defensorn.

Brit.

/dᵻˈfɛnsə/, U.S.

/dəˈfɛnsər/,

/diˈfɛnsər/

Forms:

α. Middle English defensowre, Middle English deffensour, Middle English–1500s defensour, Middle English–1500s defensoure, Middle English–1500s deffensor, Middle English– defensor, 1600s defensores (plural).

β. 1500s defenser, 1500s–1600s defencer.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French defenseur; Latin dēfensor.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman defensor, defensour, Middle French defenseur, deffenseur (French défenseur ) defender, protector (1213 in Old French as deffenceour ), supporter (late 14th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin dēfensor person who averts or repels, person who exerts force or authority to provide protection, protector, defender, defending military force, garrison, thing providing protection, supporter of a cause, advocate for the defence, defendant, in post-classical Latin also city magistrate charged with defending the people against oppression by the governor (4th cent.), city official in Rome (6th cent.), manager of the property of a church, ecclesiastical advocate (6th cent.) < dēfens- , past participial stem of dēfendere defend v. + -or -or suffix. Compare post-classical Latin defensator defender (late 4th cent. in Jerome). Compare earlier defender n.Specific senses. In Defensor of the Faith (compare quot. 1530 at sense 3) after post-classical Latin Defensor Fidei, title bestowed on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 (from 1523 in British sources). Specific forms. With β. forms compare -er suffix¹. In plural form defensores after the Latin plural form.

1. A defender; a protector. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > defender > [noun]

werea1325

defenderc1325

forfightera1382

defensorc1390

fendera1400

man of fencec1425

defendantc1475

rampire?1549

rampart1567

defensive1634

hyperaspist1638

c1390 (?c1350) St. Augustine l. 1172 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 81 (MED) Seint Austin, of wisdom schining briht, Defensour of soþfastnes and riht.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 745 Sum of the defensouris [1489 Adv. defendouris] war All dede, and othir woundit sare.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lx ^v/1 Abdalazys Soldan of babilon..seruator and defensor of the lordis of assia.

1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 761/1 Any of their fautours, comforters, councelours, or defensers.

1670 T. Garencières tr. Famous Conclave wherein Clement VIII was elected Pope 29 The only defensor and supportor of the Catholick Religion.

1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV i. 14 The great bal of contention between the Patrons of Free-wil, and the Defensors of Free-grace.

1709 J. Johnson Clergy-man's Vade Mecum: Pt. II 290 Priests, Deacons, and Defensors that sell any thing else, and all that purchase Ease, if they do not make speedy Restitution.

1807 Monthly Literary Recreations Sept. 177 Our laurel-wreathed admirals and other undaunted defensors of the country.

1860 P. C. de Mosquera Let. 11 July in N.Y. Times 3 Sept. 1/1 The Governor of that State having declared himself hostile towards the defensors of the Constitution.

1915 Publ. Field Museum Nat. Hist. 13 305 The guardians of the world and armed defensors of the Buddhist religion.

1983 Victorian Periodicals Rev. 16 39 Newdegate, alone or in concert with other Protestant defensors, drew attention to the ‘Convent Issue’ in parliamentary debate.

2. A person who administers the affairs of a country or state during the minority, absence, or incapacity of the monarch; a regent. Chiefly in Protector and Defensor. Now historical and rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > regent > [noun]

wardena1400

regentc1425

defensor1426

protector1426

interking1533

interrex1579

interregent1600

regency1643

1426 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1834) III. 215 (MED) If þei be suche þinges þat þe King hath be accustomed to be conseilled of, þan þe said lordes procede not þerinne without þadvis of þe protectour and defensour.

1454 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1837) VI. 196 (MED) We have right well understande by..the Duc of York, protectoure and defensoure of this oure reaume.

a1525 ( Coventry Leet Bk. (1907) I. 111 By the duk of Gloucestre, Erl of Haynnau, & protectour & defensour of England.

1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 400 (MED) Then was the kyng come vnto mannes age..Wherfore the duke loste his great auauntage And was no more then after defensour.

1811 Edinb. Rev. May 76 The title of Protector and Defensor was unknown in our government till the minority of Henry VI.

1841 G. Bowyer Eng. Constit. xi. 202 The king..had named the duke of York to be protector and defensor of the land.

1955 P. M. Kendall Richard III ii. i. iv. 183 They immediately caused Richard to be proclaimed Protector and Defensor of the Realm.

