alumn.¹

Brit.

/ˈaləm/, U.S.

/ˈæləm/

Forms: Middle English alem, Middle English alime, Middle English aloum, Middle English alwm, Middle English alyme, Middle English–1500s alym, Middle English–1600s allume, Middle English–1600s alumme, Middle English–1700s allom, Middle English–1700s alom, Middle English–1700s alome, Middle English–1700s alume, Middle English–1800s (1900s– historical) allum, Middle English– alum, 1500s alam, 1500s allame, 1500s allem, 1500s allomme, 1500s alomme, 1500s–1700s allome, 1600s allam, 1700s–1800s alumn, 1800s alumm; Scottish pre-1700 allame, pre-1700 allme, pre-1700 allom, pre-1700 allome, pre-1700 allowme, pre-1700 allum, pre-1700 allume, pre-1700 alme, pre-1700 alom, pre-1700 alome, pre-1700 alume, pre-1700 ame, pre-1700 amme, pre-1700 1700s–1800s alm, pre-1700 1700s– alum, pre-1700 1700s– aum, 1800s awm.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French alum, allume.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman alum, alume, alom, alim, alym and Middle French allume (late 12th cent. in Old French as alun ; Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French alun ) < classical Latin alūmen alumen n. Compare Old Occitan alum, alun (13th cent.), Catalan alum (13th cent.), Spanish alumbre (13th cent.), Portuguese alume (1344), Italian allume (13th cent.), also (probably < French) Middle Dutch aluun (Dutch aluin), Middle Low German allūn, Old High German alūne (Middle High German alūn, alūm, alm, German Alaun), and ( < Middle Low German) Old Swedish, Swedish alun.With quot. c1405 at sense 1 compare alum glass n. at Compounds 3 and the discussion at that lemma; compare also (in an Anglo-Norman context):c1375 in F. B. Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol (1900) II. 6 Qe nul alym soit vsee nule part en la ville en oueraigne forsqe Spyralym, Glasalym, et Bokkan. It is unclear whether the following early example should be interpreted as showing the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word:1228 in N. S. B. Gras Early Eng. Customs Syst. (1918) 157 i poke de alum, i d. Compare also Old English ælifn (probably also *ælefne) alum (ultimately < classical Latin alūmen (see above), perhaps via an unattested Brittonic form):eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 8 Alumnis, aelifnae.OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 86 Alumen, efne [prob. read alefne].

1. An astringent mineral salt, typically occurring as colourless or whitish crystals, that is used as a mordant for dyeing, in tanning, for sizing paper and fireproofing materials, in water purification, and in medicine (esp. as a styptic); = potash alum n. at potash n. Compounds 2; also common alum.Alum is a hydrated double sulphate of aluminium and potassium, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O; crystal system, cubic. It occurs naturally in alum shales and other rocks; cf. alunite n.burnt, roche, rock, Roman, stone alum, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alum

aluma1398

alumen?a1425

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > salts named by atomic number > sulphates or sulphites > other sulphates

aluma1398

aphronitrea1398

white vitriol1676

oxysulphate1802

hyposulphate1819

sulphur salt1836

potash alum1837

hepar1866

kainite1868

kalinite1868

nickel sulphate1868

trisulphate1880

trisulphonate1892

thalline sulphate1899

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. liii. 1318 Som cometh of veynes of þe erþe, as..water nitrum and alime [L. aqua..aluminosa].

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1035 Þe clay þat clenges þerby [sc. by the Dead Sea] arn corsyes strong, As alum and alkaran, þat angre arn boþe.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) l. 813 Tartre Alum glas [c1415 Corpus Oxf. alym, c1415 Lansd. Alumglasse, c1425 Petworth alem, c1440 Lichfield alumglas].

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 66 (MED) Aboute þat see [sc. the Dead Sea] groweth moche Alom.

1453 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) II. 323 (MED) Alum, foyle or rooch, þe bale..iiij d.

?a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 1 Þe maner of steynyng of lynne cloþ..to viii ellyn of cloþ take a pownd of alyme.

1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 123 Layed to with honey and allome.

1584 King James VI & I Ess. Prentise Poesie sig. Bii^v Cleare and smothe lyke glas or alme.

1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia i. sig. B2 The same earth doth also yeelde..nothing so plentifully as the common Allum.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxvi. lii. 558 The best and principall alume..is brought out of the Island Melos.

1621 P. Heylyn Microcosmus 89 Transporting into other places Rice..Veluets, Satins,..Allom, Glasses, &c.

1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ iii. xxii. 437 A lotion with Honey, Alome, and White wine.

1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 106 Alum is dug out of the earth as we find it in the Shops.

1728 E. Smith Compl. Housewife (ed. 2) 311 After the first Scabs are well off, anoint the Face..with the following Ointment. Beat common Alum very fine, and sift it thro' a lawn Sieve, and mix it with Oil, like a thick Cream.

1768 J. Boswell Acct. Corsica (ed. 2) i. 52 There are also mines of allum.

1815 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. (ed. 2) viii. 201 The sulphuric acid uniting with the alumine, forms the well-known salt called alum.

1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud i. x, in Maud & Other Poems 6 While chalk and alum and plaster are sold to the poor for bread.

1885 A. Watt Art of Leather Manuf. 39 When tawed, or prepared with alum and salt, they [sc. sheepskins] form what is termed white leather.

1940 G. H. J. Adlam & L. S. Price Higher School Certificate Inorg. Chem. (ed. 2) xxxv. 278 A solution of aluminium sulphate or common alum in aqueous solution has a strongly acid reaction.

1954 J. Corbett Temple Tiger 172 I attended to the skins, re-pegging them on fresh ground and rubbing wood ashes and powdered alum on the damp parts.

1992 Eng. Today Jan. 41/1 The alum reacts with moisture in the air to break down the cellulose wood fibres that give paper its structural strength.

2008 P. Abrahams Beneath Surface 109/1 Often opaque vermilion had a glaze of red lake (a translucent red dye extracted from cochineal beetles or lac insects, fixed on alum and mixed with oil).

2. Any of various substances resembling this compound in chemical properties, crystal structure, etc.; (Chemistry) any of a series of isomorphous crystalline double sulphates of a monovalent metal or group and a trivalent metal, analogous to common or potash alum. Frequently with distinguishing word.ammonium, chrome, feather, iron, manganese, plume, soda alum, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > alums

alum1735

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique i. xxii. 141 Powder it, with sulphur viuum, adding thereto myrrhe, oyle, and vineger, and a little plume Allome.

1678 W. Salmon tr. Pharmacopœia Londinensis iii. xiii. 405 The Amianth or plumous Alum..differs not from Alum in form, but it wants the tast of Alum.

1735 T. Dallowe tr. H. Boerhaave Elements Chem. I. 29 It [sc. an acid] produces..with earths abounding with Lime the different Alums.

1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 71 Amianton is a stone of a lucid colour, and thready, like feathered alum.

1844 J. Liebig Familiar Lett. Chem. 2nd Ser. vi. 95 The most striking illustrations of the fact that the similarity of the crystalline forms of many compounds is entirely independent of the diversity of their elements, are afforded by a group of salts called alums, by which term we designate compounds possessing a constitution similar to that of common alum.

1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 655 Hallotrichine is a silky alum from the Solfatara near Naples.

1873 A. W. Williamson Chem. for Students (ed. 3) §185 These alums cannot be separated by crystallization; and a crystal of one of them grows regularly in a solution of another alum.

1906 H. J. H. Fenton Notes Qualitative Anal. (new ed.) 65 Solutions of double salts, such as the alums, behave qualitatively as the two salts separately.

