depressionn.

/dɪˈprɛʃən/

Etymology: < Latin dēpressiōn-em, noun of action < dēprimĕre to press down, depress: perhaps immediately < French dépression (14th cent. in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter).

The action of depressing, or condition of being depressed; a depressed formation; that which is depressed: in various senses. (Opposed to elevation.)

1. literal. The action of pressing down, or fact of being pressed down; usually more widely: The action of lowering, or process of sinking; the condition of being lowered in position.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > [noun] > pressing or lowering

depressing1648

depression1656

depressure1700

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Depression, a pressing or weighing down.

1699 J. Potter Archæologiæ Græcæ II. iii. ix. 85 Flags, the Elevation whereof was a Signal to joyn Battle, the Depression to desist.

1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 245 With fracture, fissure, or depression of a portion of bone.

1855 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. (ed. 5) vi. 72 Movements of upheaval or depression.

1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 825 The curve of growth follows all the elevations and depressions of the curve of temperature.

2. spec.

a. Astronomy, etc. (a) The angular distance of a star, the pole, etc., below the horizon (opposed to altitude); the angular distance of the visible horizon below the true horizontal plane, the dip n.¹ of the horizon; in Surveying, etc., the angular distance of an object below the horizontal plane through the point of observation (opposed to elevation). (b) The lowest altitude of a circumpolar star (or of the sun seen from within the polar circle), when it is on the meridian beneath the pole (opposed to culmination). (c) The apparent sinking of the celestial pole towards the horizon as the observer travels towards the equator.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > position of heavenly body > [noun] > depression

depressionc1400

c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §25. 34 And than is the depressioun of the pol antartik, þat is to seyn, than is the pol antartik by-nethe the Orisonte the same quantite of space.

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xxxiii. f. 165 The depression or lowest Meridian Altitude of the starres.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. H2^v Hee takes knowledge of the depression of the Southerne pole.

1667 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 438 The degree of its [the Needle's] depression under the Horizon.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Depression of the Pole, so many Degrees as you sail, or travel towards the Zenith; so many you are said to depress the Pole, because it becomes, respectively, so much lower, or nearer to the Horizon.

1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. viii. 79 The sun's lower culmination, if such a term can be applied to his midnight depression.

b. Gunnery. The lowering of the muzzle of a gun below the horizontal line.

ΚΠ

1853 J. H. Stocqueler Mil. Encycl. 83/1` Depression, the pointing of any piece of ordnance, so that its shot may be projected under the point-blank line.

c. Surgery. The operation of couching for cataract.

ΚΠ

1854 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 264/2 Depression..a term for one of the operations for cataract.

3. concrete. A depressed or sunken formation on a surface; a hollow, a low place or part.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > hollow or depression > [noun]

pathOE

slackc1400

navela1425

trough1513

nook1555

falling1565

swale1584

hella1653

depression1665

holl1701

sag1727

dip1783

recession1799

holler1845

sike1859

sitch1888

sulcus1901

the world > space > shape > unevenness > condition or fact of receding > [noun] > action of making indentation > an indentation on a surface

hollowc897

printa1387

impression1398

puncha1430

dent1565

dint1590

dinge1611

doke1615

impressurea1616

depressure1626

depression1665

dawk1678

swage1680

indent1690

sinking1712

dunkle1788

indenture1793

delve1811

subsidation1838

indention1839

recess1839

indentation1847

incavation1852

deepening1859

sink1875

malleation1881

ding1922

1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 42 Of the Nature of the Ground..and of the several risings and depressions thereof.

1772 W. Buchan Domest. Med. (ed. 2) l. 719 It [sc. a dislocation of the humerus] may be known by a depression or cavity on the top of the shoulder.

1855 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. (ed. 5) xxix. 520 The Curral is..one of three great valleys..a second depression called the Serra d' Agoa being almost as deep.

1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 53 The leaves of the above Crassulaceæ have round spots or depressions easily seen with the naked eye.

