discriminationn.

Brit.

/dᵻˌskrɪmᵻˈneɪʃn/, U.S.

/dᵻˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin discrimination-, discriminatio.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin discrimination-, discriminatio separation, distribution (4th cent.) < classical Latin discrīmināt- , past participial stem of discrīmināre discriminate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹.In sense 8 probably influenced by association with earlier crimination n., recrimination n., incrimination n., etc.

I. Senses relating to the action of making a distinction.

a. The action of perceiving, noting, or making a distinction between things. Also: an instance of this, a distinction made or perceived.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > action of

distinctiona1340

division?c1425

decerninga1535

dignotion1578

differencing1598

discern1599

discernment1615

discrimination1621

refinement1712

differentiation1872

distinguishing1882

differentiating1887

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > instance of

differencea1382

discretivec1487

discrimination1621

discriminance1642

sizeism1971

1621 W. Loe Vox Clamantis 63 Iudgement signifieth discrimination, or difference, and that must be left vntill the generall audit [i.e. the Last Judgement]. I will not take vpon me to iudge before the time.

1649 Εἰκων Βασιλικη xxvii. 236 Take heed of abetting any Factions, or applying to any publick Discriminations in matters of Religion, contrary to what is in your Judgement, and the Church well setled.

1678 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Discrimination, a putting a difference between one thing and another. In Rhetorick it is the same figure with Paradiastole.

1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels I. 24 A perfect Discrimination shall then be made between the Good and Bad.

1754 Ld. Chesterfield in World 28 Nov. 601 The time for discrimination seems now to have come. Toleration, adoption and naturalization [of words] have run their lengths.

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic i. 4 A conscious discrimination of those respects in which it is similar to others from those in which it is unlike them.

1889 Spectator 9 Nov. 631/1 Life is a constant series of discriminations between what it is well to attempt and what it is not well to attempt.

1914 J. Patrick Clement of Alexandria ii. 62 What teacher, in his discrimination of what is relatively important or unimportant, is not influenced by his own intellectual or spiritual history?

2006 Dogs Monthly July 37/2 I have no problem with competitive obedience, I love training my dogs in scent discrimination.

b. Psychology. In a learning situation: the identification of a particular stimulus among others of a similar kind. See also Compounds 1a.

ΚΠ

1880 Pop. Sci. Monthly Oct. 758 Before the sound can be repeated by him, therefore, a distinct act of discrimination is required, and the time taken is longer.

1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning v. 130 Skinner believes that his arrangement for obtaining discrimination is superior to that usually used.

1953 C. E. Osgood Method & Theory Exper. Psychol. iii. viii. 352 What is it in behavior that enters to check this overboard generalization of response? The process is called discrimination.

1963 J. H. Flavell Devel. Psychol. J. Piaget ii. 56 Discrimination is the complement of generalization, as students of learning have long known.

1967 E. D. Neimark & W. K. Estes Stimulus Sampling Theory iv. 431 Any comprehensive account of learning must provide an adequate account of stimulus generalization and discrimination.

2009 J. W. Kalat Biol. Psychol. xiii. 376 Maze learning and visual discrimination learning are complex tasks.

2. Something that enables a distinction to be made; a distinguishing mark, characteristic, or attribute; a difference. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun]

tokenc1000

distinctionc1374

differencea1398

signeta1425

knowledge?c1475

smell?a1505

markc1522

badge1529

note1583

impress1590

monument1590

type1595

stamp1600

pressure1604

mintage1612

criterion1613

impressa1628

differencer1633

lineament1638

mole1644

discrimination1646

tessera1647

diagnostic1651

monumental1657

discretive1660

signate1662

footmark1666

trait1752

memorandum1766

fingerprint1792

insignia1796

identifier1807

designative1824

cachet1840

differentiator1854

tanga1867

trademark1869

signature1873

totem1875

differential1883

earmarkings1888

paw print1894

discriminator1943

ident1952

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a characteristic

privilegec1225

distinctionc1374

propertyc1390

tachea1400

pointa1425

specialty?a1425

difference?c1425

conditionc1460

markc1522

touch1528

specialty1532

differentia1551

character?1569

formality1570

particularity1585

peculiar1589

accent1591

appropriation1600

characterism1603

peculiarity1606

resemblance1622

propera1626

speciality1625

specificationa1631

appropriament1633

characteristic1646

discrimination1646

diagnostic1651

characteristical1660

stroke1666

talent1670

physiognomya1680

oddity1713

distinctive1816

spécialité1836

trait1864

flavour1866

middle name1905

discriminant1920

discriminator1943

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xxiii. 166 [These] are discriminations very materiall, and plainly declare, that under the same name Authors describe not the same animall.

