† derfn.

Etymology: apparently shortened from Old English gedeorf labour, trouble, tribulation, < deorfan to labour: see derve v.

Obsolete.

Trouble, tribuation, hurt.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun]

swenchOE

derfnessc1175

wandrethc1175

adversity?c1225

derf?c1225

swinka1250

torferc1325

afflictiona1382

stressc1390

marrementc1391

sorea1400

noyancec1400

infortunacya1500

aloea1529

afflict?1529

obduction1610

afflictedness1646

strain1853

besetment1872

wahala1966

catch-arse1970

the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun]

sorec888

teeneOE

sorrowOE

workOE

wrakeOE

careOE

gramec1000

harmOE

howc1000

trayOE

woweOE

angec1175

derfnessc1175

sytec1175

unwinc1175

wosithc1200

ail?c1225

barrat?c1225

derf?c1225

grief?c1225

misease?c1225

misliking?c1225

ofthinkingc1225

passion?c1225

troublec1230

pinec1275

distress1297

grievancea1300

penancea1300

cumbermentc1300

languorc1300

cumbering1303

were1303

angera1325

strifea1325

sweama1325

woea1325

painc1330

tribulationc1330

illa1340

threst1340

constraintc1374

troublenessc1380

afflictiona1382

bruisinga1382

miseasetya1382

pressurec1384

exercisec1386

miscomfortc1390

mislikea1400

smarta1400

thronga1400

balec1400

painfulnessc1400

troublancec1400

smartness?c1425

painliness1435

perplexity?a1439

penalty?1462

calamity1490

penality1496

cumber?a1513

sussy1513

tribule1513

afflict?1529

vexation of spirit1535

troublesomeness1561

hoe1567

grievedness1571

tribulance1575

languishment1576

thrall1578

tine1590

languorment1593

aggrievedness1594

obturbation1623

afflictedness1646

erumny1657

pathos1684

shock1705

dree1791

vex1815

wrungnessa1875

dukkha1886

thinkache1892

sufferation1976

c1000 Ælfric Colloquy ⁋16 Hig, hig, micel gedeorf ys hit!]

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 137 Secnesse Meseise..& vch licomes derf þet þe flesch eileð.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 84 Ha wolde þe derf þrof mildeliche þolien.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 64 Strong for to dreȝen derf igodes seruise.

c1230 Hali Meid. 17 Abeore bliðeliche þe derf þat tu drehest.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5458 Nas na man..þat dursten him derf makien.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online June 2018).

† derfadj.adv.

Forms: Middle English ( Orm.) derrf, deorrf, Middle English derue, Middle English–1500s derf, Middle English derff, Middle English–1500s derfe, Middle English–1500s derffe, darf(e, 1500s dearfe.

Origin: Apparently a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Norse djarfr.

Etymology: apparently < Old Norse djarfr ( < derfa-z) bold, daring, audacious, impudent: compare Old Swedish diarver, diærver, Swedish djerf, Danish diærv; cognate with Old Saxon derƀi, Old Frisian derfe; not recorded in Old English where the forms would be deorf, dierfe; compare deorrflike in Ormin.

Obsolete.

A. adj.

a. Bold, daring, courageous, brave.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > courage > bravery or boldness > [adjective]

dearOE

derfc1175

ketec1275

reighc1275

fadec1330

venturous1584

bravea1616

brave-hearted1873

bindaas1981

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 19598 Wiþþ derrf. & openn spæche.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16780 He [Nicodemus] nass nohht derrf inoh. All opennliȝ to sekenn. Þe laferrd crist.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xviii. 307 The frer..wes derff, stout, and ek hardy.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) ix. ix. 22 Turnus the prynce, at was baith darf and bald.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 12800 His derf knightes.

b. In a bad sense: Bold, audacious, daringly wicked.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > wickedness > [adjective] > daringly wicked

derfa1400

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 27749 Wreth..wentes man fra godd his will And mas him derf to dedis ill.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12936 Þat derf o ded, þat fals traitur.

?a1400 Morte Arth. 3779 Thow salle be dede and undone for thy derfe dedys.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 401 Full darfe has bene oure dede, Forthi commen is oure care.

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Cii/2 Darfe, stubborn, pertinax, obduratus.

a. Strong, sturdy, stout.