1885 Manch. Examiner 13 June 5/3 The depressions, which are of course warmer..than the plateaus.

4. figurative.

a. The action of putting down or bringing low, or the fact or condition of being brought low (in station, fortunes, etc.). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > humiliation > [noun]

bismerc893

humiliationc1386

lowinga1398

dejectionc1450

avale?a1513

depression?1531

embasing1551

abasement1561

debasement1593

mortification1598

exinanitiona1631

demissiona1638

dejectment1656

depressure1656

dismounting1677

letting down1827

take-down1858

snubbing1861

scoring1893

deflation1958

?1531 J. Frith Disput. Purgatorye To Rdr. sig. a5^v Aduersite, tribulacion, worldlye depression.

1632 P. Massinger Emperour of East Ep. Ded. sig. A2 When the iniquitie of those times labour'd the depression of approued goodnesse.

1741 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero I. v. 368 The depression of the family, and the ruin of their fortunes.

1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 136 The depression of the barons, during the Wars of the Roses.

†b. Suppression. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > crushing, stifling, or overwhelming

quench?c1225

stanchingc1400

suppressingc1400

suppression1528

suffocation1567

crushing1580

suffocating1621

pulverization1643

overwhelming1645

depression1656

stifling1805

burking1827

spiflication1839

restinction1891

stamping1897

submergence1898

snuffing1922

1656 T. Hobbes Six Lessons iv. 34 in Elements Philos. You..profess Mathematiques, and Theology, and practise the depression of the truth in both.

†c. Disparagement, depreciation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > degrading or debasement > [noun]

debatec1460

disparagement1486

embasement1575

digraduation1577

lessening1579

degraduation1581

disparagea1592

bastardizing1598

debasement1602

deplumation1611

depression1628

vilificationa1631

degradement1641

degrading1646

prostration1647

deprisure1648

embasure1656

embasing1659

debasure1683

degradationc1752

derogation1785

demotion1872

objectification1973

1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. lxxiii. sig. X^v So depressing others, it [sc. pride] seeketh to raise it selfe: and by this depression angers them.

1659 B. Walton Considerator Considered 286 Things which tend to the depression of the esteem of the Hebrew Text.

a. A lowering in quality, vigour, or amount; the state of being lowered or reduced in force, activity, intensity, etc. In modern use esp. of trade; spec. the Depression, the financial and industrial ‘slump’ of 1929 and subsequent years. Also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun]

waningc900

littlingOE

lessingc1350

abating1370

diminutionc1374

minishinga1382

decrease1383

remissiona1398

shrinkinga1398

decreasing1398

adminishing?c1400

abbreviation?a1425

lessening?a1425

minoration?a1425

disincrease1430

abatement1433

restrictiona1450

batea1475

diminuation1477

limitation1483

abate1486

minute1495

minishment1533

mitigation1533

diminishinga1535

extenuation1542

slacking1542

reduce1549

diminishment1551

perditionc1555

debatementa1563

rebatement1573

obstriction1578

imminution1583

contracting1585

contraction1589

rabate1589

rebating1598

retrenchmentc1600

decession1606

ravalling1609

reducement1619

decrement1621

bating1629

shrivellinga1631

decretion1635

dejection1652

abater1653

rolling back1658

limiting1677

batement1679

reduction1695

depression1793

downdraw1813

descent1832

decess1854

lowering1868

shrinkage1873

dégringolade1883

minification1894

degrowth1920

downrating1950

1793 N. Vansittart Refl. Propriety Peace 57 The depression of the public funds..began long before the war.

1826 Ann. Reg. 1 A continuance of that depression in manufactures and commerce.

a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 64/1 There is not in actions, as there is in qualities, a simple scale of elevation and depression.

1837 N. Whittock et al. Compl. Bk. Trades (1842) 392 The consequence has been a general depression in price for all but the best work.

1886 (title) Third Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the Depression of Trade and Industry.

