defendern.

Brit.

/dᵻˈfɛndə/, U.S.

/dəˈfɛndər/,

/diˈfɛndər/

Forms: Middle English defendere, Middle English defendowr, Middle English defendowre, Middle English–1500s defendoure, Middle English–1600s defendor, Middle English–1600s defendour, Middle English–1600s deffendour, Middle English–1700s deffender, Middle English– defender, 1500s defendeour; also Scottish pre-1700 defendar, pre-1700 defendare, pre-1700 deffender.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French defendour, defendere.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman defendour, defendeour, (nominative case) defendere, Middle French defendeur, deffendeur (French défendeur ; compare Old French defendeor , (nominative case) defendere , defendierre ) person who defends a place, person, or thing against attack (first half of the 12th cent. in Old French), party sued or prosecuted in a legal action (c1200), in Anglo-Norman also defendant's champion in a trial by battle (end of the 13th cent. or earlier) < defendre defend v. + -eur -eur suffix. Compare defendant n., defensor n.Compare Old Occitan defendaire, defendedor, Catalan (now hist.) defenedor (end of the 13th cent.), Spanish defendedor (end of the 12th cent.), Portuguese defendedor (13th cent.), Italian difenditore, †defenditore (second half of the 13th cent.; now rare).

a. A person who defends a place, person, or thing against physical attack; esp. one who fights in defence of a fortress, city, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > defender > [noun]

werea1325

defenderc1325

forfightera1382

defensorc1390

fendera1400

man of fencec1425

defendantc1475

rampire?1549

rampart1567

defensive1634

hyperaspist1638

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 4066 He may is owe lese ȝif þe defendour aþ þe miȝte.

c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xxxix. 24 Þou art myn helper and my defendour.

?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 33^v A Defender, defensor.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Dvi Our kynge, and defender.

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. x. 71 Men alwayes knew that when force and iniurie was offered, they might be defendors of themselues.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. iii. 132 The power..To banish your Defenders .

1675 R. Head Miss Display'd 127 Never was combate for the time so dreadful as between these Assailants and Defenders.

1715 N. Rowe Trag. Lady Jane Gray ii. 14 Mercyful, great Defender! Preserve thy holy Altars undefil'd.

1794 Scots Mag. June 369/1 There was but one way to dislodge the defenders.

1846 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 II. xi. 474 After a severe struggle the defenders were driven out.

1878 J. R. Seeley Life & Times Stein II. 128 All the inhabitants of the State are born defenders of it.

1917 D. Haig Diary 4 Dec. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 357 The defenders seem to have put up little or no fight at all.

1971 D. Brown Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee vi. 141 The defenders were armed with breech-loading Springfields.

2014 J. J. C. Choo in W. Swartz et al. Early Medieval China i. 20 The defenders of the city had burned nearby farms.

†b. A person challenged to a duel, joust, or trial by combat; = defendant n. 2. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > [noun] > champion or fighter in single combat

campionc1320

defendantc1450

combatant1489

appellant1520

defender?c1525

principal1590

duellist1593

champion1597

combater1598

dueller1614

battailant1620

pistol man1784

monomachist1828

?c1525 (a1503) Receyt Ladie Kateryne (Coll. Arms M.13) (1990) iv. 53 (heading) Of thentiryng into the feld of noble dedes of werrys doon and shewed by the chalengeours and defendours.

1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie i. 305 If it be on the defendors side, he may refuse the Combat offered.

1607 A. Willet Loidoromastix vii. 81 The defender doth but take the chalenge.

1675 Proclam. Charles II against fighting Duels 19 Mar. (single sheet) The Challenger, and also the Defender, who shall accept any such challenge, shall be severely punished.

†c. A dog kept for defence; a watchdog, a guard dog. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dogs used for specific purposes > [noun] > guard dog

porter?a1425

wap1464

dog keeper1576

mooner1576

warner1576

house dog1577

mâtin1579

defender1607

housekeeper1607

watchdoga1616

moondog1668

yard-dog1795

guard dog1796

big dog1833

tenter1844

junkyard dog1936

prowl dog1974

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 157 (margin) The greater sociable dogs or defenders.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 184/1 The Defenders are Dogs that forsake not their Master in Life nor Death.

