 thrawn-faceda1628 terned1638 cross1639 splenial1641 frumpish1647 wry1649 bad-tempered1671 hot-tempered1673 sidy1673 ugly1687 ornery1692 cankerya1699 ramgunshoch1721 cantankerousc1736 frumpy1746 unhappy1756 grumpy1778 crabby1791 grumpish1797 thraw-gabbit18.. snarlish1813 cranky1821 stuntya1825 ill-natured1825 nattery1825 rantankerous1832 foul-tempered1835 cacochymical1836 as cross as two sticks1842 grumphy1846 knappy1855 carnaptious1858 cussed1858 three-cornered1863 snotty1870 sniffy1871 snorty1893 grouchy1895 scratchy1925 tight1950 stroppy1951 snitty1978 arsey1989 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 187 Malancoly he was of complexioun..dour in his contenance. c1700 Elegy on Blew-stone (single sheet) His bulk none e'er did ken, Dour and Deaf and riven with Grief, When he preserved Men. 1724 A. Ramsay Mouldy-mowdiwart in Health (new ed.) 36 Some said my Looks were groff and sowr, Fretfu', drumbly, dull and dowr. 1847 E. Brontë Wuthering Heights I. vii. 121 He managed to continue work till nine o'clock, and, then, marched dumb and dour, to his chamber. 1891 J. Ogg Glints i' Gloamin 63 Alas! there 's naething left but cracklin' lips, Heidaches, an' lowin' drouth, an' dour reflections. 1925 Scribner's Mag. Oct. 373 It was exactly the kind of crowd which a dour philosopher might have described as typical of ‘pleasure-mad America’. 1959 M. D. McNamee Willamette Interlude i. ii. 46 The dour expression on Captain Moller's face..cast a gloom over the diners. 2013 C. McCullough Bittersweet (2015) 7 The headmistress, a dour Scot, welcomed the eleven girls..with a speech designed to depress their expectations. 3. Of conditions, an environment, or the weather: harsh, bleak, gloomy, dreary. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [adjective] > bleak (of weather) doura1500 blaea1522 dreich1847 a1500 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Nero) viii. l. 2509 Dyntis doure [a1530 Royal dowre] war seyn. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 249 He led a dour and hard lyfe. 1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 199 Biting Boreas, fell and doure. 1829 Edinb. Lit. Jrnl. 17 Jan. 140/1 The sky has been looking gay dour for this half-hour past! we'll hae plenty o' caulds and sair throats the morn. 1891 J. C. Atkinson Forty Years Moorland Parish 261 The dour, merciless intensity of a northern moorland..storm. 1932 E. Wharton Let. 25 Mar. (1988) 547 We have had—& are still having—a dour & windy spring after our incredibly lovely early winter. 1977 F. Ormsby Store of Candles 5 Never again would dour fields lie Quite so forbidding. 2010 N.Y. Times Mag. 17 Oct. 50/2 They are pushed from their urban homes into the ghettos of dour apartment blocks. 4. Chiefly Scottish. Of a person, a person's disposition or behaviour, etc.: characterized by stubbornness, intractability, or dogged tenacity; obstinately unwilling to do something. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [adjective] > of action, disposition, etc. doura1522 stubborn1526 affectioneda1576 stiff-bornea1616 a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xiii. vi. 106 All our prayeris..Mycht nowder bow that dowr mannys mynd. 1787 R. Burns Poems (new ed.) 71 He seem'd as he wi' Time had warstl'd lang, Yet, teughly doure, he bade an unco bang. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality viii, in Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 189 He's that dour ye might tear him to pieces, and..ne'er get a word out o' him. 1855 E. C. Gaskell North & South I. xvii. 209 Thornton's as dour as a door-nail; an obstinate chap. 1910 N. Munro Fancy Farm xiii. 125 Seeming pliant and irresolute men who relinquish trivial positions with an air of generosity, but are dour to surrender an idea. 1946 J. Barke Wind that shakes Barley 235 He lit the fire; but it was dour to burn. 2008 P. Kerr Cruise Connection vi. 91 His dour determination to do things his way..had made his promotional progress distinctly slower than it should have been. Derivatives ˈdourness n. †(a) lateness, tardiness (obsolete); (b) the quality of being dour; severity, stubbornness, sullenness. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > obstinacy or stubbornness > [noun] obstination?1387 pertinacyc1390 obstinacya1393 thronessa1400 stubbornnessc1440 obstinance?a1475 durenessc1480 pertinacity?1504 stomacha1513 stiffness1526 tenacity1526 persistence1546 obstacleness1548 obstinateness1561 stiffneckedness1570 self-mindedness1574 intractability1579 persistency1600 obstinancy1614 contumacy1619 stomachfulness1621 tenaciousness1642 pertinaciousness1651 irresignation1657 peremptoriness1747 mulishness1763 strongheadedness1793 dourness1794 unmovableness1818 stoutheartedness1826 bullet-headednessa1849 stalwartism1879 camelishness1883 thick and thin1884 stupidity1886 jusqu'auboutisme1917 die-hardism1922 obstinative- the mind > emotion > anger > irascibility > ill-naturedness > [noun] cursednessc1386 crabbedness1413 thrawnness1499 currishness1542 doggedness1592 spleen1597 incompliance1689 crustiness1727 dourness1794 grumpiness1835 cussedness1852 nabalism1853 ungeniality1859 disgrace1861 cantankerousness1881 ugliness1889 stroppiness1969 1794 T. Johnston Gen. View Agric. Selkirk 28 The time of sowing is..varied according to the earliness or dourness (lateness) of the seed. 1882 Sat. Rev. No. 1411. 629 Scotchmen..have the same caution..courage, and ‘dourness’ [as Yorkshiremen]. 1973 I. Murdoch Black Prince (1979) 56 I did not mind the dourness. I dislike girls who are skittish. 2017 Sunday Times (Nexis) 2 July (News section) 18 She was known for a certain dourness, which did little to endear her to the voters. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.?a1425
随便看	spendingbrass spendingcheese spendingmoney spendingpower spendings spendingsilver spendless spends spendsavour spendthrift spendthrifter spendthriftest spendthriftiness spendthriftism spendthrifts spendthrifty spendy spene spenfoot spenglerian spenglerism spenglerist spening spensation spense