1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 233 Since the depression, books on Mexico have been almost as numerous..as books on Russia.

1935 ‘J. Guthrie’ Little Country xiii. 212 ‘I thought you had a baby.’ ‘No, darling,’ said Carol. ‘None of us are having them now. It's the depression.’

1935 Punch 19 June 719/1 All the wireless sets in Little Wobbly are pre-depression models.

1957 M. Sharp Eye of Love iii. 39 It was the Depression that had finished him off.

1963 H. Garner in R. Weaver Canad. Short Stories (1968) 2nd Ser. 37 An old Scots syndicalist I'd met on a road gang..in the early years of the depression.

b. Lowering in pitch, flattening (of the voice, or a musical note).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > [noun] > low pitch > decrease of pitch

falling1574

descent1604

depressiona1831

a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 176/1 A slight degree of elevation or depression, of length or shortness, of weakness or force, serves to mark a very sensible difference in the emotion meant to be expressed.

1878 W. H. Stone Sci. Basis Music v. 66 The present music should be carefully gone over..and the modified notes marked..with a mark of elevation or depression, according to their specific key relationship.

c. A lowering of the column of mercury in the barometer or of the atmospheric pressure which is thereby measured; spec. in Meteorology a centre of minimum pressure, or the system of winds around it (= cyclone n. c).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > movements and pressure conditions > [noun] > atmospheric pressure > area of low pressure

low pressure1875

low1878

depression1881

1881 R. H. Scott in Good Words July 454 Barometrical depressions or cyclones.

1895 N.E.D. at Depression Mod. Weather Report, A deep depression is forming over our western coasts. The depression of yesterday has passed over England to the German Ocean.

d. Pathology. Lowering of the vital functions or powers; a state of reduced vitality.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > [noun] > reduced vitality

depression1803

collapsing1855

peak and pine1868

devitalization1871

1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 116 Great depression..has without doubt lately shewn itself in a very remarkable manner in the influenza.

1843 C. J. Lever Jack Hinton ii I aroused myself from the depression of nearly thirty hours' sea-sickness.

1875 B. Meadows Clin. Observ. 38 The inflammatory nature of the local affection was much more severe, and the constitutional depression..more marked.

a. The condition of being depressed in spirits; dejection.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [noun]

unlustOE

sorrowfulnessa1250

heavinessc1275

elengenessec1320

dullnessc1369

tristourc1380

murknessc1390

tristesse1390

faintness1398

ungladnessa1400

droopingc1400

heavity14..

dejectionc1450

terne?a1513

disconsolation1515

descence1526

marea1529

sadness?1537

dumpishness1548

unblessedness1549

dolorousness1553

ruefulness?1574

dolefulness1586

heartlessness1591

languishment1591

mopishness1598

soul-sickness1603

contristation1605

damp1606

gloominess1607

sableness1607

uncheerfulnessa1617

disconsolateness1624

cheerlessnessa1631

dejectedness1633

droopingness1635

disanimation1637

lowness1639

desponsion1641

disconsolacy1646

despondency1653

dispiritedness1654

chagrin1656

demission1656

jawfall1660

weightedness1660

depression1665

disconsolancy1665

grumness1675

despondence1676

despond1678

disheartenednessa1680

glumness1727

low1727

gloom1744

low-spiritedness1754

blue devils1756

black dog1776

humdudgeon1785

blue devilism1787

dispiritude1797

wishtnessc1800

downheartedness1801

blue-devilage1816

dispiritment1827

downcastness1827

depressiveness1832

dolorosity1835

lugubriosity1840

disconsolance1847

down1856

heavy-heartedness1860

lugubriousness1879

sullenness1885

low key1886

melancholia1896

burn-out1903

mokus1924

downness1927

mopiness1927

deflation1933

wallow1934

1665 E. Phillips in Baker's Chron. Kings of Eng. (new ed.) 762 Lambert, in great depression of Spirit, twice pray'd him to let him escape.

