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单词 amain
释义

amainv.

Forms: 1500s amaigne, 1500s amayne, 1500s–1600s amaine, 1600s–1800s amain.
Origin: A borrowing from Spanish. Etymon: Spanish amainar.
Etymology: < Spanish amainar to reef or strike (a sail) (1353), to appease (a person) (1462 in an apparently isolated attestation), (of a person) to become calm, control one's anger (1532), (of wind, etc.) to lose force, abate (c1548), of uncertain origin, probably < an Italian regional (Naples) reflex (compare Italian ammainare (16th cent.)) of an unattested post-classical Latin verb with the sense ‘to sheathe’ and hence ‘to put away, stow’ ( < classical Latin in- in- prefix3 + vāgīna sheath, scabbard: see vagina n.; compare invaginate v.).Compare Middle French amener to lower (a flag, sail or mast) (1529; compare the command amène surrender (1626)), apparently showing remodelling after amener (see amenable adj.) and reinterpreted as a sense of that word. Compare Catalan amainar (15th cent.) and Portuguese amainar (15th cent.). A suggested derivation of the Spanish verb < Old Occitan amoina (reflexive) to calm (cognate with Old French amaisnier (transitive) to appease (12th cent.); < an unattested post-classical Latin verb with the sense ‘to domesticate’ < classical Latin ad- ad- prefix + mansiōn- , mansiō house: see mansion n.) is less likely for phonological reasons, but this could have had a semantic influence at a later stage.
Obsolete.
1. intransitive. Nautical. To lower the topsail as a sign of surrender; to yield.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defeat > be defeated [verb (intransitive)] > surrender
to cry (or say) creanta1250
to yield oneself creanta1250
to do (also put) oneself in (also to) a person's mercya1325
yieldc1330
recray1340
summisec1450
render1523
amain1540
surrender1560
to throw down one's arms (also weapons, etc.)1593
articulate1595
to yield (also bow oneself) to (also upon) mercy1595
to give grass1597
capitulate1601
to cry cravena1634
to lower or strike one's flag1644
bail1840
hands-up1879
kamerad1914
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > support (an amount of) sail [verb (intransitive)] > reduce sail > specific
vail1509
amain1540
1540 Voy. Barbara to Brazil in Naval Misc. (1912) IV. 57 The Spanyerdes bade the Barbara stryke, and cryed Amayne! Amayne!
1574 E. Hellowes tr. A. de Guevara Familiar Epist. 132 The Turke is retired, Florence is alied, ye Duke of Milane is reduced, the Venetians did amaine.
1622 R. Hawkins Observ. Voiage South Sea x. 19 Wished that the Gunner might shoote at her, to cause her to amaine.
a1665 K. Digby Jrnl. Voy. to Mediterranean (1868) 77 Then the Swallow bad them ‘Amaine for the King of England!’
1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Amain, a Sea Term, used by a Man of War, to his Enemy; and signifying, yield.
2.
a. transitive. Nautical. To lower (a sail, esp. the topsail).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of sails, spars, or rigging > carry specific amount of sail [verb (transitive)] > strike or take in (sails) > lower (sail)
amain1541
vail1553
understrike?1615
settlea1625
douse1626
lower1626
1541 R. Barlow tr. M. Fernández de Enciso Brief Summe Geogr. (1932) 13 When thei see ony suche cloudys incontynent thei must amayne [Sp. amaynar] ther sailes.
1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda 1st Bk. Hist. Discouerie E. Indias xxix. f. 73 They had no time to amayne and take in theyr sayles [Pg. amainarem].
1622 R. Hawkins Observ. Voiage South Sea lxii. 155 Hee called to us to amaine our sayles, which we could not well doe.
1650 J. Reynolds Flower of Fidelitie 153 They seeing no apparition of hope whereon to rely amaining their saile, immediately yeelded.
b. transitive. figurative. To decrease or lessen (something).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > reduce in quantity, amount, or degree [verb (transitive)]
littleeOE
anitherOE
wanzelOE
lessc1225
slakea1300
littenc1300
aslakec1314
adminisha1325
allayc1330
settle1338
low1340
minisha1382
reprovea1382
abatea1398
rebatea1398
subtlea1398
alaskia1400
forlyten?a1400
imminish14..