1926 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 18 635/2 There are certain minerals, called ‘feather alum’, ‘plume alum’, and ‘manganese alum’, which do not belong to the isomorphous series of alums.

1974 D. Nicholls Inorg. Complexes iii. 21 In the alums (empirical formula MⁱMⁱⁱⁱ(SO₄)₂·12H₂O), the trivalent metal ions..contain the octahedral [M(H₂O)₆]³⁺ cations.

2002 W. R. Newman & L. M. Principe Alchemy tried in Fire ii. 39 Rāzī and his successors were keenly interested in the classification of salts, alums, and atraments (or vitriols).

Compounds

C1.

a. General attributive, as alum crystal, alum house, alum powder, alum salt, etc.

ΚΠ

1568 Edinb. Test. I. f. 119^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Alom, Allom, Allum Ane puncheoun of alome bark.

1622 M. Drayton 2nd Pt. Poly-olbion xxviii. 146 Her earth with Allome veines so richly intermin'd.

1673 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words 139 The Liquor..is conveyed to the Allom-house.

1732 T. Short Proposals for printing Hist. Mineral Waters ii. 171 The Crystals procured from the purple-colouring Salt in our Petrefactions, are dissolvable in about seven or eight times their Weight of Water, but Alum Crystals in not less than fourteen times their Quantity.

1830 G. Colman Random Rec. I. vi. 187 Most readers will pardon me for not taking them into the Alum-House, to explain the several methods of crystallization, &c.

1906 Amer. Naturalist 40 158 An alum crystal whose bearing surface was only a small fraction of a square centimeter.

1969 B. Ryan Your Child & First Year of School iii. 56 Play dough, if it is made from scratch from salt, flour, water, and perhaps a little alum powder as a preservative, gives an even broader experience of chemistry.

1991 C. Hill Tack 10 Partially vegetable tanned, the leather is then finished with a soaking in alum salts.

2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten vii. 68 If I used an alum solution and a good seed crystal to start it off..the crystal would grow evenly.

alum liquor n.

ΚΠ

1587 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. i. ii. xxiii. 348 A tast much like to allume liquor.

1764 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. I. at Alum The calks being filled with the alum liquor, evaporated to a due consistence, and set in a cold place, the alum gradually moots into large crystals.

1900 Leather Manufacturer Jan. 119 Some 10 to 12 gallons of the alum liquor should be added while the drum is in motion.

1980 Basic Sci. Concepts & Applic. (Amer. Water Works Assoc.) Math. Sect. xii. 186 Determine how many gallons per day of alum liquor must be fed.

alum mine n.

ΚΠ

1606 N. Baxter Sir Philip Sydneys Ouránia sig. I2^v There beene..Colde Bath's springing up from an Allum-mine, Curing hot Gowts.

1760 T. Birch Life Henry Prince of Wales 36 He..discovered an alum-mine near Gisburgh.

1852 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 22 219 From the alum-mine to the summit of Kalamo is one hour.

1995 Garden Hist. 23 195 His work embraced..a large grist mill, an alum mine and many other both practical and historical buildings.

alum works n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > workplace > place where specific things are made > [noun] > others

coal pitOE

wireworks1598

alum works1617

copperas-worka1661

saltpetre house1683

nailery1802

railworks1863

lockworks1864

sulphur-work1870

tack-mill1884

pitch-boilery1885

rubber plant1886

soot house1957

society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for making other articles > [noun] > equipment for making alum, potash, or pitch

alum works1617

potash kettle1787

pitch-boilery1885

1617 F. Bacon & Earl of Suffolk Let. to King 24 Nov. in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 34 The offers made..to your Majestie of his allome workes.

1790 W. Radcliffe Journey Sweden 205 The alum works increase in value every day.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 119 Boiling the scum of the alum works.

1920 C. D. Dominge & W. O. Lincoln Fire Insurance Inspection & Underwriting (ed. 2) 559 Roching casks—Are crystallizing vessels in alum works.

2005 A. McCloy Coastal Walks Brit. 78 The coast path..through a bumpy, untidy area that represents the spoil heaps of the long-vanished alum works.

C2. Objective and instrumental.

alum boiler n.

ΚΠ

1757 tr. J. F. Henckel Pyritologia 339 This lie, after all the vitriol is shot and removed, the alum-boiler takes to his hut.

1855 Philos. Mag. 9 423 To obtain the Epsom salts, the liquor is evaporated sometimes by waste heat from the alum boilers when the salt crystallizes.

1943 C. S. Smith in C. S. Smith & M. T. Gnudi tr. V. Biringuccio Pirotechnia Introd. p. xv It was men like Biringuccio, the practical metalworker, the dyers, pottery makers, alum boilers, and kindred artisans, who accumulated the basic facts for a chemical science.

alum-maker n.

ΚΠ

1612 S. Sturtevant Metallica xv. 106 The Gould-smith hath his waters which will segar gould from siluer, and the Allom-maker his vrines for the segaring and bringing downe of his alloms.

1854 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 13 622 The sulphate of magnesia forming the ‘rough Epsoms’ of the alum-maker.

1990 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 14 Feb. d2 He was a retired alum maker for the Stauffer Chemical Co. in Portland.

alum-making n.

ΚΠ

1796 Repertory of Arts 4 3 It is proper here to mention, that, in the common process of alum-making, salts containing muriat of soda, or their solutions, are made use of, and mixed with the aluminous liquor.

1841 T. Thomson in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1840 Sci. Reports 61 Another chemical manufacture..is alum-making.

1997 T. S. Whitman Price of Freedom (1999) 189 Residual mother liquor was reused in intermediate steps of alum making, or in the manufacture of Epsom salts if the silica of the clay had contained magnesium.

alum manufacture n.

ΚΠ

1710 A. Boyer Hist. Reign Queen Anne: Year the Eighth 124 The project concerning the Alum-Manufacture..is intirely approved by his Majesty.

1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 381 The chief localities of alum manufacture in this country.

1999 R. Grassby Idea of Capitalism ii. 27 Production was concentrated in fixed plants only in a handful of industries, such as naval shipbuilding, smelting, and alum manufacture.

alum manufacturing n.

ΚΠ

1851 Mechanics' Mag. 24 May 412/2 The employment of the spent shales from alum-manufacturing processes, for the manufacture of cement and hydraulic mortar.

1924 Pop. Mech. Mag. Apr. 497/2 Included in the works are an intake pier, pumping station..and an alum manufacturing plant.

2002 M. J. MacPhee et al. Trace Contaminants in Drinking Water Chemicals iii. 28 Aluminum metal is not used in alum manufacturing.

alum production n.

ΚΠ

1874 D. Page Econ. Geol. xiv. 234 The earliest centres of alum production in Britain were Whitby in Yorkshire, and Hurlett and Campsie near Glasgow.

2001 P. Ball Bright Earth iii. 65 Alum production was a large medieval industry.

b. Forming adjectives, as alum-bearing, alum-soaked, alum-steeped, etc.

ΚΠ

1837 S. Smith Let. in Wks. (1859) II. 277/1 Let him drive his alum-steeped loaves a little further.

1847 Quarterly Jrnl. 3 June 36 In large tracts of Sweden they [sc. the Lower Silurian rocks]are more expanded,..and with the same alum-bearing schists as in Norway.

1876 Sat. Rev. 23 Dec. 781/2 He could see that the alum-soaked winding-sheet still enfolded the body.

1922 Reclam. Rec. Jan. 4/0 There are numerous deposits of alum and alum-bearing rocks and shales in the western United States.