1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 204. ⁋7 He observed their depression and was offended.

1857 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 326 Such horrible depression of spirits.

1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda IV. viii. lxix. 341 He found her in a state of deep depression, overmastered by those distasteful miserable memories.

b. Psychology. Frequently a sign of psychiatric disorder or a component of various psychoses, with symptoms of misery, anguish, or guilt accompanied by headache, insomnia, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > depression

anxiety1661

vapours1662

vapour-fit1707

depression1905

postpartum depression1929

baby blues1940

sterks1941

postnatal depression1946

PPD1975

PND1978

SAD1983

seasonal affective disorder1983

1905 Psychol. Rev. 12 111 If these symptoms of depression—the motor retardation, the difficulty of apprehension and of association—become aggravated, one finds various forms of melancholia.

1934 H. C. Warren Dict. Psychol. 73/1 Depression..the pathological usage refers to a mood of pronounced hopelessness and overwhelming feeling of inadequacy or unworthiness.

1960 A. Koestler Lotus & Robot ii. viii. 202 Even patients with severe depression-psychosis..turned their heads slowly and worked up a mask-like smile.

1962 Lancet 2 June 1171/1 Even psychiatrists may profit from the reminder that ‘events at the onset of depression..must be interpreted with caution for failure at work..or in a love affair may be early symptoms, rather than causes’.

†7. Algebra. Reduction to a lower degree or power.

ΚΠ

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Depression of Equation.