lessenc1410
diminish1417
repress?a1425
assuagec1430
scarcec1440
small1440
underslakec1440
alessa1450
debate?c1450
batec1460
decreasec1470
appetisse1474
alow1494
mince1499
perswage?1504
remita1513
inless?1521
attenuate1530
weaken1530
defray1532
mitigate1532
minorate1534
narrow?1548
diminuec1550
extenuate1555
amain1578
exolve1578
base1581
dejecta1586
amoinder1588
faint1598
qualify1604
contract1605
to pull down1607
shrivel1609
to take down1610
disaugment1611
impoverish1611
shrink1628
decoct1629
persway1631
unflame1635
straiten1645
depress1647
reduce1649
detract1654
minuate1657
alloy1661
lower?1662
sinka1684
retreat1690
nip1785
to drive down1840
minify1866
to knock down1867
to damp down1869
scale1887
mute1891
clip1938
to roll back1942
to cut back1943
downscale1945
downrate1958
slim1963
downshift1972
1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 257 They somewhat amayned their furie [Sp. afloraron] for theyr princes sake.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

amainadv.

Brit. /əˈmeɪn/, U.S. /əˈmeɪn/
Forms: 1500s–1600s amayn, 1500s–1600s amayne, 1500s–1600s amaine, 1500s– amain, 1800s amhyne (Irish English (Wexford)).
Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: a prep.1, main n.1
Etymology: < a prep.1 + main n.1 Compare with main at main n.1 Phrases 1, etc.With the semantic development of sense 3 compare classical Latin valde greatly, extremely, exceedingly < valēre to be strong, to be worth (see valent adj.).
1.
a. In great numbers. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > number > plurality > great number, numerousness > [adverb]
manifoldlyeOE
thick971
a-storec1300
rifec1325
thickfolda1400
thicklyc1400
by, in heaps1523
amain1549
numerously1611
frequently1615
sight1836
multitudinously1839
like flies1934
1549 W. Baldwin Canticles of Salomon viii. lxxi. sig. n.iiv So shall all men resort to thee amayne.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. ix. xv. 243 The Tunies..to avoid it, goe alwaies amaine in whole flotes, toward the cape.
1663 J. Heath Flagellum 17 New England, a receptacle of the Puritan who flocked thither amain.
1753 A. Strahan tr. Virgil First Six Bks. Æneid ii. 51 The Trojan Youth on all sides croud amain.
1838 C. C. Beaumont Campbell xviii. 71 Strange thoughts came crowding back amain.
1919 R. S. Rose & L. Bacon tr. Lay of Cid 43 Crowds thronged to him amain.
b. With all one's might; forcefully; violently; vehemently. Now archaic and rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adverb] > with violence or force > with full or main force or violence
shireOE
amain1550
1550 J. Heywood Hundred Epigrammes lxii. sig. Bvi Gogs soule (sware he) and flang awaie amayne, I will neuer talke with that womon agayne.
1569 H. Heywood Foure P (new ed.) sig. D.iiv God saue the Deuil, quoth I, amain.
1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. R5 Two dayes after it rained..amaine.
1743 J. Wesley Jrnl. 17 Mar. in Extract (1749) 93 The colliers..began shouting amain.
1829 T. Hood Dream Eugene Aram in Gem 1 113 But when I touch'd the lifeless clay, The blood gush'd out amain!
1893 L. I. Guiney tr. Dante Divine Comedy 13 The gloomy region shook amain!
1942 H. G. Bryden Wings x. 276 She quivers and rocks as she strains at the chocks And clamours amain to soar.
1998 P. O'Brian Hundred Days x. 271 All hands cheered amain.
2.
a. At full speed. Now archaic and rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swiftly [phrase] > at full speed
full speed1382
with topsailc1400
at spursa1500
on (also upon) the (spurs or) spur1525
amain1555
a main pace (also speed)1567
full tilt?a1600
upon full stretch1697
at full tilt1713
at (also on) full speed1749
(at) full split1836
full chisel1837
(at) full pelt1841
full swing1843
ventre à terre1848
full out1886
at full lick1889
hell-for-leather1889
all out1895
eyes out1895
flat out1932
1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. v. f. 114v The barbarians beynge sore discomfited and shaken with feare,..tourned their backes and fledde amayne [L. rapuere fugam Barbari].