1996 C. Quigley Corpse iii. 53 American colonists restrained putrefaction by wrapping the body in an alum-soaked cloth.

C3.

alum basket n. now chiefly historical a small decorative wire basket covered in alum crystals by being dipped in a saturated solution of alum to give a sparkling effect.

ΚΠ

1821 M. A. Knight Let. 15 Aug. in J. T. Fowler Corr. Wm. Fowler (1907) 412 Receipt for alum basket. Make your basket of brass wire, cover it with soft thick cotton, [etc.].

1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi xxxviii. 404 Three ‘alum’ baskets of various colors—being skeleton-frame of wire, clothed-on with cubes of crystallized alum in the rock-candy style.

1922 J. C. Lincoln Fair Harbor vi. 92 The parlor..had the fullest and most satisfying assortment of whatnot curios and alum baskets.

2005 T. Horn Bees in Amer. (2006) iv. 118 When she made an alum basket and filled it with wax flowers, her father sold it for seven dollars.

alum cake n. now historical impure aluminium sulphate, manufactured from china clay.The substance referred to in quot. 1836 may simply be alum.

ΚΠ

1836 Fraser's Mag. Sept. 282 When we see a man call for a bottle of pale sherry, over which he is smacking his lips,..he little dreams, perhaps, of cherry-laurel water, gum besoin [sic], and alum-cake, which he is unconsciously swallowing.

1860 R. Hunt Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 5) I. 118 Alum Cake.—This substance owes its value to the amount of sulphate of alumina it contains, and is in fact another means of making soluble alumina accessible.

1937 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) I. 289/1 The product was marketed under the name of ‘alum cake’, and contains the whole of the silica, iron, and other impurities present in the clay.

2000 S. Garfield Mauve 110 The ingredients in stock included alumina, petroleum, acetic acid, alum cake, [etc.].

alum curd n. now historical milk or egg white curdled with alum, used chiefly as a poultice.

ΚΠ

1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 23 Mar. (1948) I. 222 I am now got into bed, and have put on allum curd, and it is almost well.

1860 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (ed. 2) I. ii. 142 A cataplasm of alum-curd may sometimes be preferable, in the cases of ulcer and anastomotic aneurism.

1902 Spatula 9 85 An Alum Curd, often directed by physicians for mild inflammations of the eyes, is made by dropping a lump of alum into sweet milk and allowing it to stand until the milk sets.

1999 K. K. Moss Southern Folk Med. 1750–1820 x. 115 The Edinburgh New Dispensatory offered a receipt for alum curd, prepared by shaking raw egg white and alum together.

alum earth n. now historical any of various earthy substances yielding alum or alumina.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > alum ore

alum earth1612

alum slate1675

alum ore1725

bing1815

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > kind of earth or soil > [noun] > mineral soil > others

alum earth1612

cabook1834

laterite1893

ferricrete1902

murram1912

opal dirt1925

allite1930

Oxisol1960

1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. xlii. 81/1 An Allum-earth of sundrie colours.

1788 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Elements Nat. Hist. & Chem. II. 233 The alum earth of Auvergne might be lixiviated in the same manner.

1872 W. Crookes tr. R. von Wagner Handbk. Chem. Technol. ii. 257 Alum-earth is more or less a mixture of sulphurous iron pyrites with various bituminous matters.

1906 Little Cycl. (ed. 12) 11 Alum is sometimes found pure in the earth, but most of it is made from alum rocks and alum earth.

1998 A. S. Travis Determinants Evol. European Chem. Industry 335 Natural cryolite met tough competition from..compounds with the same stoichiometric composition..produced from soda, hydrofluoric acid and alum earth.

alum farmer n. now historical a person who works in alum manufacture.

ΚΠ

1641 in 4th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1874) 71/1 Account of the sums for which the ‘Allom farmers’ left Morgan engaged.

?1672 J. Collins Let. in James Gregory Tercentenary Memorial Volume (1939) 16 Accounts..of the Allom farmers whose shipping of Allom to many parts beyond seas have furnished me with a correspondency abroad.

2004 N. A. M. Rodger Command of Ocean (2005) viii. 128 Extensive exemptions were issued; to colliers, fishermen, victuallers and transports, alum farmers.

† alum flower n. Obsolete rare alum calcined and powdered.

ΚΠ

1687 G. L. Gentleman's New Jockey xxvi. 170 Thicken it with Allom-flower till the whole mass be infused there-in.

1732 J. Swift Lady's Dressing Room 5 Allum Flower to stop the Steams.

alum glass n. [compare Anglo-Norman alum de glace, alun de glas, Middle French alun de glace, lit. ‘ice alum’ (c1300 in Old French as alun de glache) and also Anglo-Norman alomglas (c1325); compare further (after French) Middle Dutch aluun van glaetse (end of the 13th cent.)] now rare (a) a glassy form of alum produced esp. by evaporating an aqueous solution (now historical); (b) a kind of glass containing alumina.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > alums > types > others

roche1381

alum glassc1405

Carlsbad salts1895

Vichy salts1960

c1405Alumglas [see sense 1].

c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 81 Alum zucaryne is called comonly alumglasse.

a1475 in J. O. Halliwell Early Eng. Misc. (1855) 78 j di. of alome glas melte into clere water.

1860 C. Knight Eng. Cycl.: Arts & Sci. IV. 395 There is a peculiar mode of producing imitative rubies and emeralds by the use of a kind of alum-glass.

1894 Metal Worker 3 Feb. 27/1 Mr. Zsigmondy..had glass made containing a large per cent. of alumina..the results showed a much greater amount of heat cut off by the alum glass than by ordinary glass.

1920 A. H. Fay Gloss. Mining & Mineral Industry Alum glass, crystallized alum.

2006 Times 20 May 33 They made a 6m-long sculpture of the whale's skeleton that they then encrusted with alum glass.

alum ore n. now historical an iron ore or iron-rich rock which contains substantial amounts of alum; spec. = alum shale n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > alum ore

alum earth1612

alum slate1675

alum ore1725

bing1815

1725 P. Shaw Philos. Wks. R. Boyle III. 685 Alum-ore robb'd, regains its salt in the air.

1829 London Encycl. I. 706/1 Bituminous alum ore is called shale, and is in the form of a schistus, impregnated with so much oily matter, or bitumen, as to be inflammable.

1880 R. V. Tuson Cooley's Cycl. Pract. Receipts (ed. 6) 106/1 The manufacture of alum is technically said to be conducted according to the natural process when prepared from alum: schist or alum-ore.

1919 Farm Knowl. (rev. ed.) IV. ii. xii. 187 The acid of alum powders is made from a kind of clay called alum ore.

2005 E. Cameron Interpreting Christian Hist. iii. 121 A prospector discovered alum ore (vital for the cloth industry) near Tolfa in the papal states, and allowed Western Europe to buy its alum from the pope rather than the Turks.

alum plume n. now historical and rare = plume alum n. at plume n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alum > feather alum

alum plumec1425

plume alum1600

feather-alum1693

plumose alum1732

alunogen1834

c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 54 (MED) Putte in poudre of white glasse and of alum zucaryne, i. alum glasse, or alum plume.

?1515 Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. B.iv^v He..pryuely spake To a prentes..for a halfpeny worth of alom plomme.

1653 N. Culpeper Pharmacopœia Londinensis 169/1 Take of Borax an ounce; Camphire a drachm, white Corral half an ounce, Allum Plume an ounce, [etc.].

1729 G. Shelvocke Jr. tr. K. Siemienowicz Great Art Artillery v. 380 These Pipes or Tubes shall be well reinforced with the Sinews of Beasts steeped in Glue, in which has been previously dissolved a little Allum Plume.