1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Depression of an Equation (Algeb.), the reducing an equation to lower degrees, as a biquadratic to a cubic equation, or a cubic to a quadratic.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	depression
释义	depressionn. /dɪˈprɛʃən/ Etymology: < Latin dēpressiōn-em, noun of action < dēprimĕre to press down, depress: perhaps immediately < French dépression (14th cent. in Hatzfeld & Darmesteter). The action of depressing, or condition of being depressed; a depressed formation; that which is depressed: in various senses. (Opposed to elevation.) 1. literal. The action of pressing down, or fact of being pressed down; usually more widely: The action of lowering, or process of sinking; the condition of being lowered in position. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > downward motion > causing to come or go down > [noun] > pressing or lowering depressing1648 depression1656 depressure1700 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Depression, a pressing or weighing down. 1699 J. Potter Archæologiæ Græcæ II. iii. ix. 85 Flags, the Elevation whereof was a Signal to joyn Battle, the Depression to desist. 1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 245 With fracture, fissure, or depression of a portion of bone. 1855 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. (ed. 5) vi. 72 Movements of upheaval or depression. 1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 825 The curve of growth follows all the elevations and depressions of the curve of temperature. 2. spec. a. Astronomy, etc. (a) The angular distance of a star, the pole, etc., below the horizon (opposed to altitude); the angular distance of the visible horizon below the true horizontal plane, the dip n.¹ of the horizon; in Surveying, etc., the angular distance of an object below the horizontal plane through the point of observation (opposed to elevation). (b) The lowest altitude of a circumpolar star (or of the sun seen from within the polar circle), when it is on the meridian beneath the pole (opposed to culmination). (c) The apparent sinking of the celestial pole towards the horizon as the observer travels towards the equator. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > position of heavenly body > [noun] > depression depressionc1400 c1400 ( G. Chaucer Treat. Astrolabe (Cambr. Dd.3.53) (1872) ii. §25. 34 And than is the depressioun of the pol antartik, þat is to seyn, than is the pol antartik by-nethe the Orisonte the same quantite of space. 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xxxiii. f. 165 The depression or lowest Meridian Altitude of the starres. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. H2^v Hee takes knowledge of the depression of the Southerne pole. View more context for this quotation 1667 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 2 438 The degree of its [the Needle's] depression under the Horizon. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Depression of the Pole, so many Degrees as you sail, or travel towards the Zenith; so many you are said to depress the Pole, because it becomes, respectively, so much lower, or nearer to the Horizon. 1856 E. K. Kane Arctic Explor. I. viii. 79 The sun's lower culmination, if such a term can be applied to his midnight depression. b. Gunnery. The lowering of the muzzle of a gun below the horizontal line. ΚΠ 1853 J. H. Stocqueler Mil. Encycl. 83/1` Depression, the pointing of any piece of ordnance, so that its shot may be projected under the point-blank line. c. Surgery. The operation of couching for cataract. ΚΠ 1854 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 264/2 Depression..a term for one of the operations for cataract. 3. concrete. A depressed or sunken formation on a surface; a hollow, a low place or part. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > hollow or depression > [noun] pathOE slackc1400 navela1425 trough1513 nook1555 falling1565 swale1584 hella1653 depression1665 holl1701 sag1727 dip1783 recession1799 holler1845 sike1859 sitch1888 sulcus1901 the world > space > shape > unevenness > condition or fact of receding > [noun] > action of making indentation > an indentation on a surface hollowc897 printa1387 impression1398 puncha1430 dent1565 dint1590 dinge1611 doke1615 impressurea1616 depressure1626 depression1665 dawk1678 swage1680 indent1690 sinking1712 dunkle1788 indenture1793 delve1811 subsidation1838 indention1839 recess1839 indentation1847 incavation1852 deepening1859 sink1875 malleation1881 ding1922 1665 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 1 42 Of the Nature of the Ground..and of the several risings and depressions thereof. 1772 W. Buchan Domest. Med. (ed. 2) l. 719 It [sc. a dislocation of the humerus] may be known by a depression or cavity on the top of the shoulder. 1855 C. Lyell Elem. Geol. (ed. 5) xxix. 520 The Curral is..one of three great valleys..a second depression called the Serra d' Agoa being almost as deep. 1884 F. O. Bower & D. H. Scott tr. H. A. de Bary Compar. Anat. Phanerogams & Ferns 53 The leaves of the above Crassulaceæ have round spots or depressions easily seen with the naked eye. 1885 Manch. Examiner 13 June 5/3 The depressions, which are of course warmer..than the plateaus. 