2. A person who defends, supports, or justifies something by argument; someone who speaks or writes in defence of a person, cause, opinion, etc.In quot. ?c1400: a lawyer who pleads a person's case.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > vindication by argument > one who

defender?c1400

defendant1647

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. iv. l. 3716 By þis couenaunt..þe entent of þe defendours or aduocatȝ [L. defensorum] sholde fayle.

1485 Croniclis of Englonde (St. Albans) vi. sig. pv He wos the defender of the chirche of god.

?1518 A. Barclay tr. D. Mancinus Myrrour Good Maners sig. D.i^v Yet is he defender of trouth.

1544 (title) A supplycacion to our most soveraigne lorde Kynge Henry the eyght, Kynge of England..& moste ernest defender of Christes gospell.

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie iv. iv. 176 Defenders of that which is popish.

1631 R. Bolton Instr. Right Comf. Affl. Consciences 61 A doter upon, and defender of heathnish superstitious customes.

1685 E. Stillingfleet Origines Britannicæ i. 3 The Defenders of this Tradition.

1749 A. Colvill Persecuting, Disloyal & Absurd Tenets Seceders 15 Many of the Prelates themselves have been the most strenuous defenders of the rights of their fellow subjects.

1792 Gentleman's Mag. Suppl. 1202/1 He is represented as only the specious defender of a doctrine which he professes by accident.

1854 Knickerbocker Aug. 114 The excuse commonly assigned by Pitt's defenders, is worse than the act itself.

1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 449 The Sophists have found an enthusiastic defender in the distinguished historian of Greece.

1922 Catholic Hist. Rev. 8 242 He raised his voice as the defender of the sanctity of the home.

1979 Listener 1 Mar. 322/2 She seems to feel it is rather daring of her to be the great defender of Arnold Bennett's reputation.

2014 Post (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 19 Nov. 4 Rajan Zed, a staunch defender of Hinduism, has slammed the project for trivialising the Hindu deities.

3. Law (chiefly Scots Law). The party sued or prosecuted in a legal action; = defendant n. 1. Opposed to pursuer.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > party in litigation > [noun] > defendant

defendanta1325

defender1430

defendentc1475

respondent1561

libellate1565

petitionee1764

complainee1779

libellee1856

1430 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1430/5 Thare sal nane exceptione avalye agayn the kingis brevis..in the name or the surname of the folowar or of the defendar.

c1430 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 89 (MED) And defendere [Fr. defendant] may make attorne to alle manere partyes and plees, by wryt yn presence of partye.

a1500 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 59 Als well y^e playntyffe as y^e defender in all maner of playnttes.

1597 J. Skene De Verborum Significatione at Clep The persewer did clep and call, the defender with wouth, wrang, and vnlaw.

1613 W. Welwood Abridgem. Sea-lawes v. 18 The common caution, Iudicio sisti, & Iudicatum solui, be kept on the part of the defender.

1683 J. Dalrymple Decisions Lords of Council & Session I. 119 If the Pursuer insist upon a personal obligation, he ought to subsume, that the Defender borrowed the Watch.

1732 J. Louthian Form of Process 217 So soon as the Defenders are served with a Copy of the Letters, they may call for the Writs.

1774 J. Maclaurin Arguments & Decisions Remarkable Cases 92 The decisions quoted for the defender do not apply.

1818 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 462/2 The defender did seduce and maintain an adulterous connection.

1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 317 In certain cases..the defender in an action in personam must give security even when conducting his own defence.

1939 Session Cases 40 The defender pleaded that the obligation..had been extinguished by prescription.

1980 D. Maxwell Pract. Court of Session vii. iv. 183 If the pursuer does not lodge his summons..within the prescribed period, the defender may proceed by way of protestation.

2014 C. Anderson in E. Descheemaeker Consequences of Possession vi. 118 The court considered itself bound to grant the defender a possessory judgment.

4. In the game of ombre: any of the players who is not the ombre, or lone player; one who seeks to prevent the ombre from winning a majority of tricks. Also: a player who forbids a surrender by the ombre (cf. defence n. 10c). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > ombre and quadrille > [noun] > player

ombre-player1675

defender1728

ombre1728

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Ombre If one of the Defenders of the Stake win more Tricks than he, he is said to win Codille.

