-redsuffix

Primary stress is generally retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. manred n.

Forms:

α. early Old English -raeden, Old English -hrædden (rare), Old English -hræden (rare), Old English -rædan (rare), Old English -rædden, Old English -ræden, Old English -rædyn (rare), Old English -rændenne (perhaps transmission error), Old English -ręden, Old English (rare)–early Middle English -rædene, Old English–Middle English -redden, Old English–Middle English -reden, early Middle English -rædæn, early Middle English -ræidene, early Middle English -readden, early Middle English -redne, Middle English -raddene, Middle English -raden, Middle English -radene, Middle English -radin, Middle English -radon, Middle English -radone, Middle English -radyn, Middle English -reddene, Middle English -redene, Middle English -redin, Middle English -redyn, Middle English -redyne, Middle English -retin, Middle English -ryden, Middle English -rydyn, 1500s–1600s -ratten, 1500s–1600s -rydden; Scottish pre-1700 -redyn; N.E.D. (1901) also records a form late Middle English -radoun.

β. Middle English -rad, Middle English -reth, Middle English -rod, Middle English -ryde, Middle English 1600s -redd, Middle English 1600s -redde, Middle English 1600s -reede, Middle English–1500s -rade, Middle English–1500s -rode, Middle English–1500s -ryd, Middle English–1500s 1800s -rede, Middle English–1600s -reed, Middle English–1600s -rid, Middle English– -red, 1500s -raid, 1500s -reade, 1500s -reid, 1600s -rit, 1600s -roode; English regional (chiefly East Anglian) 1800s right, 1800s– ret, 1800s– rit, 1900s– ritt; Scottish pre-1700 -rait, pre-1700 -rat, pre-1700 -rayd, pre-1700 -reat, pre-1700 -rede, pre-1700 -reid, pre-1700 -ret, pre-1700 -reth, pre-1700 -rett, pre-1700 -reyd, pre-1700 -rid, pre-1700 -rit, pre-1700 -ryt, pre-1700 -rytt, pre-1700 1700s– -red.

γ. Scottish pre-1700 -ran, pre-1700 -rand, pre-1700 -rant, pre-1700 -reint, pre-1700 -rend, pre-1700 -rende, pre-1700 -rene, pre-1700 -rente, pre-1700 -renth, pre-1700 1700s– -rent.

δ. late Middle English -redynge, late Middle English -rydynge.

ε. Scottish pre-1700 -ratht, pre-1700 -recht, pre-1700 -retht.

ζ. English regional (Suffolk) 1600s -ridge.

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: English rǣden.

Etymology: < Old English rǣden condition (also ‘rule, direction, evaluation, reckoning’) < the same base as read v. + -en suffix². For examples of Old English formations which survived into Middle English see e.g. brotherred n., ferred n., friendrede n., gossipred n., kindred n., lovered n., manred n., sibred n. Some formations are found first in Middle English, and hence probably show productive formations in the suffix (unless the absence of Old English antecedents is simply a failing in the historical record), e.g. hatred n., neighboured n., or (showing a base of Scandinavian origin) fellowred n. A few formations are found earliest in early modern English, e.g. guestred n., townred n., stoldred n. The 19th-cent. formation cousinred n. is a deliberate archaism by Scott.The Older Scots γ. forms reflect early metathesis of n ; compare e.g. manrent n. In some instances where the stem ended in r homophony with formations in -head suffix may have led to loss of the formation with -red suffix as a distinct word: see e.g. brotherred n., ferred n., neighboured n. In the few words in which the suffix survives it has ceased to be analysable. Hence forms such as -ridge at ζ. forms or right at β. forms, which are recorded only for the word sibred n. and apparently only in sense 4 of that word, should probably be regarded as part of the history of sibred n. rather than of the suffix -red suffix, although it is difficult to make any clear distinction between forms on this basis. For possible earlier occurrence of the β. forms in Old English see discussion at kindred n. and adj.