1910 D. Power in tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula 116 Three kinds of alum were recognised: alum glass, alum plume, and alum zuccarin... Alum plume was the natural aluminium sulphate.

alum rock n. a kind of rock which contains substantial amounts of alum, esp. in the form of the mineral alunite; alum stone.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > mineral or chemical composition > [noun] > rock containing specific mineral

alum rockc1637

silver-spat1668

salt-rock1670

tin-spar1681

garnet-rock1794

mimophyre1824

crystalline1856

haüynophyr1865

minette1866

phosphate rock1869

c1637 J. Fitz in 17th Cent. Econ. Documents (1972) 242 Asholme, one of the best and greatest alum rocks of mine.

1759 Philos. Trans. 1758 (Royal Soc.) 50 688 What we call allum-rock, a kind of black slate that may be taken up in flakes.

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 111 At Whitby, the alum-rock.

1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxxiv. 661 Potash alum..was prepared in Italy by roasting and extracting with water an alum rock containing alunite.

1993 J. Davis et al. Developing & Managing Community Water Supplies i. 15 In parts of West Africa ‘alum’ rock can be purchased in local markets.

alum schist n. now chiefly historical = alum shale n.

ΚΠ

1796 Repertory of Arts 4 4 To this liquor or saline matter is to be added a due proportion of alum schist, clay, or argillaceous matter.

1872 H. A. Nicholson Man. Palæontol. 513 Beds of so-called ‘alum-schist’, which are of Upper Cambrian age.

1921 J. A. Audley Silica & Silicates 337 Most of the alum manufactured in England was formerly made from alum shale, alum schist, and the like.

1997 G. M. Idorn Concrete Progress 21 He mentioned the Swedish production of a pozzolan by two-times calcination of an alum schist.

alum shale n. an iron-rich shale or slate containing alum formed by weathering of the clay component.

ΚΠ

1765 J. Smeaton Reports (1797) I. 231 Covenants for cleansing the harbour of Whitby from the allum shail.

1794 J. Tuke Gen. View Agric. N. Riding Yorks. 11 The soils are a brownish clay, a clayey loam, a loam upon a strong clay, a lightish soil upon an allum shale, a loam upon a free-stone, [etc.].

1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 111 Such alum-shales as contain too little bitumen for the roasting process.

1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. ii. 24 Salt may be separated from sand, nitre, or saltpetre from soil,..and alum from burnt alum-shale.

2002 M. D. Kennedy Cultural Formations Postcommunism v. 199 The Sillamäe plant originally processed alum shale for its uranium.

alum slate n. = alum shale n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > alum ore

alum earth1612

alum slate1675

alum ore1725

bing1815

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > metamorphic rock > [noun] > slate > others

alum slate1675

peach1778

itacolumite1863

itabirite1868

1675 W. Simpson Disc. Sulphur-bath Knarsborough 7 Alom slate or stone..which has had the Salt discernably extraverted.

1711 B. Allen Nat. Hist. Mineral-waters Great Brit. 33 Scarborough-Water... Situate close to the Sea-shore, so as to be overflown by Spring-Tides, the Allum Slate being dug just by it.

1805 Edinb. Rev. 6 237 He also classes the alum-slate..among the transition rocks.

1912 C. W. Askling & E. Roesler Internal Combustion Engines ii. 65 A light-flowing oil with high heating value has been produced from Swedish alum slate.

2000 B. Berge Ecol. Building Materials vii. 111 Extracting volcanic or alum slate requires caution.

alum stone n. [compare German Alaunstein (15th cent.)] now chiefly historical a rock or mineral from which alum is obtained, esp. alunite.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alunite

alum stone1651

aluminilite1804

alunite1821

alumite1826

1651 S. Hartlib Legacie 87 Allum-stone is found in Anglesey, but especially at Gisborrow in Yorkeshire.

1728 J. Woodward Catal. Addit. Eng. Native Fossils 96 There is Alum-stone about 20 Foot underneath.

1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 223 Hot sulphureous vapours, which convert the trachyte into alum-stone.

1841 R. C. Campbell tr. W. F. X. von Kobell Instructions Discrim. Minerals 36 Alum-stone..Alunite.

1921 T. Crook Econ. Mineral. 404 Aluminilite..has also been called alumstone, on account of its use in the manufacture of alum.

1999 Anthropos 94 426/2 Only wealthier households can afford to buy this pedra ume (alum stone).

alum styptic n. now rare a styptic preparation consisting of or containing alum.

ΚΠ

1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) ii. 17 Alom-Stypticks with contracting Power Shrink his thin Essence like a rivell'd Flower.

