defensionn.

Brit.

/dᵻˈfɛnʃn/, U.S.

/dəˈfɛnʃən/,

/diˈfɛnʃən/

Forms: Middle English defencyoun, Middle English defensioun, Middle English diffencioun, Middle English dyffencioun, Middle English–1500s defencyon, Middle English– defension, 1500s defencion, 1500s defensione, 1500s defensyon; also Scottish pre-1700 diffensioun.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French defension; Latin dēfensiōn-, dēfensiō.

Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman defensioun, defencion, difencion, Anglo-Norman and Middle French defension defence, protection (c1100 in Old French as defensiun ), instrument of defence (13th cent. or earlier), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin dēfensiōn-, dēfensiō act of defending, protection, defence, legal defence, argument for the defence, justification of conduct, excuse < dēfens- , past participial stem of dēfendere defend v. + -tiō -tion suffix. Compare earlier defence n., defending n.Compare Catalan †defensió (14th cent.), Spanish defensión (mid 13th cent.), Portuguese defensão (13th cent.), Italian difensione (late 13th cent.; now archaic). With forms in diff- compare formal variation at defend v.

†1. Punishment. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [noun]

justice?a1160

penancec1300

defensiona1382

forfeiture1390

punishment1402

revengementa1513

penition1547

revenge1561

infliction1590

supplice1646

vindictive1726

auto-da-fé1767

woodshedding1940

knuckle-rapping1944

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Ecclus. xlviii. 7 Thou breeke liȝtili the myȝt of hem..Thatt herdist in Syna dom, and in Oreb domes of defensioun [a1425 L.V. defence; L. defensionis].

†a. Defence against or refutation of criticism; justification, support, vindication. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication

defensiona1425

assertion1532

apology1533

propugnation1575

apologizing1611

propugnating1657

vindication1669

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > vindication by argument

defendingc1350

defencec1384

defensiona1425

defensoryc1475

a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) 1 Cor. ix. 3 (MED) My defencyoun [L. defensio] of þem þat asken me is þis.

1514 R. Pace Let. 25 Sept. in R. Fiddes Life Wolsey (1724) Collect. 254 In the defension of your gracis causis.

a1555 J. Philpot tr. C. S. Curione Def. Authority Christ's Church in R. Eden Exam. & Writings J. Philpot (1842) (modernized text) 325 The just defension against his unjust accusation.

1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. viii. iv. f. 42^v/1 Ther are invented, & founde out divers defensions for the foresayed Cautery.

1659 P. Talbot Nullity Prelatique Clergy, & Church of Eng. 126 What Protestant so ever will..take M. Bramhals empty words for sound arguments, his..prevarication, or presumption for a serious, and solid defension.

b. In Roman Catholic colleges: a formal oral defence before an audience of a thesis or proposition. Cf. defence n. 3d, viva n.² Now historical and rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > debate, disputation, argument > academic or public disputation > [noun] > in defence of thesis

disputation1553

defension1563

coursing1660

respondency1660

1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 862/2 He withstandeth the Popes Supremacie..in his disputations and defensions.

1666 W. Blundell in T. E. Gibson Cavalier's Note Bk. (1880) 175 My said brother did make his public defension of Philosophy in the Roman College.

1672 J. V. Canes Τω Kαθολικω Stillingfleeton iv. 84 They have I believe five hundred Readers of the Chair, and perhaps as many publick defensions in every three years space.

1701 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1909) 7 106 We were invited to Mr. Ingram's Defension of his Philosophie.

1808 J. Milner Inq. into Vulgar Opinions conc. Catholic Inhabitants Ireland iii. 19 The student must publicly defend..by solving the objections of each individual present amongst the company indiscriminately invited to these defensions.

1862 F. C. Husenbeth Life J. Milner 8 He never taught in the Schools, nor made any public defensions.

1886 J. Gillow Literary & Biogr. Hist. Eng. Catholics II. 458 This defension took place in the palace of Cardinal Guise.

1963 Times 23 Jan. 15/1 A doctorate in divinity which he obtained in solemn public defension.

1988 H. J. A. Sire Gentlemen Philosophers iv. 68 Training in the technique of logical disputation was provided constantly in ‘Defensions’, which were held two or three times a week.

†3. Defence against physical attack, injury, or harm; protection. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > [noun]

weringa1300

warrantise?a1400

keepinga1425

defension?a1439

defendancec1450

werea1878

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun]

warec893

mundbyrdeOE

mundOE

forhillinga1300

hillinga1300

weringa1300

warranting1303

garrisonc1320

defencec1325

defendingc1350

protectionc1350

garnisonc1386

safe warda1398

warrantise?a1400

safeguard1421

safekeeping1425

defension?a1439

defendancec1450

warisonc1450

propugnation1575

guard1576

fortifying1580

debate1581

shielding1581

shrouda1586

patronage1590

shrouding1615

fortressing?1624

munification1653

fencinga1661

castleward1674

fending1771

safeguardance1897

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. l. 4316 (MED) Kyng Hostilius..Caste he wolde meete hem in bataile For comoun profit and for diffencioun Bothe off his cite & off his roial toun.

c1475 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1913) 130 303 (MED) From consent to syn, that dede me nat assaile, Yeue me defensioun, grace, and good counsaile.