a1662 P. Heylyn Aerius Redivivus (1670) 116 Not that she meant to use it [sc. an oath] for a discrimination, by which she might discover how they stood affected to his Majesties Service.

1722 E. Maynard Serm. preach'd before Univ. Oxf. I. 314 Corporeal Shapes, with the Discriminations of Age and Sex.

1759 S. Johnson Prince of Abissinia II. xxviii. 19 Where we see..the whole at once we readily note the discriminations.

1873 Furnit. Gaz. 10 May 67/3 The light edge on one side, and the shadow on the other, sufficiently mark the discrimination, and prevent all harshness of contrast.

1914 W. Hilton Driving Power of Thought vi. 108 In any type of work requiring a focusing of the attention upon a minute operation so as to note nice discriminations and detect subtle differences, he might prove a most excellent worker.

†3. The fact or condition of being differentiated. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > [noun] > separating from main body > fact or condition of

discrimination1666

1666 N. Ward Serm. before Peers 30 He shall set the Sheep on his right hand, and the Goats on his left: This shall be the mark of their discrimination.

1676 E. Stillingfleet Def. Disc. Idolatry ii. iv. 863 There is a Reverence left to be shewed them on the account of their discrimination from other places and separation for sacred uses.

1710 D. Whitby Addit. Annot. New Test. (Heb. viii. 17) 130/1 Their Discrimination from all other Nations, on the Account of Circumcision.

1867 W. White E. Swedenborg: Life & Writings II. xxi. 247 Man would cease to be Man: on the one side he would lose his discrimination from God, and on the other from Nature.

4. The power or faculty of observing differences accurately, or of making exact distinctions; discernment.In later use frequently with implication of refined taste, good judgement, or knowledgeableness.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > faculty of

shedc1000

discretionc1384

tastea1400

discernment1570

distinction1609

distinguishment1642

discrimination1764

1764 Polit. & Lit. Observ. Wks. Mr. Churchill 66 I think him frequently deficient in discrimination, taste, and propriety.

1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams II. vii. 98 Yet under this rude exterior it was easy to distinguish various knowledge, nice discrimination, and a strong and active mind.

1814 W. Scott Waverley I. xxiii. 352 His character was touched with yet more discrimination by Flora.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xviii. 161 It does..credit even to your discrimination that you should have found such a very excellent..young woman.

1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt II. xvi. 15 It was essential..that his waistcoat should imply much discrimination.

1918 Illustr. Milliner Aug. 81/2 Buyers are showing much discrimination in selecting colors.

1963 Art Educ. 16 vi. 14/2 Responsible people with sensitivity and a sense of discrimination.

2010 J. Hodgson tr. I. Kadare Accident 63 All my pretensions to be a young woman of discrimination.

5. Economics (originally U.S.). The treatment of goods, trading partners, etc., on a more or less favourable basis according to circumstances; an instance of this. Also with against, in favour of. Cf. discriminate v. 3, discriminating adj. 3.flag, price discrimination: see the first element.

ΚΠ

1789 Congress Reg. 1 235 The report makes a discrimination against them, of at least five times as much as the whole duty on American vessels.

1791 T. Coxe Navigation U.S. 5 Mar. in T. Jefferson Papers (1974) XIX. 414 The abolition of the discrimination of 20 cents in favor of recorded vessels or vessels built in the United States but belonging to foreigners.

1860 J. Savage Our Living Representative Men 420 Mr. Seward..advocated such a discrimination in duties upon imports as would best protect the industry of the country.