1880 Gaillard's Med. Jrnl. 29 637 So it is necessary to use the iron or alum styptic to arrest all oozing of blood.

1904 Med. Examiner & Practitioner 14 220/1 The actual lapse of time from the putting in place of the tourniquet to the use of the alum styptic need not exceed thirty seconds.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	alum
释义	alumn.¹ Brit. /ˈaləm/, U.S. /ˈæləm/ Forms: Middle English alem, Middle English alime, Middle English aloum, Middle English alwm, Middle English alyme, Middle English–1500s alym, Middle English–1600s allume, Middle English–1600s alumme, Middle English–1700s allom, Middle English–1700s alom, Middle English–1700s alome, Middle English–1700s alume, Middle English–1800s (1900s– historical) allum, Middle English– alum, 1500s alam, 1500s allame, 1500s allem, 1500s allomme, 1500s alomme, 1500s–1700s allome, 1600s allam, 1700s–1800s alumn, 1800s alumm; Scottish pre-1700 allame, pre-1700 allme, pre-1700 allom, pre-1700 allome, pre-1700 allowme, pre-1700 allum, pre-1700 allume, pre-1700 alme, pre-1700 alom, pre-1700 alome, pre-1700 alume, pre-1700 ame, pre-1700 amme, pre-1700 1700s–1800s alm, pre-1700 1700s– alum, pre-1700 1700s– aum, 1800s awm. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French alum, allume. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman alum, alume, alom, alim, alym and Middle French allume (late 12th cent. in Old French as alun ; Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French alun ) < classical Latin alūmen alumen n. Compare Old Occitan alum, alun (13th cent.), Catalan alum (13th cent.), Spanish alumbre (13th cent.), Portuguese alume (1344), Italian allume (13th cent.), also (probably < French) Middle Dutch aluun (Dutch aluin), Middle Low German allūn, Old High German alūne (Middle High German alūn, alūm, alm, German Alaun), and ( < Middle Low German) Old Swedish, Swedish alun.With quot. c1405 at sense 1 compare alum glass n. at Compounds 3 and the discussion at that lemma; compare also (in an Anglo-Norman context):c1375 in F. B. Bickley Little Red Bk. Bristol (1900) II. 6 Qe nul alym soit vsee nule part en la ville en oueraigne forsqe Spyralym, Glasalym, et Bokkan. It is unclear whether the following early example should be interpreted as showing the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word:1228 in N. S. B. Gras Early Eng. Customs Syst. (1918) 157 i poke de alum, i d. Compare also Old English ælifn (probably also ælefne) alum (ultimately < classical Latin alūmen* (see above), perhaps via an unattested Brittonic form):eOE Épinal Gloss. (1974) 8 Alumnis, aelifnae.OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 86 Alumen, efne [prob. read alefne]. 1. An astringent mineral salt, typically occurring as colourless or whitish crystals, that is used as a mordant for dyeing, in tanning, for sizing paper and fireproofing materials, in water purification, and in medicine (esp. as a styptic); = potash alum n. at potash n. Compounds 2; also common alum.Alum is a hydrated double sulphate of aluminium and potassium, KAl(SO₄)₂·12H₂O; crystal system, cubic. It occurs naturally in alum shales and other rocks; cf. alunite n.burnt, roche, rock, Roman, stone alum, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alum aluma1398 alumen?a1425 the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > salts named by atomic number > sulphates or sulphites > other sulphates aluma1398 aphronitrea1398 white vitriol1676 oxysulphate1802 hyposulphate1819 sulphur salt1836 potash alum1837 hepar1866 kainite1868 kalinite1868 nickel sulphate1868 trisulphate1880 trisulphonate1892 thalline sulphate1899 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xix. liii. 1318 Som cometh of veynes of þe erþe, as..water nitrum and alime [L. aqua..aluminosa]. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1035 Þe clay þat clenges þerby [sc. by the Dead Sea] arn corsyes strong, As alum and alkaran, þat angre arn boþe. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) l. 813 Tartre Alum glas [c1415 Corpus Oxf. alym, c1415 Lansd. Alumglasse, c1425 Petworth alem, c1440 Lichfield alumglas]. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 66 (MED) Aboute þat see [sc. the Dead Sea] groweth moche Alom. 1453 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) II. 323 (MED) Alum, foyle or rooch, þe bale..iiij d. ?a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 1 Þe maner of steynyng of lynne cloþ..to viii ellyn of cloþ take a pownd of alyme. 1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) ii. 123 Layed to with honey and allome. 1584 King James VI & I Ess. Prentise Poesie sig. Bii^v Cleare and smothe lyke glas or alme. 1588 T. Hariot Briefe Rep. Virginia i. sig. B2 The same earth doth also yeelde..nothing so plentifully as the common Allum. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxxvi. lii. 558 The best and principall alume..is brought out of the Island Melos. 1621 P. Heylyn Microcosmus 89 Transporting into other places Rice..Veluets, Satins,..Allom, Glasses, &c. 1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ iii. xxii. 437 A lotion with Honey, Alome, and White wine. 1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 106 Alum is dug out of the earth as we find it in the Shops. 1728 E. Smith Compl. Housewife (ed. 2) 311 After the first Scabs are well off, anoint the Face..with the following Ointment. Beat common Alum very fine, and sift it thro' a lawn Sieve, and mix it with Oil, like a thick Cream. 1768 J. Boswell Acct. Corsica (ed. 2) i. 52 There are also mines of allum. 1815 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. (ed. 2) viii. 201 The sulphuric acid uniting with the alumine, forms the well-known salt called alum. 1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud i. x, in Maud & Other Poems 6 While chalk and alum and plaster are sold to the poor for bread. 1885 A. Watt Art of Leather Manuf. 39 When tawed, or prepared with alum and salt, they [sc. sheepskins] form what is termed white leather. 1940 G. H. J. Adlam & L. S. Price Higher School Certificate Inorg. Chem. (ed. 2) xxxv. 278 A solution of aluminium sulphate or common alum in aqueous solution has a strongly acid reaction. 1954 J. Corbett Temple Tiger 172 I attended to the skins, re-pegging them on fresh ground and rubbing wood ashes and powdered alum on the damp parts. 1992 Eng. Today Jan. 41/1 The alum reacts with moisture in the air to break down the cellulose wood fibres that give paper its structural strength. 2008 P. Abrahams Beneath Surface 109/1 Often opaque vermilion had a glaze of red lake (a translucent red dye extracted from cochineal beetles or lac insects, fixed on alum and mixed with oil). 2. Any of various substances resembling this compound in chemical properties, crystal structure, etc.; (Chemistry) any of a series of isomorphous crystalline double sulphates of a monovalent metal or group and a trivalent metal, analogous to common or potash alum. Frequently with distinguishing word.ammonium, chrome, feather, iron, manganese, plume, soda alum, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > alums alum1735 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique i. xxii. 141 Powder it, with sulphur viuum, adding thereto myrrhe, oyle, and vineger, and a little plume Allome. 1678 W. Salmon tr. Pharmacopœia Londinensis iii. xiii. 405 The Amianth or plumous Alum..differs not from Alum in form, but it wants the tast of Alum. 1735 T. Dallowe tr. H. Boerhaave Elements Chem. I. 29 It [sc. an acid] produces..with earths abounding with Lime the different Alums. 1750 tr. C. Leonardus Mirror of Stones 71 Amianton is a stone of a lucid colour, and thready, like feathered alum. 1844 J. Liebig Familiar Lett. Chem. 2nd Ser. vi. 95 The most striking illustrations of the fact that the similarity of the crystalline forms of many compounds is entirely independent of the diversity of their elements, are afforded by a group of salts called alums, by which term we designate compounds possessing a constitution similar to that of common alum. 1868 J. D. Dana Syst. Mineral. (ed. 5) 655 Hallotrichine is a silky alum from the Solfatara near Naples. 1873 A. W. Williamson Chem. for Students (ed. 3) §185 These alums cannot be separated by crystallization; and a crystal of one of them grows regularly in a solution of another alum. 1906 H. J. H. Fenton Notes Qualitative Anal. (new ed.) 65 Solutions of double salts, such as the alums, behave qualitatively as the two salts separately. 