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 82 (MED) Some men ben excusid for way of defension, as ȝif a clerk come with strengþe to kille a man..ȝif so be that the man..for his defense violently smyte hym.

1556 T. Hill tr. B. Cocles Brief Epitomye Phisiognomie xxvi. sig. D.ii The bearde is also as a defensione to the Jawes, the which the woman nedeth not so much as the man.

1561 Nine Ladies Worthie in Chaucer's Wks. f. cccxlii^v Against the proud Grekes made defencion With her victorious hand.

1651 Mercurius Politicus No. 49. 786 The Princes, Electors, and States of the Rhine, endevor still at Francfort to help forward the work of Defension.

†4. Law. The action of presenting a defence against a prosecution or charge; an instance of this. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1602 H. Ely Certaine Briefe Notes 157 By appealing a man is constrained to doe it, rather in his owne defence then to dishonor or iniure the Iudge... and so it apperteineth not to sedition, as you say, but to defension.

1606 B. Barnes Foure Bks. Offices iii. 144 Right and wrong is twofold according to the Lawes, consisting vpon accusation and defension.

1681 J. M. Corker Stafford's Memoires 7 I think it..necessary, before we enter upon my Lord's special Charge and Defension, to insert here some of those many things the Papists in general..constantly alledge against the Premisses.

Derivatives

deˈfensional adj. [after German Defensional (noun) (1762 in the passage translated in quot. 1762); compare post-classical Latin defensionalis (in speeches) defensive, capable of defending (4th cent.)] now rare of or relating to defence (in various senses); defensive.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > [adjective]

defensivea1586

defensional1762

1762 P. Murdoch tr. A. F. Büsching New Syst. Geogr. III. 682 The arsenal, the defensional office [at Freiburg, Switzerland; Ger. das Defensional].

1825 J. Rennie Art of improving Voice & Ear i. vii. 221 As to your speeches, consider whether they are to be invective, or defensional, or descriptive, or narrative, &c.