1949 Times 10 Sept. 5/6 Any sort of discrimination against the trade of any country or countries... Discrimination always tends to be practised against exports from ‘hard-currency countries’.

1951 J. R. Winton Dict. Econ. Terms 28 As the result of the world dollar shortage..discrimination has been widely practised..against the U.S.A.

2005 G. P. Sampson WTO & Sustainable Devel. i. 9 The issues extend to discrimination among imports on the basis of environmental standards.

6. Originally U.S. Unjust or prejudicial treatment of a person or group, esp. on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.; frequently with against. Also (with in favour of): favourable treatment of a person or group, in order to compensate for disadvantage or lack of privilege.age, gender, job, positive, race, reverse, sex, sexual discrimination, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social attitudes > racial attitudes > [noun] > racism > segregation or discrimination

discrimination1819

colour discrimination1868

colour bar1869

segregation1903

plural democracy1939

apartheid1947

parallel development1950

separate development1955

petty apartheid1964

1819 Analectic Mag. Apr. 291 Prejudices and antipathies, it will be conceded, do exist against the blacks in the great mass of the white population, whether well founded or not... The discrimination is a matter of feeling, which will at least, for a long time, operate to keep the negroes out of the pale of white society.

1864 R. D. Owen Wrong of Slavery, Right of Emancipation iii. vii. 225 Of all petty schemes of false economy such discrimination against the colored soldier is the worst.

1899 B. T. Washington Future Amer. Negro vi. 148 Let the very best educational opportunities be provided for both races; and add to this an election law that shall be incapable of unjust discrimination.

1906 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 27 550 So long as the North treats the negro workman with blighting discrimination it is left little moral ground for complaint against the South where a like spirit assumes a different form of manifestation.

1955 Ann. Reg. 1954 135 Direct talks between South Africa..and India and Pakistan..on the..dispute over alleged discrimination against Indians in the Union.

1969 J. W. Gould U.S. & Malaysia iii. 81 Discrimination in favor of the Malays in the civil service, education, land ownership, citizenship, and suffrage was directed against the Chinese.

1975 Slavic Rev. 34 75 The congress..objected to national and linguistic discrimination.

2006 Washington Post 14 Oct. (Home ed.) a21/5 Deaf people..face discrimination not only because of their hearing status.

7. Electronics. The use of a discriminator to produce an output from a circuit or device which depends on some property of the input signal, such as frequency or amplitude; spec. demodulation. Frequently with distinguishing word denoting the property used.

ΚΠ

1951 Science 5 Oct. 359/1 Pulse height-width discrimination... A pulse-height discriminator rejects pulses that arise from cells with a lesser magnitude of fluorescence.

1989 P. Horowitz & W. Hill Art of Electronics (ed. 2) v. 301/1 Carefully limiting the amplitude of oscillation via internal amplitude discrimination and limiting circuitry.

2001 D. I. Crecraft & S. Gergely Analog Electronics ix. 224 The demodulation of frequency-modulated signals is sometimes called frequency discrimination.

†II. Other senses.

8. An accusation or criticism; = recrimination n. 2. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > [noun] > by turning argument against opponent

retorting1509

retortion1574

recrimination1585

retorsion1624

retortment1649

discriminationa1670

whataboutery1974

whataboutism1978

a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 16 Reproaches, and all sorts of unkind Discriminations.

1684 R. Baxter in M. Hale True Relig. Contents sig. a Schisms and Factions, and Personal Animosities, discriminations, Censoriousness.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

a. Psychology. In sense 1b, as discrimination experiment, discrimination task, discrimination theory, etc.

ΚΠ

1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. iii. 94 The reaction may be withheld until the signal has consciously awakened a distinct idea (Wundt's discrimination-time, association-time) and then performed.

1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning v. 130 The discrimination experiment is always complicated by an additional fact of importance.

1967 E. D. Neimark & W. K. Estes Stimulus Sampling Theory iv. 430 The classification of discrimination theories..is based upon the number of elementary processes invoked.

1970 L. Elkington tr. J.-F. le Ny et al. Learning & Memory 57 The maze is a more complex discrimination situation in which there are possible alternative responses.