1926 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 18 635/2 There are certain minerals, called ‘feather alum’, ‘plume alum’, and ‘manganese alum’, which do not belong to the isomorphous series of alums. 1974 D. Nicholls Inorg. Complexes iii. 21 In the alums (empirical formula MⁱMⁱⁱⁱ(SO₄)₂·12H₂O), the trivalent metal ions..contain the octahedral [M(H₂O)₆]³⁺ cations. 2002 W. R. Newman & L. M. Principe Alchemy tried in Fire ii. 39 Rāzī and his successors were keenly interested in the classification of salts, alums, and atraments (or vitriols). Compounds C1. a. General attributive, as alum crystal, alum house, alum powder, alum salt, etc. ΚΠ 1568 Edinb. Test. I. f. 119^v, in Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at Alom, Allom, Allum Ane puncheoun of alome bark. 1622 M. Drayton 2nd Pt. Poly-olbion xxviii. 146 Her earth with Allome veines so richly intermin'd. 1673 J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words 139 The Liquor..is conveyed to the Allom-house. 1732 T. Short Proposals for printing Hist. Mineral Waters ii. 171 The Crystals procured from the purple-colouring Salt in our Petrefactions, are dissolvable in about seven or eight times their Weight of Water, but Alum Crystals in not less than fourteen times their Quantity. 1830 G. Colman Random Rec. I. vi. 187 Most readers will pardon me for not taking them into the Alum-House, to explain the several methods of crystallization, &c. 1906 Amer. Naturalist 40 158 An alum crystal whose bearing surface was only a small fraction of a square centimeter. 1969 B. Ryan Your Child & First Year of School iii. 56 Play dough, if it is made from scratch from salt, flour, water, and perhaps a little alum powder as a preservative, gives an even broader experience of chemistry. 1991 C. Hill Tack 10 Partially vegetable tanned, the leather is then finished with a soaking in alum salts. 2001 O. Sacks Uncle Tungsten vii. 68 If I used an alum solution and a good seed crystal to start it off..the crystal would grow evenly. b. alum liquor n. ΚΠ 1587 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. i. ii. xxiii. 348 A tast much like to allume liquor. 1764 T. H. Croker et al. Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. I. at Alum The calks being filled with the alum liquor, evaporated to a due consistence, and set in a cold place, the alum gradually moots into large crystals. 1900 Leather Manufacturer Jan. 119 Some 10 to 12 gallons of the alum liquor should be added while the drum is in motion. 1980 Basic Sci. Concepts & Applic. (Amer. Water Works Assoc.) Math. Sect. xii. 186 Determine how many gallons per day of alum liquor must be fed. alum mine n. ΚΠ 1606 N. Baxter Sir Philip Sydneys Ouránia sig. I2^v There beene..Colde Bath's springing up from an Allum-mine, Curing hot Gowts. 1760 T. Birch Life Henry Prince of Wales 36 He..discovered an alum-mine near Gisburgh. 1852 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 22 219 From the alum-mine to the summit of Kalamo is one hour. 1995 Garden Hist. 23 195 His work embraced..a large grist mill, an alum mine and many other both practical and historical buildings. alum works n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > workplace > place where specific things are made > [noun] > others coal pitOE wireworks1598 alum works1617 copperas-worka1661 saltpetre house1683 nailery1802 railworks1863 lockworks1864 sulphur-work1870 tack-mill1884 pitch-boilery1885 rubber plant1886 soot house1957 society > occupation and work > equipment > equipment for making other articles > [noun] > equipment for making alum, potash, or pitch alum works1617 potash kettle1787 pitch-boilery1885 1617 F. Bacon & Earl of Suffolk Let. to King 24 Nov. in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 34 The offers made..to your Majestie of his allome workes. 1790 W. Radcliffe Journey Sweden 205 The alum works increase in value every day. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 119 Boiling the scum of the alum works. 1920 C. D. Dominge & W. O. Lincoln Fire Insurance Inspection & Underwriting (ed. 2) 559 Roching casks—Are crystallizing vessels in alum works. 2005 A. McCloy Coastal Walks Brit. 78 The coast path..through a bumpy, untidy area that represents the spoil heaps of the long-vanished alum works. C2. Objective and instrumental. a. alum boiler n. ΚΠ 1757 tr. J. F. Henckel Pyritologia 339 This lie, after all the vitriol is shot and removed, the alum-boiler takes to his hut. 1855 Philos. Mag. 9 423 To obtain the Epsom salts, the liquor is evaporated sometimes by waste heat from the alum boilers when the salt crystallizes. 1943 C. S. Smith in C. S. Smith & M. T. Gnudi tr. V. Biringuccio Pirotechnia Introd. p. xv It was men like Biringuccio, the practical metalworker, the dyers, pottery makers, alum boilers, and kindred artisans, who accumulated the basic facts for a chemical science. alum-maker n. ΚΠ 1612 S. Sturtevant Metallica xv. 106 The Gould-smith hath his waters which will segar gould from siluer, and the Allom-maker his vrines for the segaring and bringing downe of his alloms. 1854 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 13 622 The sulphate of magnesia forming the ‘rough Epsoms’ of the alum-maker. 1990 Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 14 Feb. d2 He was a retired alum maker for the Stauffer Chemical Co. in Portland. alum-making n. ΚΠ 1796 Repertory of Arts 4 3 It is proper here to mention, that, in the common process of alum-making, salts containing muriat of soda, or their solutions, are made use of, and mixed with the aluminous liquor. 1841 T. Thomson in Rep. Brit. Assoc. Advancem. Sci. 1840 Sci. Reports 61 Another chemical manufacture..is alum-making. 1997 T. S. Whitman Price of Freedom (1999) 189 Residual mother liquor was reused in intermediate steps of alum making, or in the manufacture of Epsom salts if the silica of the clay had contained magnesium. alum manufacture n. ΚΠ 1710 A. Boyer Hist. Reign Queen Anne: Year the Eighth 124 The project concerning the Alum-Manufacture..is intirely approved by his Majesty. 1870 J. Yeats Nat. Hist. Commerce 381 The chief localities of alum manufacture in this country. 1999 R. Grassby Idea of Capitalism ii. 27 Production was concentrated in fixed plants only in a handful of industries, such as naval shipbuilding, smelting, and alum manufacture. alum manufacturing n. ΚΠ 1851 Mechanics' Mag. 24 May 412/2 The employment of the spent shales from alum-manufacturing processes, for the manufacture of cement and hydraulic mortar. 1924 Pop. Mech. Mag. Apr. 497/2 Included in the works are an intake pier, pumping station..and an alum manufacturing plant. 2002 M. J. MacPhee et al. Trace Contaminants in Drinking Water Chemicals iii. 28 Aluminum metal is not used in alum manufacturing. alum production n. ΚΠ 1874 D. Page Econ. Geol. xiv. 234 The earliest centres of alum production in Britain were Whitby in Yorkshire, and Hurlett and Campsie near Glasgow. 2001 P. Ball Bright Earth iii. 65 Alum production was a large medieval industry. b. Forming adjectives, as alum-bearing, alum-soaked, alum-steeped, etc. ΚΠ 1837 S. Smith Let. in Wks. (1859) II. 277/1 Let him drive his alum-steeped loaves a little further. 1847 Quarterly Jrnl. 3 June 36 In large tracts of Sweden they [sc. the Lower Silurian rocks]are more expanded,..and with the same alum-bearing schists as in Norway. 1876 Sat. Rev. 23 Dec. 781/2 He could see that the alum-soaked winding-sheet still enfolded the body. 1922 Reclam. Rec. Jan. 4/0 There are numerous deposits of alum and alum-bearing rocks and shales in the western United States. 1996 C. Quigley Corpse iii. 53 American colonists restrained putrefaction by wrapping the body in an alum-soaked cloth. C3. alum basket n. now chiefly historical a small decorative wire basket covered in alum crystals by being dipped in a saturated solution of alum to give a sparkling effect. ΚΠ 1821 M. A. Knight Let. 15 Aug. in J. T. Fowler Corr. Wm. Fowler (1907) 412 Receipt for alum basket. Make your basket of brass wire, cover it with soft thick cotton, [etc.]. 1883 ‘M. Twain’ Life on Mississippi xxxviii. 404 Three ‘alum’ baskets of various colors—being skeleton-frame of wire, clothed-on with cubes of crystallized alum in the rock-candy style. 1922 J. C. Lincoln Fair Harbor vi. 92 The parlor..had the fullest and most satisfying assortment of whatnot curios and alum baskets. 