ΚΠ

?a1400 Morte Arth. 312 No more dowte the dynte of theire derfe wapyns.

c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1233 Þe dor drawen, & dit with a derf haspe.

b. Vigorous, forcible, violent.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective]

retheeOE

hotOE

strongOE

woodlyc1000

un-i-rideOE

stoura1122

brathc1175

unridec1175

unrudec1225

starklyc1275

toughc1275

wood1297

ragec1330

unrekena1350

biga1375

furialc1386

outrageousc1390

savagea1393

violenta1393

bremelya1400

snarta1400

wrothlya1400

fightingc1400

runishc1400

dour?a1425

derfc1440

churlousa1450

roida1450

fervent1465

churlish1477

orgulous1483

felona1500

brathfula1522

brathlya1525

fanatic1533

furious1535

boisterous1544

blusterous1548

ungentle1551

sore1563

full-mouthed1594

savage wild1595

Herculean1602

shrill1608

robustious1612

efferous1614

thundering1618

churly1620

ferocient1655

turbulent1656

efferate1684

knock-me-down1760

haggard-wild1786

ensanguined1806

rammish1807

fulminatory1820

riproarious1830

natural1832

survigrous1835

sabre-toothed1849

cataclysmal1861

thunderous1874

fierce1912

cataractal1926

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust

strongeOE

hardOE

stalworthc1175

starka1250

stiff1297

steel to the (very) backa1300

stalworthyc1300

wightc1300

stable13..

valiant1303

stithc1325

toughc1330

wrast1338

stoura1350

sadc1384

wighty14..

derfc1440

substantialc1460

well-jointed1483

felon1487

robust1490

stalwart1508

stoutya1529

robustous?1531

rankc1540

hardy1548

robustious1548

stout1576

rustical1583

rustic1620

iron1638

robustic1652

swankinga1704

strapping1707

rugged1731

solid1741

vaudy1793

flaithulach1829

ironbark1833

swankie1838

tough as (old) boots or leather1843

skookum1847

hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862

hard-assed1954

nails1974

c1440 York Myst. xlvi. 17 That drewe all tho domesmen derffe indignacioun.

1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. cii* Delis thair full doughtely mony derf dynt.

16.. Earl Westmorland 291 in Furniv. Percy Folio I. 311 Blowes that were both derfe and dire.

a. Painful, grievous; terrible, dreadful; cruel.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > attended by or causing affliction

eileOE

soreOE

unselec1050

evilc1175

derfa1225

stourc1275

feeble1297

illa1325

fella1400

unhappya1400

unwealful1412

importunea1425

noisomea1450

shrewd1482

importunable?c1485

importunate1490

funestal1538

nippingc1550

troublesome1552

pinching1563

grievesome1568

afflicting1573

afflictive1576

pressing1591

lacerating1609

funest1636

funestous1641

gravaminous1659

unkind1682

plightful1721

damning1798

acanthocladous1858

damnatory1858

fraught1966

the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > [adjective] > daringly

derfa1225

a1225 Leg. Kath. 565 Ich hire wule don to þe derueste deað.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 862 Dotz away your derf dyn & derez neuer my gestes.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 217 Mony..Off Wallace part thai putt to that derff deid.

b. Troublesome, hard, difficult.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective]

arvethc885

uneathOE

arvethlichc1000

evilc1175

hardc1175

deara1225

derfa1225

illc1330

wickeda1375

uneasy1398

difficul?a1450

difficile?1473

difficulta1527

unready1535

craggy1582

spiny1604

tough1619

uphill1622

shrewda1626

spinousa1638

scabrous1646

spinose1660

rugged1663

cranka1745

tight1764

thraward1818

nasty1828

upstream1847

awkward1860

pricklyc1862

bristling1871

sticky1871

rocky1873

dodgy1898

challengeful1927

solid1943

ball-busting1944

challenging1975

a1225 Leg. Kath. 948 For nis him no derure for to adweschen feole þen fewe.

c1230 Hali Meid. 19 His reades..derue beoð to fullen.

1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. 294 The darfast way..Tha tuke the gait without rangat till go.