2004 W. S. Geisler in J. S. Werner & L. M. Chalupa Visual Neurosci. 827/1 In the discrimination task, the observer is presented with either a background plus a target or a background plus a modified target.

b. In sense 6, as discrimination claim, discrimination law, discrimination lawsuit, etc.

ΚΠ

1887 N.Y. Age 15 Oct. The public sentiment of these States respecting the Negro and the discrimination laws that they had ingrafted into their constitutions and their legislative enactments.

1950 Atlanta Daily World 22 Apr. 2/4 Bowling congress faces discrimination lawsuit.

1978 Mich. Law Rev. 76 1029 This approach encourages employers to investigate and reconcile discrimination claims.

1993 R. D. Hisrich & R. W. Jackson Selling & Sales Managem. ii. 26 When a plaintiff brings a discrimination charge against a company, he or she is not required to show intention to discriminate, only that the practice has a disproportionate impact on a protected group.

2005 E. Rarick Calif. Rising vi. 124 The bill allowed the commission to investigate discrimination allegations on its own, prior to a complaint.

C2.

discrimination learning n. Psychology the process by which a person or animal learns a different response to a different stimulus.

ΚΠ

1932 I. Krechevsky in Univ. Calif. Publ. Psychol. 6 27 (heading) ‘Hypotheses’ versus ‘chance’ in the pre-solution period in sensory discrimination-learning.

1974 Child Devel. 45 1146 It was predicted that educable retardates would respond to an experimental light cue in discrimination learning significantly more than normals of equivalent mental age.