2005 T. Horn Bees in Amer. (2006) iv. 118 When she made an alum basket and filled it with wax flowers, her father sold it for seven dollars. alum cake n. now historical impure aluminium sulphate, manufactured from china clay.The substance referred to in quot. 1836 may simply be alum. ΚΠ 1836 Fraser's Mag. Sept. 282 When we see a man call for a bottle of pale sherry, over which he is smacking his lips,..he little dreams, perhaps, of cherry-laurel water, gum besoin [sic], and alum-cake, which he is unconsciously swallowing. 1860 R. Hunt Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 5) I. 118 Alum Cake.—This substance owes its value to the amount of sulphate of alumina it contains, and is in fact another means of making soluble alumina accessible. 1937 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) I. 289/1 The product was marketed under the name of ‘alum cake’, and contains the whole of the silica, iron, and other impurities present in the clay. 2000 S. Garfield Mauve 110 The ingredients in stock included alumina, petroleum, acetic acid, alum cake, [etc.]. alum curd n. now historical milk or egg white curdled with alum, used chiefly as a poultice. ΚΠ 1711 J. Swift Jrnl. to Stella 23 Mar. (1948) I. 222 I am now got into bed, and have put on allum curd, and it is almost well. 1860 H. C. Wood Treat. Therapeutics (ed. 2) I. ii. 142 A cataplasm of alum-curd may sometimes be preferable, in the cases of ulcer and anastomotic aneurism. 1902 Spatula 9 85 An Alum Curd, often directed by physicians for mild inflammations of the eyes, is made by dropping a lump of alum into sweet milk and allowing it to stand until the milk sets. 1999 K. K. Moss Southern Folk Med. 1750–1820 x. 115 The Edinburgh New Dispensatory offered a receipt for alum curd, prepared by shaking raw egg white and alum together. alum earth n. now historical any of various earthy substances yielding alum or alumina. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > alum ore alum earth1612 alum slate1675 alum ore1725 bing1815 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > kind of earth or soil > [noun] > mineral soil > others alum earth1612 cabook1834 laterite1893 ferricrete1902 murram1912 opal dirt1925 allite1930 Oxisol1960 1612 J. Speed Theatre of Empire of Great Brit. i. xlii. 81/1 An Allum-earth of sundrie colours. 1788 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Elements Nat. Hist. & Chem. II. 233 The alum earth of Auvergne might be lixiviated in the same manner. 1872 W. Crookes tr. R. von Wagner Handbk. Chem. Technol. ii. 257 Alum-earth is more or less a mixture of sulphurous iron pyrites with various bituminous matters. 1906 Little Cycl. (ed. 12) 11 Alum is sometimes found pure in the earth, but most of it is made from alum rocks and alum earth. 1998 A. S. Travis Determinants Evol. European Chem. Industry 335 Natural cryolite met tough competition from..compounds with the same stoichiometric composition..produced from soda, hydrofluoric acid and alum earth. alum farmer n. now historical a person who works in alum manufacture. ΚΠ 1641 in 4th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1874) 71/1 Account of the sums for which the ‘Allom farmers’ left Morgan engaged. ?1672 J. Collins Let. in James Gregory Tercentenary Memorial Volume (1939) 16 Accounts..of the Allom farmers whose shipping of Allom to many parts beyond seas have furnished me with a correspondency abroad. 2004 N. A. M. Rodger Command of Ocean (2005) viii. 128 Extensive exemptions were issued; to colliers, fishermen, victuallers and transports, alum farmers. † alum flower n. Obsolete rare alum calcined and powdered. ΚΠ 1687 G. L. Gentleman's New Jockey xxvi. 170 Thicken it with Allom-flower till the whole mass be infused there-in. 1732 J. Swift Lady's Dressing Room 5 Allum Flower to stop the Steams. alum glass n. [compare Anglo-Norman alum de glace, alun de glas, Middle French alun de glace, lit. ‘ice alum’ (c1300 in Old French as alun de glache) and also Anglo-Norman alomglas (c1325); compare further (after French) Middle Dutch aluun van glaetse (end of the 13th cent.)] now rare (a) a glassy form of alum produced esp. by evaporating an aqueous solution (now historical); (b) a kind of glass containing alumina. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > salts > [noun] > alums > types > others roche1381 alum glassc1405 Carlsbad salts1895 Vichy salts1960 c1405Alumglas [see sense 1]. c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 81 Alum zucaryne is called comonly alumglasse. a1475 in J. O. Halliwell Early Eng. Misc. (1855) 78 j di. of alome glas melte into clere water. 1860 C. Knight Eng. Cycl.: Arts & Sci. IV. 395 There is a peculiar mode of producing imitative rubies and emeralds by the use of a kind of alum-glass. 1894 Metal Worker 3 Feb. 27/1 Mr. Zsigmondy..had glass made containing a large per cent. of alumina..the results showed a much greater amount of heat cut off by the alum glass than by ordinary glass. 1920 A. H. Fay Gloss. Mining & Mineral Industry Alum glass, crystallized alum. 2006 Times 20 May 33 They made a 6m-long sculpture of the whale's skeleton that they then encrusted with alum glass. alum ore n. now historical an iron ore or iron-rich rock which contains substantial amounts of alum; spec. = alum shale n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > alum ore alum earth1612 alum slate1675 alum ore1725 bing1815 1725 P. Shaw Philos. Wks. R. Boyle III. 685 Alum-ore robb'd, regains its salt in the air. 1829 London Encycl. I. 706/1 Bituminous alum ore is called shale, and is in the form of a schistus, impregnated with so much oily matter, or bitumen, as to be inflammable. 1880 R. V. Tuson Cooley's Cycl. Pract. Receipts (ed. 6) 106/1 The manufacture of alum is technically said to be conducted according to the natural process when prepared from alum: schist or alum-ore. 1919 Farm Knowl. (rev. ed.) IV. ii. xii. 187 The acid of alum powders is made from a kind of clay called alum ore. 2005 E. Cameron Interpreting Christian Hist. iii. 121 A prospector discovered alum ore (vital for the cloth industry) near Tolfa in the papal states, and allowed Western Europe to buy its alum from the pope rather than the Turks. alum plume n. now historical and rare = plume alum n. at plume n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alum > feather alum alum plumec1425 plume alum1600 feather-alum1693 plumose alum1732 alunogen1834 c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 54 (MED) Putte in poudre of white glasse and of alum zucaryne, i. alum glasse, or alum plume. ?1515 Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. B.iv^v He..pryuely spake To a prentes..for a halfpeny worth of alom plomme. 1653 N. Culpeper Pharmacopœia Londinensis 169/1 Take of Borax an ounce; Camphire a drachm, white Corral half an ounce, Allum Plume an ounce, [etc.]. 1729 G. Shelvocke Jr. tr. K. Siemienowicz Great Art Artillery v. 380 These Pipes or Tubes shall be well reinforced with the Sinews of Beasts steeped in Glue, in which has been previously dissolved a little Allum Plume. 1910 D. Power in tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula 116 Three kinds of alum were recognised: alum glass, alum plume, and alum zuccarin... Alum plume was the natural aluminium sulphate. alum rock n. a kind of rock which contains substantial amounts of alum, esp. in the form of the mineral alunite; alum stone. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > mineral or chemical composition > [noun] > rock containing specific mineral alum rockc1637 silver-spat1668 salt-rock1670 tin-spar1681 garnet-rock1794 mimophyre1824 crystalline1856 haüynophyr1865 minette1866 phosphate rock1869 c1637 J. Fitz in 17th Cent. Econ. Documents (1972) 242 Asholme, one of the best and greatest alum rocks of mine. 1759 Philos. Trans. 1758 (Royal Soc.) 50 688 What we call allum-rock, a kind of black slate that may be taken up in flakes. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 111 At Whitby, the alum-rock. 1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. xxxiv. 661 Potash alum..was prepared in Italy by roasting and extracting with water an alum rock containing alunite. 1993 J. Davis et al. Developing & Managing Community Water Supplies i. 15 In parts of West Africa ‘alum’ rock can be purchased in local markets. alum schist n. now chiefly historical = alum shale n. ΚΠ 1796 Repertory of Arts 4 4 To this liquor or saline matter is to be added a due proportion of alum schist, clay, or argillaceous matter. 1872 H. A. Nicholson Man. Palæontol. 