B. adv.

Grievously, terribly.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > [adverb]

unsoftOE

sharplya1023

derfly?c1225

derfc1325

pinefullyc1390

anguishouslyc1440

heinouslya1555

tormentingly1575

keenlya1593

cuttingly1611

torturingly?a1625

stingingly1667

severelya1682

piercingly1781

harrowingly1799

excruciatingly1808

martyrly1819

pinchingly1825

crucifyingly1826

torturously1857

woundingly1887

scarifyingly1921

c1325 Metr. Hom. (1862) 23 Slic wordes said Crist of thir wers That folc in werd ful derf deres.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	derf
释义	† derfn. Etymology: apparently shortened from Old English gedeorf labour, trouble, tribulation, < deorfan to labour: see derve v. Obsolete. Trouble, tribuation, hurt. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] swenchOE derfnessc1175 wandrethc1175 adversity?c1225 derf?c1225 swinka1250 torferc1325 afflictiona1382 stressc1390 marrementc1391 sorea1400 noyancec1400 infortunacya1500 aloea1529 afflict?1529 obduction1610 afflictedness1646 strain1853 besetment1872 wahala1966 catch-arse1970 the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun] sorec888 teeneOE sorrowOE workOE wrakeOE careOE gramec1000 harmOE howc1000 trayOE woweOE angec1175 derfnessc1175 sytec1175 unwinc1175 wosithc1200 ail?c1225 barrat?c1225 derf?c1225 grief?c1225 misease?c1225 misliking?c1225 ofthinkingc1225 passion?c1225 troublec1230 pinec1275 distress1297 grievancea1300 penancea1300 cumbermentc1300 languorc1300 cumbering1303 were1303 angera1325 strifea1325 sweama1325 woea1325 painc1330 tribulationc1330 illa1340 threst1340 constraintc1374 troublenessc1380 afflictiona1382 bruisinga1382 miseasetya1382 pressurec1384 exercisec1386 miscomfortc1390 mislikea1400 smarta1400 thronga1400 balec1400 painfulnessc1400 troublancec1400 smartness?c1425 painliness1435 perplexity?a1439 penalty?1462 calamity1490 penality1496 cumber?a1513 sussy1513 tribule1513 afflict?1529 vexation of spirit1535 troublesomeness1561 hoe1567 grievedness1571 tribulance1575 languishment1576 thrall1578 tine1590 languorment1593 aggrievedness1594 obturbation1623 afflictedness1646 erumny1657 pathos1684 shock1705 dree1791 vex1815 wrungnessa1875 dukkha1886 thinkache1892 sufferation1976 c1000 Ælfric Colloquy ⁋16 Hig, hig, micel gedeorf ys hit!] ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 137 Secnesse Meseise..& vch licomes derf þet þe flesch eileð. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 84 Ha wolde þe derf þrof mildeliche þolien. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 64 Strong for to dreȝen derf igodes seruise. c1230 Hali Meid. 17 Abeore bliðeliche þe derf þat tu drehest. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5458 Nas na man..þat dursten him derf makien. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online June 2018). † derfadj.adv. Forms: Middle English ( Orm.) derrf, deorrf, Middle English derue, Middle English–1500s derf, Middle English derff, Middle English–1500s derfe, Middle English–1500s derffe, darf(e, 1500s dearfe. Origin: Apparently a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Etymon: Norse djarfr. Etymology: apparently < Old Norse djarfr ( < derfa-z) bold, daring, audacious, impudent: compare Old Swedish diarver, diærver, Swedish djerf, Danish diærv; cognate with Old Saxon derƀi, Old Frisian derfe; not recorded in Old English where the forms would be deorf, dierfe; compare deorrflike in Ormin. Obsolete. A. adj. 1. a. Bold, daring, courageous, brave. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > bravery or boldness > [adjective] dearOE derfc1175 ketec1275 reighc1275 fadec1330 venturous1584 bravea1616 brave-hearted1873 bindaas1981 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 19598 Wiþþ derrf. & openn spæche. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16780 He [Nicodemus] nass nohht derrf inoh. All opennliȝ to sekenn. Þe laferrd crist. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xviii. 307 The frer..wes derff, stout, and ek hardy. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1959) ix. ix. 22 Turnus the prynce, at was baith darf and bald. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 12800 His derf knightes. b. In a bad sense: Bold, audacious, daringly wicked. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > wickedness > [adjective] > daringly wicked derfa1400 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 27749 Wreth..wentes man fra godd his will And mas him derf to dedis ill. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 12936 Þat derf o ded, þat fals traitur. ?a1400 Morte Arth. 3779 Thow salle be dede and undone for thy derfe dedys. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 401 Full darfe has bene oure dede, Forthi commen is oure care. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Cii/2 Darfe, stubborn, pertinax, obduratus. 2. a. Strong, sturdy, stout. ΚΠ ?a1400 Morte Arth. 312 No more dowte the dynte of theire derfe wapyns. c1400 (?c1390) Sir Gawain & Green Knight (1940) l. 1233 Þe dor drawen, & dit with a derf haspe. b. Vigorous, forcible, violent. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adjective] retheeOE hotOE strongOE woodlyc1000 un-i-rideOE stoura1122 brathc1175 unridec1175 unrudec1225 starklyc1275 toughc1275 wood1297 ragec1330 unrekena1350 biga1375 furialc1386 outrageousc1390 savagea1393 violenta1393 bremelya1400 snarta1400 wrothlya1400 fightingc1400 runishc1400 dour?a1425 derfc1440 churlousa1450 roida1450 fervent1465 churlish1477 orgulous1483 felona1500 brathfula1522 brathlya1525 fanatic1533 furious1535 boisterous1544 blusterous1548 ungentle1551 sore1563 full-mouthed1594 savage wild1595 Herculean1602 shrill1608 robustious1612 efferous1614 thundering1618 churly1620 ferocient1655 turbulent1656 efferate1684 knock-me-down1760 haggard-wild1786 ensanguined1806 rammish1807 fulminatory1820 riproarious1830 natural1832 survigrous1835 sabre-toothed1849 cataclysmal1861 thunderous1874 fierce1912 cataractal1926 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust strongeOE hardOE stalworthc1175 starka1250 stiff1297 steel to the (very) backa1300 stalworthyc1300 wightc1300 stable13.. valiant1303 stithc1325 toughc1330 wrast1338 stoura1350 sadc1384 wighty14.. derfc1440 substantialc1460 well-jointed1483 felon1487 robust1490 stalwart1508 stoutya1529 robustous?1531 rankc1540 hardy1548 robustious1548 stout1576 rustical1583 rustic1620 iron1638 robustic1652 swankinga1704 strapping1707 rugged1731 solid1741 vaudy1793 flaithulach1829 ironbark1833 swankie1838 tough as (old) boots or leather1843 skookum1847 hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862 hard-assed1954 nails1974 c1440 York Myst. xlvi. 17 That drewe all tho domesmen derffe indignacioun. 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. cii* Delis thair full doughtely mony derf dynt. 16.. Earl Westmorland 291 in Furniv. Percy Folio I. 311 Blowes that were both derfe and dire. 3. a. Painful, grievous; terrible, dreadful; cruel. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [adjective] > attended by or causing affliction eileOE soreOE unselec1050 evilc1175 derfa1225 stourc1275 feeble1297 illa1325 fella1400 unhappya1400 unwealful1412 importunea1425 noisomea1450 shrewd1482 importunable?c1485 importunate1490 funestal1538 nippingc1550 troublesome1552 pinching1563 grievesome1568 afflicting1573 afflictive1576 pressing1591 lacerating1609 funest1636 funestous1641 gravaminous1659 unkind1682 plightful1721 damning1798 acanthocladous1858 damnatory1858 fraught1966 the mind > goodness and badness > badness or evil > [adjective] > daringly derfa1225 a1225 Leg. Kath. 565 Ich hire wule don to þe derueste deað. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 862 Dotz away your derf dyn & derez neuer my gestes. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) vii. l. 217 Mony..Off Wallace part thai putt to that derff deid. b. Troublesome, hard, difficult. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > [adjective] arvethc885 uneathOE arvethlichc1000 evilc1175 hardc1175 deara1225 derfa1225 illc1330 wickeda1375 uneasy1398 difficul?a1450 difficile?1473 difficulta1527 unready1535 craggy1582 spiny1604 tough1619 uphill1622 shrewda1626 spinousa1638 scabrous1646 spinose1660 rugged1663 cranka1745 tight1764 thraward1818 nasty1828 upstream1847 awkward1860 pricklyc1862 bristling1871 sticky1871 rocky1873 dodgy1898 challengeful1927 solid1943 ball-busting1944 challenging1975 a1225 Leg. Kath. 948 For nis him no derure for to adweschen feole þen fewe. c1230 Hali Meid. 19 His reades..derue beoð to fullen. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) III. 294 The darfast way..Tha tuke the gait without rangat till go. B. adv. Grievously, terribly. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > cause of mental anguish or torment > [adverb] unsoftOE sharplya1023 derfly?c1225 derfc1325 pinefullyc1390 anguishouslyc1440 heinouslya1555 tormentingly1575 keenlya1593 cuttingly1611 torturingly?a1625 stingingly1667 severelya1682 piercingly1781 harrowingly1799 excruciatingly1808 martyrly1819 pinchingly1825 crucifyingly1826 torturously1857 woundingly1887 scarifyingly1921 c1325 Metr. Hom. (1862) 23 Slic wordes said Crist of thir wers That folc in werd ful derf deres. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?c1225adj.adv.c1175
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