4. figurative. a. The action of putting down or bringing low, or the fact or condition of being brought low (in station, fortunes, etc.). Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > humiliation > [noun] bismerc893 humiliationc1386 lowinga1398 dejectionc1450 avale?a1513 depression?1531 embasing1551 abasement1561 debasement1593 mortification1598 exinanitiona1631 demissiona1638 dejectment1656 depressure1656 dismounting1677 letting down1827 take-down1858 snubbing1861 scoring1893 deflation1958 ?1531 J. Frith Disput. Purgatorye To Rdr. sig. a5^v Aduersite, tribulacion, worldlye depression. 1632 P. Massinger Emperour of East Ep. Ded. sig. A2 When the iniquitie of those times labour'd the depression of approued goodnesse. 1741 C. Middleton Hist. Life Cicero I. v. 368 The depression of the family, and the ruin of their fortunes. 1872 J. Yeats Growth Commerce 136 The depression of the barons, during the Wars of the Roses. †b. Suppression. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > [noun] > crushing, stifling, or overwhelming quench?c1225 stanchingc1400 suppressingc1400 suppression1528 suffocation1567 crushing1580 suffocating1621 pulverization1643 overwhelming1645 depression1656 stifling1805 burking1827 spiflication1839 restinction1891 stamping1897 submergence1898 snuffing1922 1656 T. Hobbes Six Lessons iv. 34 in Elements Philos. You..profess Mathematiques, and Theology, and practise the depression of the truth in both. †c. Disparagement, depreciation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > degrading or debasement > [noun] debatec1460 disparagement1486 embasement1575 digraduation1577 lessening1579 degraduation1581 disparagea1592 bastardizing1598 debasement1602 deplumation1611 depression1628 vilificationa1631 degradement1641 degrading1646 prostration1647 deprisure1648 embasure1656 embasing1659 debasure1683 degradationc1752 derogation1785 demotion1872 objectification1973 1628 O. Felltham Resolves: 2nd Cent. lxxiii. sig. X^v So depressing others, it [sc. pride] seeketh to raise it selfe: and by this depression angers them. 1659 B. Walton Considerator Considered 286 Things which tend to the depression of the esteem of the Hebrew Text. 5. a. A lowering in quality, vigour, or amount; the state of being lowered or reduced in force, activity, intensity, etc. In modern use esp. of trade; spec. the Depression, the financial and industrial ‘slump’ of 1929 and subsequent years. Also attributive. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > [noun] waningc900 littlingOE lessingc1350 abating1370 diminutionc1374 minishinga1382 decrease1383 remissiona1398 shrinkinga1398 decreasing1398 adminishing?c1400 abbreviation?a1425 lessening?a1425 minoration?a1425 disincrease1430 abatement1433 restrictiona1450 batea1475 diminuation1477 limitation1483 abate1486 minute1495 minishment1533 mitigation1533 diminishinga1535 extenuation1542 slacking1542 reduce1549 diminishment1551 perditionc1555 debatementa1563 rebatement1573 obstriction1578 imminution1583 contracting1585 contraction1589 rabate1589 rebating1598 retrenchmentc1600 decession1606 ravalling1609 reducement1619 decrement1621 bating1629 shrivellinga1631 decretion1635 dejection1652 abater1653 rolling back1658 limiting1677 batement1679 reduction1695 depression1793 downdraw1813 descent1832 decess1854 lowering1868 shrinkage1873 dégringolade1883 minification1894 degrowth1920 downrating1950 1793 N. Vansittart Refl. Propriety Peace 57 The depression of the public funds..began long before the war. 1826 Ann. Reg. 1 A continuance of that depression in manufactures and commerce. a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 64/1 There is not in actions, as there is in qualities, a simple scale of elevation and depression. 1837 N. Whittock et al. Compl. Bk. Trades (1842) 392 The consequence has been a general depression in price for all but the best work. 1886 (title) Third Report of the Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the Depression of Trade and Industry. 1934 A. Huxley Beyond Mexique Bay 233 Since the depression, books on Mexico have been almost as numerous..as books on Russia. 1935 ‘J. Guthrie’ Little Country xiii. 212 ‘I thought you had a baby.’ ‘No, darling,’ said Carol. ‘None of us are having them now. It's the depression.’ 1935 Punch 19 June 719/1 All the wireless sets in Little Wobbly are pre-depression models. 1957 M. Sharp Eye of Love iii. 39 It was the Depression that had finished him off. 1963 H. Garner in R. Weaver Canad. Short Stories (1968) 2nd Ser. 37 An old Scots syndicalist I'd met on a road gang..in the early years of the depression. b. Lowering in pitch, flattening (of the voice, or a musical note). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > [noun] > low pitch > decrease of pitch falling1574 descent1604 depressiona1831 a1831 J. Stoddart Gram. in Encycl. Metrop. (1845) I. 176/1 A slight degree of elevation or depression, of length or shortness, of weakness or force, serves to mark a very sensible difference in the emotion meant to be expressed. 