1774 Exact Hist. Battle of Floddon Notes 96 When one of the two defenders of the Pool, wants the other to let his card pass, and win the trick, he cries, Gano, I win.

1878 H. H. Gibbs Game of Ombre (ed. 2) 33 The Defender has to fight out the game against the other two players.

1941 Times Lit. Suppl. 8 Mar. 115/3 When the Ombre plays Solo, the defenders also are precluded from discarding.

5. With capital initial. In plural. A Roman Catholic organization formed in the north of Ireland in the late 18th cent., whose members clashed with the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys (see peep of day adj. 1). Also in singular: a member of this group. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > Irish politics > [noun] > societies or associations > members of

hougher1712

white boys1762

Steel boy1772

defender1788

United Irishman1791

Orangeman1796

marksman1800

Thresher1806

marchman1814

Orangist1822

Rockite1824

Brunswicker1828

Terry Alt1831

whitefoot1831

Repeal Warden1841

Young Irelander1844

Fenian1864

Land-leaguer1878

invincible1883

leaguer1892

Provie1972

1788 Morning Chron. & London Advertiser 8 Dec. Another banditti has lately started up, in opposition to those who call themselves Defenders.

1796 Hull Advertiser 13 Feb. 3/1 Defenders!!..a party of these miscreants attacked a small public-house..on the Trim road.

1800 Ann. Reg. 1798 (Otridge ed.) Hist. Europe 155/2 Irritated by this usage, the catholics also associated for their defence, whence they were called Defenders.

1842 S. C. Hall & A. M. Hall Ireland II. 121 The Peep-of-day-boys originated in the north, about the year 1785..they were met by a counter association, ‘the Defenders’.

1890 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. Eng. 18th Cent. VII. 12 For six or eight months Defender outrages continued in this county almost uncontrolled.

1985 J. P. Von Arx Progr. & Pessimism 118 Many Catholics, including several bands of the Defenders, joined the United Irishmen.

2015 M. Bulik Sons Molly Maguire iii. 56 The Defenders played a key role in resistance to a militia draft launched in 1793.

6. Games and Sport. A reigning champion who seeks to retain a title, trophy, championship, etc. Opposed to challenger.

ΚΠ

1843 Caledonian Mercury 23 Nov. ‘Tottie’, the winner of the Challenge Cup..has stood successfully two trials; the first as challenger, and the next as defender of the Cup.

1890 Leeds Mercury 23 June 7/2 The defender of the trophy then came away in good style.

1921 Manch. Guardian 20 Dec. 4/3 The defenders of the title played well against big odds.

1972 Washington Post 2 Sept. 1/3 Boris Spassky, the defender, gave up and telephoned his resignation in the 21st game of their $250,000 match.

2013 Geelong (Austral.) Advertiser (Nexis) 31 Oct. (Sport section) 28 The title defenders admit they face much stiffer competition when their 2013-2014 campaign begins today.

7. Sport. Any of the members of a team whose role is to prevent the opposition from scoring or otherwise gaining an advantage; a person who plays in defence. Opposed to attacker.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > [noun] > player > types of

striker1699

kicker1829

non-striker1842

feeder1844

stopper1847

defender1851

hand-in1875

hand-out1875

back1880

attacker1884

field general1895

ball carrier1902

ball-handler1912

ball-winner1972

shotmaker1974

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > characteristics of team ball games > [noun] > types of player

field1816

fielder1824

defender1851

scrimmager1877

attacker1884

tackler1891

shooter1901

passer1905

right wing1908

ball hawk1917

screener1923

striker1963

1851 Bell's Life in London 6 Apr. 6/5 The ball was within a few feet of the colours of each party, when the defenders rallied, and again and again drove it away.

1936 Frederick (Maryland) Post 27 Nov. 3/5 Ninety per cent of completed passes are caught in the open with no defender within fouling range.

1980 L. Hoy & C. Carter Tackle Basketball iv. 57 By..keeping in contact with the position of the ball, defenders are able to anticipate and react to changes in the attacking play.

