amakudarin.

Brit.

/ˌɑːməkʊˈdɑːri/,

/ˌaməkʊˈdɑːri/, U.S.

/ˌɑməkʊˈdɑri/

Origin: A borrowing from Japanese. Etymon: Japanese amakudari.

Etymology: < Japanese amakudari (a1928 or earlier; 14th cent. or earlier in literal sense ‘descent from heaven’), nominalized stem of amakudaru to descend from heaven (mid 8th cent. or earlier; 1603 as amacudari in Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam) < ama, old form of ame heaven + kudaru to step down, descend, to fall, to retire.

In Japan; the appointment of a former government official to an executive position upon retirement, typically within a private company and esp. as a result of influence exerted while in office; the process or custom whereby such an appointment is made. Also as a modifier.

ΚΠ

1963 Japan Q. 10 509 The situation is the cause of what is known as ‘Amakudari’ or appointments recommended from high quarters (i.e. the government).]

1974 Guardian 22 Mar. 3/3 Amakudari boils down to industry paying a fat pension for favours done by officials inside heaven who know their reward will be on earth.

1989 K. van Wolferen Enigma Japanese Power (1990) ii. 45 The amakudari bureaucrat surpasses any official channels in his effectiveness in maintaining the flow of information between bureaucracy and enterprises.

2018 Japan Times (Nexis) 12 July The ministry said it confirmed that 62 cases violated the legal regulations concerning amakudari, and punished more than 40 officials.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	amakudari
释义	amakudarin. Brit. /ˌɑːməkʊˈdɑːri/, /ˌaməkʊˈdɑːri/, U.S. /ˌɑməkʊˈdɑri/ Origin: A borrowing from Japanese. Etymon: Japanese amakudari. Etymology: < Japanese amakudari (a1928 or earlier; 14th cent. or earlier in literal sense ‘descent from heaven’), nominalized stem of amakudaru to descend from heaven (mid 8th cent. or earlier; 1603 as amacudari in Vocabulario da Lingoa de Iapam) < ama, old form of ame heaven + kudaru to step down, descend, to fall, to retire. In Japan; the appointment of a former government official to an executive position upon retirement, typically within a private company and esp. as a result of influence exerted while in office; the process or custom whereby such an appointment is made. Also as a modifier. ΚΠ 1963 Japan Q. 10 509 The situation is the cause of what is known as ‘Amakudari’ or appointments recommended from high quarters (i.e. the government).] 1974 Guardian 22 Mar. 3/3 Amakudari boils down to industry paying a fat pension for favours done by officials inside heaven who know their reward will be on earth. 1989 K. van Wolferen Enigma Japanese Power (1990) ii. 45 The amakudari bureaucrat surpasses any official channels in his effectiveness in maintaining the flow of information between bureaucracy and enterprises. 2018 Japan Times (Nexis) 12 July The ministry said it confirmed that 62 cases violated the legal regulations concerning amakudari, and punished more than 40 officials. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1974
随便看	system-structure system-wide system-writer systemad systemary systematic systematic ambiguity systematic desensitization systematic error systematic geography take a buttonhole lower take a case into or to avizandum take a chair take a chance or chances take a cherry take a chill pill take a chip at take a cockshot at take a cockshy at take a conceit take a course take a course to do something take a crack take a crap take a decision