†3. In various titles formerly bestowed by the Pope on individual kings, as Chief Defensor of Christ's Church, Defensor of the Faith, etc. Cf. defender of the faith at defender n. Phrases. Obsolete.Esp. with reference to Henry VII of England.

ΚΠ

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. ccxxxiiii Julius the .ii...elected & chase thys excellerite prynce, and admytted for chyefe defensour of Chrystes church.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 10 Henry by the grace of God, kynge of Englande and of France, defensor of the faythe.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xx. 751/1 It is reckoned by some writers..that three Popes, Alexander the sixth, Pius the third, and Iulius the second, did in their seuerall times,..elect and chose him [sc. Henry the seuenth] for chiefe defensor of Christs Church, before all other Christian Princes.

1825 M. Hack Eng. Stories 77 Henry..was, indeed, highly respected at Rome, as appears by three popes having elected him, in preference to the other reigning princes of Europe, ‘The Chief Defensor of Christendom’.

4. Church History. In the early Middle Ages: an officer responsible for managing the legal and temporal affairs of the Church in a particular area.

ΚΠ

1709 J. Bingham Origines Ecclesiasticæ II. iii. xi. 58 It was the Business of the Defensors to see the Rights of the Church..truly maintained.

1732 J. Bisset Mod. Erastianism Unvailed iii. 149 These Patrons who were Defensors of the Church's Patrimony.

1856 J. C. Robertson Hist. Christian Church II. i. i. 7 These estates were managed by..laymen who had the title of Defensors.

1905 F. H. Dudden Gregory the Great I. 327 A certain defensor of the Milanese Church, named Valentinus.

1989 W. Goffart Rome's Fall & After vii. 183 Writing to the defensor of the Syracusan patrimony, Gregory expressed extreme dissatisfaction with the returns from the herds of horses.

2015 B. Neil in B. Neil & P. Allen Collecting Early Christian Lett. xii. 219 Pelagius [i.e. Pope Pelagius I] orders the defensor Vitus to supervise the administration of the papal estates.

5. Roman History. In the later period of the empire: an official responsible for protecting provincial citizens against injustices committed by state officials or more powerful citizens. Cf. defensor civitatis n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > defender against oppression by governor

defensor civitatisa1613

defensor1709

1709 J. Bingham Origines Ecclesiasticæ II. iii. xi. 65 The Business of the ancient Defensors was not to do the Office of Judges, but of Advocates at Law, to defend the Rights of the Poor.

1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands I. 112 The defensors differed in both respects.

1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. v. 386 What the defensor had been in the old municipal system.

1937 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 68 386 The point of the defensor's statement that they should not have taken any rent lies no doubt in the fact that the acceptance of the rent implied satisfaction with the transaction.

1984 T. F. X. Noble Republic St. Peter (1991) vii. 222 Each region of the city also had a defensor.

2012 J. N. Dillon Justice of Constantine v. 147 The defensor became a judge who might hear disputes of a very humble nature.

6. Roman Law. A person representing another's interests in a legal action.A defensor could act without the authorization of the person being represented, and was subject to the same liability as that person.

ΚΠ

1774 S. Hallifax Anal. Rom. Civil Law iii. iii. 87 He who, without commission, undertook the defence of a Reus, that was absent, was called Defensor.

1871 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis iv. Comm. 466 A defensor may prevent a forfeiture of the stipulation.

1908 W. W. Buckland Rom. Law Slavery v. 113 The liability of a defensor was exactly the same as that of the person defended.

1995 P. Goodrich Oedipus Lex v. 115 Women are prohibited from acting as anyone's defensor.

Derivatives

deˈfensorship n. the office of defensor (in senses 4, 5).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > defender against oppression by governor > office of

defensorship1829

1829 E. Cathcart tr. C. von Savigny Hist. Rom. Law Middle Ages v. 288 The Defensorship [Ger. das Amt des Defensors], contrary to its original character, had now therefore become a magistracy.

1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity III. viii. ii. 292 The golden diadem, the insignia of the Patriciate and Defensorship of the city of Rome.