1563 B. Googe Eglogs Epytaphes & Sonettes sig. F.iii He ronnes amayne, to gase on Beauties cheare.
1577 R. Holinshed Hist. Eng. 255/2 in Chron. I Then without respect of shame they fledde amayne.
1636 P. Heylyn Hist. Sabbath i. iii. 54 Laban..pursued after him amayn.
1640 W. Prynne Lord Bishops ix. sig. Iiiijv The Tower of Babel went up a maine, till God confounded their worke.
1923 H. Belloc Sonnets & Verse 111 A score of stout fellows who..Hoofed it amain, Rain or no rain.
2000 tr. Vīrakavirāyar in K. Ayyappa Paniker Medieval Indian Lit. IV. 684 She ran amain, her heart totally thawed.
b. Without delay; at once, immediately. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > [adverb] > immediately or directly
immediately1412
directly1526
amain1560
immediate1601
directedlya1641
proximately1668
proximally1897
1560 W. Baldwin Funeralles Edward VI sig. B4 The King cam to him selfe agayne, And seing death, he turnd away amayne.
1589 M. Philips in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations iii. 572 The gentlemen came and repaired to the garden amaine.
1794 J. Byng Diary 24 May in Torrington Diaries (1938) IV. 34 The ladies fled amain and would only view us from the windows!
1821 J. Baillie Columbus in Metrical Legends xxvi. 11 Housewives left amain Their broken tasks.
3. To a great extent; extensively; exceedingly. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > immediacy > [adverb]
soonc825
ratheeOE
rathelyeOE
rekeneOE
rekenlyOE
thereright971
anonOE
forth ona1000
coflyc1000
ferlyc1000
radlyOE
swiftlyc1000
unyoreOE
yareOE
at the forme (also first) wordOE
nowOE
shortlya1050
rightOE
here-rightlOE
right anonlOE
anonc1175
forthrightc1175
forthwithalc1175
skeetc1175
swithc1175
with and withc1175
anon-rightc1225
anon-rights?c1225
belivec1225
lightly?c1225
quickly?c1225
tidelyc1225
fastlyc1275
hastilyc1275
i-radlichec1275
as soon asc1290
aright1297
bedenea1300
in little wevea1300
withoute(n dwella1300
alrightc1300
as fast (as)c1300
at firstc1300
in placec1300
in the placec1300
mididonec1300
outrightc1300
prestc1300
streck13..
titec1300
without delayc1300
that stounds1303
rada1325
readya1325
apacec1325
albedenec1330
as (also also) titec1330
as blivec1330
as line rightc1330
as straight as linec1330
in anec1330
in presentc1330
newlyc1330
suddenlyc1330
titelyc1330
yernec1330
as soon1340
prestly1340
streckly1340
swithly?1370
evenlya1375
redelya1375
redlya1375
rifelya1375
yeplya1375
at one blastc1380
fresha1382
ripelyc1384
presentc1385
presently1385
without arrestc1385
readilyc1390
in the twinkling of a looka1393
derflya1400
forwhya1400
skeetlya1400
straighta1400
swifta1400
maintenantc1400
out of handc1400
wightc1400
at a startc1405
immediately1420
incontinent1425
there and then1428
onenec1429
forwithc1430
downright?a1439
agatec1440
at a tricec1440
right forth1440
withouten wonec1440
whipc1460
forthwith1461
undelayed1470
incessantly1472
at a momentc1475
right nowc1475
synec1475
incontinently1484
promptly1490
in the nonce?a1500
uncontinent1506
on (upon, in) the instant1509
in short1513
at a clap1519
by and by1526
straightway1526
at a twitch1528
at the first chop1528
maintenantly1528
on a tricea1529
with a tricec1530
at once1531
belively1532
straightwaysa1533
short days1533
undelayedly1534
fro hand1535
indelayedly1535
straight forth1536
betimesc1540
livelyc1540
upononc1540
suddenly1544
at one (or a) dash?1550
at (the) first dash?1550
instantly1552
forth of hand1564
upon the nines1568
on the nail1569
at (also in, with) a thoughtc1572
indilately1572
summarily1578
at one (a) chop1581
amain1587
straightwise1588
extempore1593
presto1598
upon the place1600
directly1604
instant1604
just now1606
with a siserary1607
promiscuously1609
at (in) one (an) instant1611
on (also upon) the momenta1616
at (formerly also on or upon) sight1617
hand to fist1634
fastisha1650
nextly1657
to rights1663
straightaway1663
slap1672
at first bolt1676
point-blank1679