1977 Newspeak 26 Apr. 10/4 Again no defensional support.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	defension
释义	defensionn. Brit. /dᵻˈfɛnʃn/, U.S. /dəˈfɛnʃən/, /diˈfɛnʃən/ Forms: Middle English defencyoun, Middle English defensioun, Middle English diffencioun, Middle English dyffencioun, Middle English–1500s defencyon, Middle English– defension, 1500s defencion, 1500s defensione, 1500s defensyon; also Scottish pre-1700 diffensioun. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French defension; Latin dēfensiōn-, dēfensiō. Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman defensioun, defencion, difencion, Anglo-Norman and Middle French defension defence, protection (c1100 in Old French as defensiun ), instrument of defence (13th cent. or earlier), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin dēfensiōn-, dēfensiō act of defending, protection, defence, legal defence, argument for the defence, justification of conduct, excuse < dēfens- , past participial stem of dēfendere defend v. + -tiō -tion suffix. Compare earlier defence n., defending n.Compare Catalan †defensió (14th cent.), Spanish defensión (mid 13th cent.), Portuguese defensão (13th cent.), Italian difensione (late 13th cent.; now archaic). With forms in diff- compare formal variation at defend v. †1. Punishment. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [noun] justice?a1160 penancec1300 defensiona1382 forfeiture1390 punishment1402 revengementa1513 penition1547 revenge1561 infliction1590 supplice1646 vindictive1726 auto-da-fé1767 woodshedding1940 knuckle-rapping1944 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Ecclus. xlviii. 7 Thou breeke liȝtili the myȝt of hem..Thatt herdist in Syna dom, and in Oreb domes of defensioun [a1425 L.V. defence; L. defensionis]. 2. †a. Defence against or refutation of criticism; justification, support, vindication. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication defensiona1425 assertion1532 apology1533 propugnation1575 apologizing1611 propugnating1657 vindication1669 society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > vindication by argument defendingc1350 defencec1384 defensiona1425 defensoryc1475 a1425 (a1400) Northern Pauline Epist. (1916) 1 Cor. ix. 3 (MED) My defencyoun [L. defensio] of þem þat asken me is þis. 1514 R. Pace Let. 25 Sept. in R. Fiddes Life Wolsey (1724) Collect. 254 In the defension of your gracis causis. a1555 J. Philpot tr. C. S. Curione Def. Authority Christ's Church in R. Eden Exam. & Writings J. Philpot (1842) (modernized text) 325 The just defension against his unjust accusation. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. viii. iv. f. 42^v/1 Ther are invented, & founde out divers defensions for the foresayed Cautery. 1659 P. Talbot Nullity Prelatique Clergy, & Church of Eng. 126 What Protestant so ever will..take M. Bramhals empty words for sound arguments, his..prevarication, or presumption for a serious, and solid defension. b. In Roman Catholic colleges: a formal oral defence before an audience of a thesis or proposition. Cf. defence n. 3d, viva n.² Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > debate, disputation, argument > academic or public disputation > [noun] > in defence of thesis disputation1553 defension1563 coursing1660 respondency1660 1563 J. Foxe Actes & Monuments 862/2 He withstandeth the Popes Supremacie..in his disputations and defensions. 1666 W. Blundell in T. E. Gibson Cavalier's Note Bk. (1880) 175 My said brother did make his public defension of Philosophy in the Roman College. 1672 J. V. Canes Τω Kαθολικω Stillingfleeton iv. 84 They have I believe five hundred Readers of the Chair, and perhaps as many publick defensions in every three years space. 1701 in Publ. Catholic Rec. Soc. (1909) 7 106 We were invited to Mr. Ingram's Defension of his Philosophie. 1808 J. Milner Inq. into Vulgar Opinions conc. Catholic Inhabitants Ireland iii. 19 The student must publicly defend..by solving the objections of each individual present amongst the company indiscriminately invited to these defensions. 1862 F. C. Husenbeth Life J. Milner 8 He never taught in the Schools, nor made any public defensions. 1886 J. Gillow Literary & Biogr. Hist. Eng. Catholics II. 458 This defension took place in the palace of Cardinal Guise. 1963 Times 23 Jan. 15/1 A doctorate in divinity which he obtained in solemn public defension. 1988 H. J. A. Sire Gentlemen Philosophers iv. 68 Training in the technique of logical disputation was provided constantly in ‘Defensions’, which were held two or three times a week. †3. Defence against physical attack, injury, or harm; protection. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > [noun] weringa1300 warrantise?a1400 keepinga1425 defension?a1439 defendancec1450 werea1878 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] warec893 mundbyrdeOE mundOE forhillinga1300 hillinga1300 weringa1300 warranting1303 garrisonc1320 defencec1325 defendingc1350 protectionc1350 garnisonc1386 safe warda1398 warrantise?a1400 safeguard1421 safekeeping1425 defension?a1439 defendancec1450 warisonc1450 propugnation1575 guard1576 fortifying1580 debate1581 shielding1581 shrouda1586 patronage1590 shrouding1615 fortressing?1624 munification1653 fencinga1661 castleward1674 fending1771 safeguardance1897 a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. l. 4316 (MED) Kyng Hostilius..Caste he wolde meete hem in bataile For comoun profit and for diffencioun Bothe off his cite & off his roial toun. c1475 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1913) 130 303 (MED) From consent to syn, that dede me nat assaile, Yeue me defensioun, grace, and good counsaile. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 82 (MED) Some men ben excusid for way of defension, as ȝif a clerk come with strengþe to kille a man..ȝif so be that the man..for his defense violently smyte hym. 1556 T. Hill tr. B. Cocles Brief Epitomye Phisiognomie xxvi. sig. D.ii The bearde is also as a defensione to the Jawes, the which the woman nedeth not so much as the man. 1561 Nine Ladies Worthie in Chaucer's Wks. f. cccxlii^v Against the proud Grekes made defencion With her victorious hand. 1651 Mercurius Politicus No. 49. 786 The Princes, Electors, and States of the Rhine, endevor still at Francfort to help forward the work of Defension. †4. Law. The action of presenting a defence against a prosecution or charge; an instance of this. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1602 H. Ely Certaine Briefe Notes 157 By appealing a man is constrained to doe it, rather in his owne defence then to dishonor or iniure the Iudge... and so it apperteineth not to sedition, as you say, but to defension. 1606 B. Barnes Foure Bks. Offices iii. 144 Right and wrong is twofold according to the Lawes, consisting vpon accusation and defension. 1681 J. M. Corker Stafford's Memoires 7 I think it..necessary, before we enter upon my Lord's special Charge and Defension, to insert here some of those many things the Papists in general..constantly alledge against the Premisses. Derivatives deˈfensional adj. [after German Defensional (noun) (1762 in the passage translated in quot. 1762); compare post-classical Latin defensionalis (in speeches) defensive, capable of defending (4th cent.)] now rare of or relating to defence (in various senses); defensive. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > [adjective] defensivea1586 defensional1762 1762 P. Murdoch tr. A. F. Büsching New Syst. Geogr. III. 682 The arsenal, the defensional office [at Freiburg, Switzerland; Ger. das Defensional]. 1825 J. Rennie Art of improving Voice & Ear i. vii. 221 As to your speeches, consider whether they are to be invective, or defensional, or descriptive, or narrative, &c. 1977 Newspeak 26 Apr. 10/4 Again no defensional support. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.a1382
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