1918 E. Spearing Patrimony Rom. Church ii. 33 The defensorship was not an office peculiar to the Roman Church.

1972 J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz Antioch v. 170 The council might select a man for the defensorship.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	defensor
释义	defensorn. Brit. /dᵻˈfɛnsə/, U.S. /dəˈfɛnsər/, /diˈfɛnsər/ Forms: α. Middle English defensowre, Middle English deffensour, Middle English–1500s defensour, Middle English–1500s defensoure, Middle English–1500s deffensor, Middle English– defensor, 1600s defensores (plural). β. 1500s defenser, 1500s–1600s defencer. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French defenseur; Latin dēfensor. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman defensor, defensour, Middle French defenseur, deffenseur (French défenseur ) defender, protector (1213 in Old French as deffenceour ), supporter (late 14th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin dēfensor person who averts or repels, person who exerts force or authority to provide protection, protector, defender, defending military force, garrison, thing providing protection, supporter of a cause, advocate for the defence, defendant, in post-classical Latin also city magistrate charged with defending the people against oppression by the governor (4th cent.), city official in Rome (6th cent.), manager of the property of a church, ecclesiastical advocate (6th cent.) < dēfens- , past participial stem of dēfendere defend v. + -or -or suffix. Compare post-classical Latin defensator defender (late 4th cent. in Jerome). Compare earlier defender n.Specific senses. In Defensor of the Faith (compare quot. 1530 at sense 3) after post-classical Latin Defensor Fidei, title bestowed on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 (from 1523 in British sources). Specific forms. With β. forms compare -er suffix¹. In plural form defensores after the Latin plural form. 1. A defender; a protector. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > defender > [noun] werea1325 defenderc1325 forfightera1382 defensorc1390 fendera1400 man of fencec1425 defendantc1475 rampire?1549 rampart1567 defensive1634 hyperaspist1638 c1390 (?c1350) St. Augustine l. 1172 in C. Horstmann Sammlung Altengl. Legenden (1878) 81 (MED) Seint Austin, of wisdom schining briht, Defensour of soþfastnes and riht. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 745 Sum of the defensouris [1489 Adv. defendouris] war All dede, and othir woundit sare. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. lx ^v/1 Abdalazys Soldan of babilon..seruator and defensor of the lordis of assia. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 761/1 Any of their fautours, comforters, councelours, or defensers. 1670 T. Garencières tr. Famous Conclave wherein Clement VIII was elected Pope 29 The only defensor and supportor of the Catholick Religion. 1678 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV i. 14 The great bal of contention between the Patrons of Free-wil, and the Defensors of Free-grace. 1709 J. Johnson Clergy-man's Vade Mecum: Pt. II 290 Priests, Deacons, and Defensors that sell any thing else, and all that purchase Ease, if they do not make speedy Restitution. 1807 Monthly Literary Recreations Sept. 177 Our laurel-wreathed admirals and other undaunted defensors of the country. 1860 P. C. de Mosquera Let. 11 July in N.Y. Times 3 Sept. 1/1 The Governor of that State having declared himself hostile towards the defensors of the Constitution. 1915 Publ. Field Museum Nat. Hist. 13 305 The guardians of the world and armed defensors of the Buddhist religion. 1983 Victorian Periodicals Rev. 16 39 Newdegate, alone or in concert with other Protestant defensors, drew attention to the ‘Convent Issue’ in parliamentary debate. 2. A person who administers the affairs of a country or state during the minority, absence, or incapacity of the monarch; a regent. Chiefly in Protector and Defensor. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > regent > [noun] wardena1400 regentc1425 defensor1426 protector1426 interking1533 interrex1579 interregent1600 regency1643 1426 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1834) III. 215 (MED) If þei be suche þinges þat þe King hath be accustomed to be conseilled of, þan þe said lordes procede not þerinne without þadvis of þe protectour and defensour. 1454 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1837) VI. 196 (MED) We have right well understande by..the Duc of York, protectoure and defensoure of this oure reaume. a1525 ( Coventry Leet Bk. (1907) I. 111 By the duk of Gloucestre, Erl of Haynnau, & protectour & defensour of England. 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 400 (MED) Then was the kyng come vnto mannes age..Wherfore the duke loste his great auauntage And was no more then after defensour. 