in point1680
offhand1686
instanter1688
sonica1688
flush1701
like a thought1720
in a crack1725
momentary1725
bumbye1727
clacka1734
plumba1734
right away1734
momentarily1739
momentaneously1753
in a snap1768
right off1771
straight an end1778
abruptedly1784
in a whistle1784
slap-bang1785
bang?1795
right off the reel1798
in a whiff1800
in a flash1801
like a shot1809
momently1812
in a brace or couple of shakes1816
in a gird1825
(all) in a rush1829
in (also at, on) short (also quick) order1830
straightly1830
toot sweetc1830
in two twos1838
rectly1843
quick-stick1844
short metre1848
right1849
at the drop of a (occasionally the) hat1854
off the hooks1860
quicksticks1860
straight off1873
bang off1886
away1887
in quick sticks (also in a quick stick)1890
ek dum1895
tout de suite1895
bung1899
one time1899
prompt1910
yesterday1911
in two ups1934
presto changeo1946
now-now1966
presto change1987
the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adverb] > extremely or exceedingly
swithlyc888
micklelyeOE
swith971
hardOE
un-i-fohOE
sevenfoldlOE
unmeet?c1225
innerlyc1330
horribly1340
too1340
sore1474
horriblec1475
vehemently1483
outrageous1487
done?a1513
exquisite1529
strangely1532
exceeding1535
exceedingly1535
angardlyc1540
angerlyc1540
choicec1540
vengeable1542
vengeably?1550
extremelya1554
monstrous1569
thrice1579
amain1587
extremea1591
damnably1598
fellc1600
tyrannically1602
exquisitely1603
damnedly1607
preciously1607
damnablea1616
impensively1620
excellingly1621
main1632
fearful1634
vengeancelya1640
upsy1650
impensely1657
twadding1657
vastly1664
hideous1667
mainly1670
consumed1707
consumedly1707
outrageously1749
damned1757
nation1771
shockingly1777
deuced1779
darn1789
darned1807
felly1807
varsal1814
awful1816
awfy1816
frightfully1816
deucedly1819
dogged1819
awfully1820
gallowsa1823
shocking1831
tremendously1832
everlasting1833
terribly1833
fearfully1835
ripping1838
poison1840
thundering1853
frighteninglyc1854
raring1854
hell's own1863
goldarned1866
goddamned1870
doggone1871
acutely1872
whooping1874
stupidly1878
everlastingly1879
hideously1882
densely1883
storming1883
good and1885
thunderingly1885
crazy1887
tremendous1887
madly1888
goldarn1892
howling1895
murderously1916
rasted1919
goddam1921
bitchingly1923
Christly1923
bitching1929
falling-down1930
lousy1932
appallingly1937
stratospherically1941
Christ almighty1945
effing1945
focking1956
dagnab1961
drop-dead1980
hella1987
totes2006
1587 G. Turberville Tragicall Tales f. 165v Who so doth runne a race, shall surely sweate amaine.
1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique v. xi. 676 Too much drines doth disaduantage the husband man a maine.
1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 430 They whom I favour thrive in wealth amain . View more context for this quotation
1756 E. Perronet Mitre iii. cxli. 169 He sins amain—what next the tone? Why—safe his end—or else he's gone A non-elected soul!
1820 J. Keats Eve of St. Agnes in Lamia & Other Poems 93 The maiden's chamber..Where Porphyro took covert, pleas'd amain.
1880 Harper's Monthly July 220/1 For an hour or two they battled, And the Alcayde gained amain.
1929 M. Summers Vampire in Europe 224 A cloaca in which foulness of this kind collects and reeks amain.

Phrases

amain gallop: at full gallop. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. ix. f. 202 Streightwaies the horsemen returned amayne gallop [L. celeriter et equites ingenti cursu refugere].
1604 W. Traheron tr. P. Mexia Hist. Rom. Emperors 432 His people began to retire a maine gallop.
1612 T. Dekker If it be not Good sig. B4v K. Beare witnes all, what pace the Chariot wheeles Of our new guided Soueraigntie shall run. Rus.A mayne gallop I hope.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2021; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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v.1540adv.1549
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