2003 J. N. Layne in G. A. Feldhamer et al. Wild Mammals N. Amer. iv. 89 Subjects were unable to discriminate between vertical and horizontal bar patterns in a Y-maze, probably because of visual inability to resolve the bar shapes rather than a lack of discrimination learning ability.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	discrimination
释义	discriminationn. Brit. /dᵻˌskrɪmᵻˈneɪʃn/, U.S. /dᵻˌskrɪməˈneɪʃən/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin discrimination-, discriminatio. Etymology: < post-classical Latin discrimination-, discriminatio separation, distribution (4th cent.) < classical Latin discrīmināt- , past participial stem of discrīmināre discriminate v. + -iō -ion suffix¹.In sense 8 probably influenced by association with earlier crimination n., recrimination n., incrimination n., etc. I. Senses relating to the action of making a distinction. 1. a. The action of perceiving, noting, or making a distinction between things. Also: an instance of this, a distinction made or perceived. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > action of distinctiona1340 division?c1425 decerninga1535 dignotion1578 differencing1598 discern1599 discernment1615 discrimination1621 refinement1712 differentiation1872 distinguishing1882 differentiating1887 the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > instance of differencea1382 discretivec1487 discrimination1621 discriminance1642 sizeism1971 1621 W. Loe Vox Clamantis 63 Iudgement signifieth discrimination, or difference, and that must be left vntill the generall audit [i.e. the Last Judgement]. I will not take vpon me to iudge before the time. 1649 Εἰκων Βασιλικη xxvii. 236 Take heed of abetting any Factions, or applying to any publick Discriminations in matters of Religion, contrary to what is in your Judgement, and the Church well setled. 1678 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Discrimination, a putting a difference between one thing and another. In Rhetorick it is the same figure with Paradiastole. 1705 G. Stanhope Paraphr. Epist. & Gospels I. 24 A perfect Discrimination shall then be made between the Good and Bad. 1754 Ld. Chesterfield in World 28 Nov. 601 The time for discrimination seems now to have come. Toleration, adoption and naturalization [of words] have run their lengths. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic i. 4 A conscious discrimination of those respects in which it is similar to others from those in which it is unlike them. 1889 Spectator 9 Nov. 631/1 Life is a constant series of discriminations between what it is well to attempt and what it is not well to attempt. 1914 J. Patrick Clement of Alexandria ii. 62 What teacher, in his discrimination of what is relatively important or unimportant, is not influenced by his own intellectual or spiritual history? 2006 Dogs Monthly July 37/2 I have no problem with competitive obedience, I love training my dogs in scent discrimination. b. Psychology. In a learning situation: the identification of a particular stimulus among others of a similar kind. See also Compounds 1a. ΚΠ 1880 Pop. Sci. Monthly Oct. 758 Before the sound can be repeated by him, therefore, a distinct act of discrimination is required, and the time taken is longer. 1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning v. 130 Skinner believes that his arrangement for obtaining discrimination is superior to that usually used. 1953 C. E. Osgood Method & Theory Exper. Psychol. iii. viii. 352 What is it in behavior that enters to check this overboard generalization of response? The process is called discrimination. 1963 J. H. Flavell Devel. Psychol. J. Piaget ii. 56 Discrimination is the complement of generalization, as students of learning have long known. 1967 E. D. Neimark & W. K. Estes Stimulus Sampling Theory iv. 431 Any comprehensive account of learning must provide an adequate account of stimulus generalization and discrimination. 2009 J. W. Kalat Biol. Psychol. xiii. 376 Maze learning and visual discrimination learning are complex tasks. 2. Something that enables a distinction to be made; a distinguishing mark, characteristic, or attribute; a difference. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > that which identifies or distinguishes > [noun] tokenc1000 distinctionc1374 differencea1398 signeta1425 knowledge?c1475 smell?a1505 markc1522 badge1529 note1583 impress1590 monument1590 type1595 stamp1600 pressure1604 mintage1612 criterion1613 impressa1628 differencer1633 lineament1638 mole1644 discrimination1646 tessera1647 diagnostic1651 monumental1657 discretive1660 signate1662 footmark1666 trait1752 memorandum1766 fingerprint1792 insignia1796 identifier1807 designative1824 cachet1840 differentiator1854 tanga1867 trademark1869 signature1873 totem1875 differential1883 earmarkings1888 paw print1894 discriminator1943 ident1952 the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [noun] > a characteristic privilegec1225 distinctionc1374 propertyc1390 tachea1400 pointa1425 specialty?a1425 difference?c1425 conditionc1460 markc1522 touch1528 specialty1532 differentia1551 character?1569 formality1570 particularity1585 peculiar1589 accent1591 appropriation1600 characterism1603 peculiarity1606 resemblance1622 propera1626 speciality1625 specificationa1631 appropriament1633 characteristic1646 discrimination1646 diagnostic1651 characteristical1660 stroke1666 talent1670 physiognomya1680 oddity1713 distinctive1816 spécialité1836 trait1864 flavour1866 middle name1905 discriminant1920 discriminator1943 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iii. xxiii. 