Forming abstract nouns from other nouns to denote condition or quality. Cf. -head suffix.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	-red
释义	-redsuffix Primary stress is generally retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly; see e.g. manred n. Forms: α. early Old English -raeden, Old English -hrædden (rare), Old English -hræden (rare), Old English -rædan (rare), Old English -rædden, Old English -ræden, Old English -rædyn (rare), Old English -rændenne (perhaps transmission error), Old English -ręden, Old English (rare)–early Middle English -rædene, Old English–Middle English -redden, Old English–Middle English -reden, early Middle English -rædæn, early Middle English -ræidene, early Middle English -readden, early Middle English -redne, Middle English -raddene, Middle English -raden, Middle English -radene, Middle English -radin, Middle English -radon, Middle English -radone, Middle English -radyn, Middle English -reddene, Middle English -redene, Middle English -redin, Middle English -redyn, Middle English -redyne, Middle English -retin, Middle English -ryden, Middle English -rydyn, 1500s–1600s -ratten, 1500s–1600s -rydden; Scottish pre-1700 -redyn; N.E.D. (1901) also records a form late Middle English -radoun. β. Middle English -rad, Middle English -reth, Middle English -rod, Middle English -ryde, Middle English 1600s -redd, Middle English 1600s -redde, Middle English 1600s -reede, Middle English–1500s -rade, Middle English–1500s -rode, Middle English–1500s -ryd, Middle English–1500s 1800s -rede, Middle English–1600s -reed, Middle English–1600s -rid, Middle English– -red, 1500s -raid, 1500s -reade, 1500s -reid, 1600s -rit, 1600s -roode; English regional (chiefly East Anglian) 1800s right, 1800s– ret, 1800s– rit, 1900s– ritt; Scottish pre-1700 -rait, pre-1700 -rat, pre-1700 -rayd, pre-1700 -reat, pre-1700 -rede, pre-1700 -reid, pre-1700 -ret, pre-1700 -reth, pre-1700 -rett, pre-1700 -reyd, pre-1700 -rid, pre-1700 -rit, pre-1700 -ryt, pre-1700 -rytt, pre-1700 1700s– -red. γ. Scottish pre-1700 -ran, pre-1700 -rand, pre-1700 -rant, pre-1700 -reint, pre-1700 -rend, pre-1700 -rende, pre-1700 -rene, pre-1700 -rente, pre-1700 -renth, pre-1700 1700s– -rent. δ. late Middle English -redynge, late Middle English -rydynge. ε. Scottish pre-1700 -ratht, pre-1700 -recht, pre-1700 -retht. ζ. English regional (Suffolk) 1600s -ridge. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: English rǣden. Etymology: < Old English rǣden condition (also ‘rule, direction, evaluation, reckoning’) < the same base as read v. + -en suffix². For examples of Old English formations which survived into Middle English see e.g. brotherred n., ferred n., friendrede n., gossipred n., kindred n., lovered n., manred n., sibred n. Some formations are found first in Middle English, and hence probably show productive formations in the suffix (unless the absence of Old English antecedents is simply a failing in the historical record), e.g. hatred n., neighboured n., or (showing a base of Scandinavian origin) fellowred n. A few formations are found earliest in early modern English, e.g. guestred n., townred n., stoldred n. The 19th-cent. formation cousinred n. is a deliberate archaism by Scott.The Older Scots γ. forms reflect early metathesis of n ; compare e.g. manrent n. In some instances where the stem ended in r homophony with formations in -head suffix may have led to loss of the formation with -red suffix as a distinct word: see e.g. brotherred n., ferred n., neighboured n. In the few words in which the suffix survives it has ceased to be analysable. Hence forms such as -ridge at ζ. forms or right at β. forms, which are recorded only for the word sibred n. and apparently only in sense 4 of that word, should probably be regarded as part of the history of sibred n. rather than of the suffix -red suffix, although it is difficult to make any clear distinction between forms on this basis. For possible earlier occurrence of the β. forms in Old English see discussion at kindred n. and adj. Forming abstract nouns from other nouns to denote condition or quality. Cf. -head suffix. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2009; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < suffix
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