513 Beds of so-called ‘alum-schist’, which are of Upper Cambrian age. 1921 J. A. Audley Silica & Silicates 337 Most of the alum manufactured in England was formerly made from alum shale, alum schist, and the like. 1997 G. M. Idorn Concrete Progress 21 He mentioned the Swedish production of a pozzolan by two-times calcination of an alum schist. alum shale n. an iron-rich shale or slate containing alum formed by weathering of the clay component. ΚΠ 1765 J. Smeaton Reports (1797) I. 231 Covenants for cleansing the harbour of Whitby from the allum shail. 1794 J. Tuke Gen. View Agric. N. Riding Yorks. 11 The soils are a brownish clay, a clayey loam, a loam upon a strong clay, a lightish soil upon an allum shale, a loam upon a free-stone, [etc.]. 1875 R. Hunt & F. W. Rudler Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 7) I. 111 Such alum-shales as contain too little bitumen for the roasting process. 1922 T. M. Lowry Inorg. Chem. ii. 24 Salt may be separated from sand, nitre, or saltpetre from soil,..and alum from burnt alum-shale. 2002 M. D. Kennedy Cultural Formations Postcommunism v. 199 The Sillamäe plant originally processed alum shale for its uranium. alum slate n. = alum shale n. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > ore > [noun] > metal ore > alum ore alum earth1612 alum slate1675 alum ore1725 bing1815 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > metamorphic rock > [noun] > slate > others alum slate1675 peach1778 itacolumite1863 itabirite1868 1675 W. Simpson Disc. Sulphur-bath Knarsborough 7 Alom slate or stone..which has had the Salt discernably extraverted. 1711 B. Allen Nat. Hist. Mineral-waters Great Brit. 33 Scarborough-Water... Situate close to the Sea-shore, so as to be overflown by Spring-Tides, the Allum Slate being dug just by it. 1805 Edinb. Rev. 6 237 He also classes the alum-slate..among the transition rocks. 1912 C. W. Askling & E. Roesler Internal Combustion Engines ii. 65 A light-flowing oil with high heating value has been produced from Swedish alum slate. 2000 B. Berge Ecol. Building Materials vii. 111 Extracting volcanic or alum slate requires caution. alum stone n. [compare German Alaunstein (15th cent.)] now chiefly historical a rock or mineral from which alum is obtained, esp. alunite. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > sulphates > [noun] > alunite alum stone1651 aluminilite1804 alunite1821 alumite1826 1651 S. Hartlib Legacie 87 Allum-stone is found in Anglesey, but especially at Gisborrow in Yorkeshire. 1728 J. Woodward Catal. Addit. Eng. Native Fossils 96 There is Alum-stone about 20 Foot underneath. 1833 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. III. 223 Hot sulphureous vapours, which convert the trachyte into alum-stone. 1841 R. C. Campbell tr. W. F. X. von Kobell Instructions Discrim. Minerals 36 Alum-stone..Alunite. 1921 T. Crook Econ. Mineral. 404 Aluminilite..has also been called alumstone, on account of its use in the manufacture of alum. 1999 Anthropos 94 426/2 Only wealthier households can afford to buy this pedra ume (alum stone). alum styptic n. now rare a styptic preparation consisting of or containing alum. ΚΠ 1714 A. Pope Rape of Lock (new ed.) ii. 17 Alom-Stypticks with contracting Power Shrink his thin Essence like a rivell'd Flower. 1880 Gaillard's Med. Jrnl. 29 637 So it is necessary to use the iron or alum styptic to arrest all oozing of blood. 1904 Med. Examiner & Practitioner 14 220/1 The actual lapse of time from the putting in place of the tourniquet to the use of the alum styptic need not exceed thirty seconds. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). alumn.² Brit. /əˈlʌm/, U.S. /əˈləm/ Forms: 1600s 1900s– alumn, 1900s– alum. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: Latin alumnus ; alumnus n.; alumna n. Etymology: In sense 1 < classical Latin alumnus alumnus n. In sense 2 shortened < alumnus n. and alumna n. (see note at definition). †1. A foster child; a ward, protégé, charge (only in figurative use). Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > foster-child fosterlingc1000 foster-childa1200 fosterc1275 nurryc1330 nurse-child1562 alum1683 dalt1775 rearling1832 1683 J. Eliot Let. to Boyle 21 June in T. Birch Life R. Boyle (1744) 133 Right honourable nursing father, Your hungry alumns do still cry unto your honour for the milk of the word [sc. the Bible]. 2. Chiefly U.S. A former student of a school, university, etc.; an alumnus or alumna. Also in extended use. Originally in nonstandard use, or as a graphic abbreviation. Now usually as a gender-neutral alternative to alumnus n. or alumna n. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > [noun] > former pupil or student man1573 alumnus1800 alumna1843 alum1877 1877 tr. J. H. Balfour in Upsala Universitets Fyrahundraårs Jubelfest (1879) 49 The earnest hope, that..Sweden may continue to send forth many alumns who shall do credit to her great Educational Institutions. 1894 Alumni Rep. (Philadelphia Coll. Pharm. Alumni Assoc.) 132/2 The establishment of a microscopical laboratory..the members of the Executive Board of the Alumn. Association..would strongly favor the same. 1918 Dial. Notes 5 22 Alumn, alumnus; alumna. 1928 Chicago Tribune 13 Dec. 37/1 The local Harvard ‘alums’ have a number of parties in the incipient stage of planning. 1974 State (Columbia, S. Carolina) 15 Feb. 1- b/1 Streaking is darting out (unexpectedly) in the nude.., preferably..in front of a carload of staid old alums. 1989 Spin Oct. 105/1 The recent release from Yes alums Anderson, Bruford, Wakeman, Howe isn't as bad as everyone assumes. 1999 O. Turner Compl. Idiot's Guide College Planning 88 Your guide can tell you all about the famous (or notorious) alums of the college. 2010 Time Out N.Y. 8 July 37/1 Expect Quebecois dishes..from chef Hughe Dufour, an alum of Montreal's Au Pied de Cochon. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). alumv. Brit. /ˈaləm/, U.S. /ˈæləm/ Forms: see alum n.¹ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: alum n.¹ Etymology: < alum n.¹ Compare Middle French alluner (1532; French aluner , †alumer ), Italian allumare (1598 in Florio; compare quot. 1598), also Dutch †aluinen (1517), Middle Low German allūnen , Middle High German alūnen (German †alaunen ). Compare also the foreign-language forms cited at aluminated adj.¹ Compare alumed adj. transitive. To infuse or impregnate with alum; to treat or coat with alum. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > colouring > dyeing > dye [verb (transitive)] > processes or techniques to dye in grainc1386 woad1463 madder1464 set1529 to dye in (the) wool, in grain1579 alum1598 rake1778 sumac1792 piece-dye1810 gall1822 dung1824 wince1839 winch1845 overdye1857 top1874 to wet out1882 vat1883 cross-dye1885 paddle1909 premetallize1948 spin-dye1948 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > treatment of plates, films, or paper > [verb (transitive)] mercurialize1843 actinize1844 albumenize1850 sensitize1851 wax1853 develop1859 sensibilize1860 organify1873 back1878 salt1878 excite1879 talc1888 alum1889 bleach1889 fume1890 orthochromatize1890 flash1903 pre-expose1925 hypersensitize1954 panchromatize1960 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 125^v Water y-alummed [?c1425 Paris water of alum; L. aqua aluminata]. ?a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 1 For to alyme þy cloþ..putte hit in þe water þat þe alym was melttyd in. 1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Allumare..to allume silkes..before they can be died into any light colour. 1658 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 305 It is agreed..that skiners..may also buy wooll skines..and sell the wooll and alme the skines. a1706 J. Evelyn Sculptura (1906) ii. v. 29 The Printers are sometymes obliged to alume their papers. 1735 J. Barrow Dict. Polygraphicum II. at Silk How to alum the boiled silk. 1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing I. i. i. i. 19 Having alumed as completely as possible a pound of wool. 1877 W. Grey in J. W. Mackail Life W. Morris (1899) I. 356 Silks were alumed for to-morrow's dyeing. 1889 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 108 The plate should be alumed before and after the operation. 1994 M. Raheel in S. U. Wisseman & W. S. Williams Anc. Technol. & Archaeological Materials (2004) viii. 146 After drying, the cloth was alumed and finally dyed with madder. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.¹a1398n.²1683v.?a1425
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alumn.1

Compounds

alumn.2

alumv.

alumn.¹

alumn.²