1811 Edinb. Rev. May 76 The title of Protector and Defensor was unknown in our government till the minority of Henry VI. 1841 G. Bowyer Eng. Constit. xi. 202 The king..had named the duke of York to be protector and defensor of the land. 1955 P. M. Kendall Richard III ii. i. iv. 183 They immediately caused Richard to be proclaimed Protector and Defensor of the Realm. †3. In various titles formerly bestowed by the Pope on individual kings, as Chief Defensor of Christ's Church, Defensor of the Faith, etc. Cf. defender of the faith at defender n. Phrases. Obsolete.Esp. with reference to Henry VII of England. ΚΠ a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. ccxxxiiii Julius the .ii...elected & chase thys excellerite prynce, and admytted for chyefe defensour of Chrystes church. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 10 Henry by the grace of God, kynge of Englande and of France, defensor of the faythe. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xx. 751/1 It is reckoned by some writers..that three Popes, Alexander the sixth, Pius the third, and Iulius the second, did in their seuerall times,..elect and chose him [sc. Henry the seuenth] for chiefe defensor of Christs Church, before all other Christian Princes. 1825 M. Hack Eng. Stories 77 Henry..was, indeed, highly respected at Rome, as appears by three popes having elected him, in preference to the other reigning princes of Europe, ‘The Chief Defensor of Christendom’. 4. Church History. In the early Middle Ages: an officer responsible for managing the legal and temporal affairs of the Church in a particular area. ΚΠ 1709 J. Bingham Origines Ecclesiasticæ II. iii. xi. 58 It was the Business of the Defensors to see the Rights of the Church..truly maintained. 1732 J. Bisset Mod. Erastianism Unvailed iii. 149 These Patrons who were Defensors of the Church's Patrimony. 1856 J. C. Robertson Hist. Christian Church II. i. i. 7 These estates were managed by..laymen who had the title of Defensors. 1905 F. H. Dudden Gregory the Great I. 327 A certain defensor of the Milanese Church, named Valentinus. 1989 W. Goffart Rome's Fall & After vii. 183 Writing to the defensor of the Syracusan patrimony, Gregory expressed extreme dissatisfaction with the returns from the herds of horses. 2015 B. Neil in B. Neil & P. Allen Collecting Early Christian Lett. xii. 219 Pelagius [i.e. Pope Pelagius I] orders the defensor Vitus to supervise the administration of the papal estates. 5. Roman History. In the later period of the empire: an official responsible for protecting provincial citizens against injustices committed by state officials or more powerful citizens. Cf. defensor civitatis n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > defender against oppression by governor defensor civitatisa1613 defensor1709 1709 J. Bingham Origines Ecclesiasticæ II. iii. xi. 65 The Business of the ancient Defensors was not to do the Office of Judges, but of Advocates at Law, to defend the Rights of the Poor. 1841 W. Spalding Italy & Ital. Islands I. 112 The defensors differed in both respects. 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity I. iii. v. 386 What the defensor had been in the old municipal system. 1937 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 68 386 The point of the defensor's statement that they should not have taken any rent lies no doubt in the fact that the acceptance of the rent implied satisfaction with the transaction. 1984 T. F. X. Noble Republic St. Peter (1991) vii. 222 Each region of the city also had a defensor. 2012 J. N. Dillon Justice of Constantine v. 147 The defensor became a judge who might hear disputes of a very humble nature. 6. Roman Law. A person representing another's interests in a legal action.A defensor could act without the authorization of the person being represented, and was subject to the same liability as that person. ΚΠ 1774 S. Hallifax Anal. Rom. Civil Law iii. iii. 87 He who, without commission, undertook the defence of a Reus, that was absent, was called Defensor. 1871 E. Poste tr. Gaius Institutionum Iuris Civilis iv. Comm. 466 A defensor may prevent a forfeiture of the stipulation. 1908 W. W. Buckland Rom. Law Slavery v. 113 The liability of a defensor was exactly the same as that of the person defended. 1995 P. Goodrich Oedipus Lex v. 115 Women are prohibited from acting as anyone's defensor. Derivatives deˈfensorship n. the office of defensor (in senses 4, 5). ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > defender against oppression by governor > office of defensorship1829 1829 E. Cathcart tr. C. von Savigny Hist. Rom. Law Middle Ages v. 288 The Defensorship [Ger. das Amt des Defensors], contrary to its original character, had now therefore become a magistracy. 1854 H. H. Milman Hist. Lat. Christianity III. viii. ii. 292 The golden diadem, the insignia of the Patriciate and Defensorship of the city of Rome. 1918 E. Spearing Patrimony Rom. Church ii. 33 The defensorship was not an office peculiar to the Roman Church. 1972 J. H. W. G. Liebeschuetz Antioch v. 170 The council might select a man for the defensorship. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1390
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