166 [These] are discriminations very materiall, and plainly declare, that under the same name Authors describe not the same animall. View more context for this quotation a1662 P. Heylyn Aerius Redivivus (1670) 116 Not that she meant to use it [sc. an oath] for a discrimination, by which she might discover how they stood affected to his Majesties Service. 1722 E. Maynard Serm. preach'd before Univ. Oxf. I. 314 Corporeal Shapes, with the Discriminations of Age and Sex. 1759 S. Johnson Prince of Abissinia II. xxviii. 19 Where we see..the whole at once we readily note the discriminations. 1873 Furnit. Gaz. 10 May 67/3 The light edge on one side, and the shadow on the other, sufficiently mark the discrimination, and prevent all harshness of contrast. 1914 W. Hilton Driving Power of Thought vi. 108 In any type of work requiring a focusing of the attention upon a minute operation so as to note nice discriminations and detect subtle differences, he might prove a most excellent worker. †3. The fact or condition of being differentiated. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > separation > [noun] > separating from main body > fact or condition of discrimination1666 1666 N. Ward Serm. before Peers 30 He shall set the Sheep on his right hand, and the Goats on his left: This shall be the mark of their discrimination. 1676 E. Stillingfleet Def. Disc. Idolatry ii. iv. 863 There is a Reverence left to be shewed them on the account of their discrimination from other places and separation for sacred uses. 1710 D. Whitby Addit. Annot. New Test. (Heb. viii. 17) 130/1 Their Discrimination from all other Nations, on the Account of Circumcision. 1867 W. White E. Swedenborg: Life & Writings II. xxi. 247 Man would cease to be Man: on the one side he would lose his discrimination from God, and on the other from Nature. 4. The power or faculty of observing differences accurately, or of making exact distinctions; discernment.In later use frequently with implication of refined taste, good judgement, or knowledgeableness. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > discernment, discrimination > [noun] > faculty of shedc1000 discretionc1384 tastea1400 discernment1570 distinction1609 distinguishment1642 discrimination1764 1764 Polit. & Lit. Observ. Wks. Mr. Churchill 66 I think him frequently deficient in discrimination, taste, and propriety. 1794 W. Godwin Caleb Williams II. vii. 98 Yet under this rude exterior it was easy to distinguish various knowledge, nice discrimination, and a strong and active mind. 1814 W. Scott Waverley I. xxiii. 352 His character was touched with yet more discrimination by Flora. View more context for this quotation 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby xviii. 161 It does..credit even to your discrimination that you should have found such a very excellent..young woman. 1866 ‘G. Eliot’ Felix Holt II. xvi. 15 It was essential..that his waistcoat should imply much discrimination. 1918 Illustr. Milliner Aug. 81/2 Buyers are showing much discrimination in selecting colors. 1963 Art Educ. 16 vi. 14/2 Responsible people with sensitivity and a sense of discrimination. 2010 J. Hodgson tr. I. Kadare Accident 63 All my pretensions to be a young woman of discrimination. 5. Economics (originally U.S.). The treatment of goods, trading partners, etc., on a more or less favourable basis according to circumstances; an instance of this. Also with against, in favour of. Cf. discriminate v. 3, discriminating adj. 3.flag, price discrimination: see the first element. ΚΠ 1789 Congress Reg. 1 235 The report makes a discrimination against them, of at least five times as much as the whole duty on American vessels. 1791 T. Coxe Navigation U.S. 5 Mar. in T. Jefferson Papers (1974) XIX. 414 The abolition of the discrimination of 20 cents in favor of recorded vessels or vessels built in the United States but belonging to foreigners. 1860 J. Savage Our Living Representative Men 420 Mr. Seward..advocated such a discrimination in duties upon imports as would best protect the industry of the country. 1949 Times 10 Sept. 5/6 Any sort of discrimination against the trade of any country or countries... Discrimination always tends to be practised against exports from ‘hard-currency countries’. 1951 J. R. Winton Dict. Econ. Terms 28 As the result of the world dollar shortage..discrimination has been widely practised..against the U.S.A. 2005 G. P. Sampson WTO & Sustainable Devel. i. 9 The issues extend to discrimination among imports on the basis of environmental standards. 6. Originally U.S. Unjust or prejudicial treatment of a person or group, esp. on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation, etc.; frequently with against. Also (with in favour of): favourable treatment of a person or group, in order to compensate for disadvantage or lack of privilege.age, gender, job, positive, race, reverse, sex, sexual discrimination, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social attitudes > racial attitudes > [noun] > racism > segregation or discrimination discrimination1819 colour discrimination1868 colour bar1869 segregation1903 plural democracy1939 apartheid1947 parallel development1950 separate development1955 petty apartheid1964 1819 Analectic Mag. Apr. 291 Prejudices and antipathies, it will be conceded, do exist against the blacks in the great mass of the white population, whether well founded or not... The discrimination is a matter of feeling, which will at least, for a long time, operate to keep the negroes out of the pale of white society. 