1878 W. H. Stone Sci. Basis Music v. 66 The present music should be carefully gone over..and the modified notes marked..with a mark of elevation or depression, according to their specific key relationship. c. A lowering of the column of mercury in the barometer or of the atmospheric pressure which is thereby measured; spec. in Meteorology a centre of minimum pressure, or the system of winds around it (= cyclone n. c). ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > movements and pressure conditions > [noun] > atmospheric pressure > area of low pressure low pressure1875 low1878 depression1881 1881 R. H. Scott in Good Words July 454 Barometrical depressions or cyclones. 1895 N.E.D. at Depression Mod. Weather Report, A deep depression is forming over our western coasts. The depression of yesterday has passed over England to the German Ocean. d. Pathology. Lowering of the vital functions or powers; a state of reduced vitality. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > [noun] > reduced vitality depression1803 collapsing1855 peak and pine1868 devitalization1871 1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 10 116 Great depression..has without doubt lately shewn itself in a very remarkable manner in the influenza. 1843 C. J. Lever Jack Hinton ii I aroused myself from the depression of nearly thirty hours' sea-sickness. 1875 B. Meadows Clin. Observ. 38 The inflammatory nature of the local affection was much more severe, and the constitutional depression..more marked. 6. a. The condition of being depressed in spirits; dejection. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [noun] unlustOE sorrowfulnessa1250 heavinessc1275 elengenessec1320 dullnessc1369 tristourc1380 murknessc1390 tristesse1390 faintness1398 ungladnessa1400 droopingc1400 heavity14.. dejectionc1450 terne?a1513 disconsolation1515 descence1526 marea1529 sadness?1537 dumpishness1548 unblessedness1549 dolorousness1553 ruefulness?1574 dolefulness1586 heartlessness1591 languishment1591 mopishness1598 soul-sickness1603 contristation1605 damp1606 gloominess1607 sableness1607 uncheerfulnessa1617 disconsolateness1624 cheerlessnessa1631 dejectedness1633 droopingness1635 disanimation1637 lowness1639 desponsion1641 disconsolacy1646 despondency1653 dispiritedness1654 chagrin1656 demission1656 jawfall1660 weightedness1660 depression1665 disconsolancy1665 grumness1675 despondence1676 despond1678 disheartenednessa1680 glumness1727 low1727 gloom1744 low-spiritedness1754 blue devils1756 black dog1776 humdudgeon1785 blue devilism1787 dispiritude1797 wishtnessc1800 downheartedness1801 blue-devilage1816 dispiritment1827 downcastness1827 depressiveness1832 dolorosity1835 lugubriosity1840 disconsolance1847 down1856 heavy-heartedness1860 lugubriousness1879 sullenness1885 low key1886 melancholia1896 burn-out1903 mokus1924 downness1927 mopiness1927 deflation1933 wallow1934 1665 E. Phillips in Baker's Chron. Kings of Eng. (new ed.) 762 Lambert, in great depression of Spirit, twice pray'd him to let him escape. 1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 204. ⁋7 He observed their depression and was offended. 1857 J. W. Carlyle Lett. II. 326 Such horrible depression of spirits. 1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda IV. viii. lxix. 341 He found her in a state of deep depression, overmastered by those distasteful miserable memories. b. Psychology. Frequently a sign of psychiatric disorder or a component of various psychoses, with symptoms of misery, anguish, or guilt accompanied by headache, insomnia, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > depression anxiety1661 vapours1662 vapour-fit1707 depression1905 postpartum depression1929 baby blues1940 sterks1941 postnatal depression1946 PPD1975 PND1978 SAD1983 seasonal affective disorder1983 1905 Psychol. Rev. 12 111 If these symptoms of depression—the motor retardation, the difficulty of apprehension and of association—become aggravated, one finds various forms of melancholia. 1934 H. C. Warren Dict. Psychol. 73/1 Depression..the pathological usage refers to a mood of pronounced hopelessness and overwhelming feeling of inadequacy or unworthiness. 1960 A. Koestler Lotus & Robot ii. viii. 202 Even patients with severe depression-psychosis..turned their heads slowly and worked up a mask-like smile. 1962 Lancet 2 June 1171/1 Even psychiatrists may profit from the reminder that ‘events at the onset of depression..must be interpreted with caution for failure at work..or in a love affair may be early symptoms, rather than causes’. †7. Algebra. Reduction to a lower degree or power. ΚΠ 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Depression of Equation. 1823 G. Crabb Universal Technol. Dict. Depression of an Equation (Algeb.), the reducing an equation to lower degrees, as a biquadratic to a cubic equation, or a cubic to a quadratic. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1895; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c1400
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