1864 R. D. Owen Wrong of Slavery, Right of Emancipation iii. vii. 225 Of all petty schemes of false economy such discrimination against the colored soldier is the worst. 1899 B. T. Washington Future Amer. Negro vi. 148 Let the very best educational opportunities be provided for both races; and add to this an election law that shall be incapable of unjust discrimination. 1906 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 27 550 So long as the North treats the negro workman with blighting discrimination it is left little moral ground for complaint against the South where a like spirit assumes a different form of manifestation. 1955 Ann. Reg. 1954 135 Direct talks between South Africa..and India and Pakistan..on the..dispute over alleged discrimination against Indians in the Union. 1969 J. W. Gould U.S. & Malaysia iii. 81 Discrimination in favor of the Malays in the civil service, education, land ownership, citizenship, and suffrage was directed against the Chinese. 1975 Slavic Rev. 34 75 The congress..objected to national and linguistic discrimination. 2006 Washington Post 14 Oct. (Home ed.) a21/5 Deaf people..face discrimination not only because of their hearing status. 7. Electronics. The use of a discriminator to produce an output from a circuit or device which depends on some property of the input signal, such as frequency or amplitude; spec. demodulation. Frequently with distinguishing word denoting the property used. ΚΠ 1951 Science 5 Oct. 359/1 Pulse height-width discrimination... A pulse-height discriminator rejects pulses that arise from cells with a lesser magnitude of fluorescence. 1989 P. Horowitz & W. Hill Art of Electronics (ed. 2) v. 301/1 Carefully limiting the amplitude of oscillation via internal amplitude discrimination and limiting circuitry. 2001 D. I. Crecraft & S. Gergely Analog Electronics ix. 224 The demodulation of frequency-modulated signals is sometimes called frequency discrimination. †II. Other senses. 8. An accusation or criticism; = recrimination n. 2. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > refutation, disproof > [noun] > by turning argument against opponent retorting1509 retortion1574 recrimination1585 retorsion1624 retortment1649 discriminationa1670 whataboutery1974 whataboutism1978 a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 16 Reproaches, and all sorts of unkind Discriminations. 1684 R. Baxter in M. Hale True Relig. Contents sig. a Schisms and Factions, and Personal Animosities, discriminations, Censoriousness. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. Psychology. In sense 1b, as discrimination experiment, discrimination task, discrimination theory, etc. ΚΠ 1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. iii. 94 The reaction may be withheld until the signal has consciously awakened a distinct idea (Wundt's discrimination-time, association-time) and then performed. 1948 E. R. Hilgard Theories of Learning v. 130 The discrimination experiment is always complicated by an additional fact of importance. 1967 E. D. Neimark & W. K. Estes Stimulus Sampling Theory iv. 430 The classification of discrimination theories..is based upon the number of elementary processes invoked. 1970 L. Elkington tr. J.-F. le Ny et al. Learning & Memory 57 The maze is a more complex discrimination situation in which there are possible alternative responses. 2004 W. S. Geisler in J. S. Werner & L. M. Chalupa Visual Neurosci. 827/1 In the discrimination task, the observer is presented with either a background plus a target or a background plus a modified target. b. In sense 6, as discrimination claim, discrimination law, discrimination lawsuit, etc. ΚΠ 1887 N.Y. Age 15 Oct. The public sentiment of these States respecting the Negro and the discrimination laws that they had ingrafted into their constitutions and their legislative enactments. 1950 Atlanta Daily World 22 Apr. 2/4 Bowling congress faces discrimination lawsuit. 1978 Mich. Law Rev. 76 1029 This approach encourages employers to investigate and reconcile discrimination claims. 1993 R. D. Hisrich & R. W. Jackson Selling & Sales Managem. ii. 26 When a plaintiff brings a discrimination charge against a company, he or she is not required to show intention to discriminate, only that the practice has a disproportionate impact on a protected group. 2005 E. Rarick Calif. Rising vi. 124 The bill allowed the commission to investigate discrimination allegations on its own, prior to a complaint. C2. discrimination learning n. Psychology the process by which a person or animal learns a different response to a different stimulus. ΚΠ 1932 I. Krechevsky in Univ. Calif. Publ. Psychol. 6 27 (heading) ‘Hypotheses’ versus ‘chance’ in the pre-solution period in sensory discrimination-learning. 1974 Child Devel. 45 1146 It was predicted that educable retardates would respond to an experimental light cue in discrimination learning significantly more than normals of equivalent mental age. 2003 J. N. Layne in G. A. Feldhamer et al. Wild Mammals N. Amer. iv. 89 Subjects were unable to discriminate between vertical and horizontal bar patterns in a Y-maze, probably because of visual inability to resolve the bar shapes rather than a lack of discrimination learning ability. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1621
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