2014 D. Woolley Touch Rugby iv. 80 Instead of a short pass between the two middle defenders, the half makes a long, flat pass.

Phrases

defender of the (also †our) faith [after post-classical Latin Defensor Fidei, title bestowed on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 (from 1523 in British sources)] : a title conferred on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X as a reward for writing against Luther, recognized by Parliament as an official title of the English monarch in 1544, and borne by all subsequent sovereigns. Cf. defensor n. 1.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > title > title or form of address for persons of rank > [noun] > titles applied to royalty > in England

defender of the faith1528

1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. xxxviij^v One is called most christian kinge; a nother defender of the fayth.

1539 Act 31 Henry VIII c. 5 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 721 Henrie the Eight by the grace of God Kinge of Englonde and of Fraunce Defendor of the faithe.

1558 Queen Elizabeth I in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1824) I. ii. App. i. 2 Elizabeth, by the grace of God..defendour of the faith.

1623 Ld. Herbert Let. 31 Oct. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. III. 165 Your Sacred Majestie..beeinge Defender of our Faithe.

1670 D. Lloyd State-worthies (ed. 2) 850 In this [sc. Religion] you need not be a Monitor to your gracious Master the King; the chiefest of his Imperial Titles, is, to be The Defender of the Faith; and his learning is eminent.

1722 Weekly Jrnl. 28 July 2298/1 It was the same good Providence, who gave us such a King as justly merits the Title of Defender of the Faith.

1773 Weekly Mag. 25 Feb. 265/2 The title, defender of the faith was an antient appellation given to the kings of England.

1847 T. Miller Pictures of Country Life 113 Vessels..red with the wine, shed at many a midnight revel, by the Defender of the Faith, and woman-murdering king.

1868 Reynolds's Newspaper 19 Apr. 1/1 The first Defender of the Faith was Henry the Eighth.

1920 Polit. Sci. Q. 35 151 The British sovereign still employs the title ‘Defender of the Faith’ in forms of ratification.

1960 K. C. Wheare Constit. Struct. Commonw. vii. 168 In Moslem Pakistan and Buddhist Ceylon the title Defender of the Faith should be omitted as inapplicable.

2015 E. Platt Brit. & Bestandstwisten 18 He [sc. James VI and I] believed it was his duty as ‘Defender of the Faith’ to uphold orthodox beliefs.

Derivatives

Deˈfenderism n. now historical support for or advocacy of the principles or policies of the Defenders in Ireland (see sense 5).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > Irish politics > [noun] > principles or policies

whiteboyism1777

Defenderism1795

United Irishism1800

republicanism1807

Orangeism1811

Rockism1824

repeal1830

unionism1831

whitefootism1832

West Britonism1841

Young Irelandism1846

Home Rule1858

Fenianism1866

Land-leaguism1881

nationalism1885

Sinn Feinism1907

partition1919

Ulsterization1977

1795 Oracle & Public Advertiser 14 Aug. Resolutions will be entered into to counteract the baneful spirit of Defenderism.

1837 Fraser's Mag. 15 54 Defenderism finds fuel in Connaught, Leinster, and Munster.

1966 Hist. Today July 489/1 The revival of Defenderism and the resurgence of the United Irish Society was met by the proclamation of martial law.

2012 A. Jackson Two Unions iii. 78 Defenderism was developing in separate but similar ways to the United Irishmen.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	defender
释义	defendern. Brit. /dᵻˈfɛndə/, U.S. /dəˈfɛndər/, /diˈfɛndər/ Forms: Middle English defendere, Middle English defendowr, Middle English defendowre, Middle English–1500s defendoure, Middle English–1600s defendor, Middle English–1600s defendour, Middle English–1600s deffendour, Middle English–1700s deffender, Middle English– defender, 1500s defendeour; also Scottish pre-1700 defendar, pre-1700 defendare, pre-1700 deffender. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French defendour, defendere. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman defendour, defendeour, (nominative case) defendere, Middle French defendeur, deffendeur (French défendeur ; compare Old French defendeor , (nominative case) defendere , defendierre ) person who defends a place, person, or thing against attack (first half of the 12th cent. in Old French), party sued or prosecuted in a legal action (c1200), in Anglo-Norman also defendant's champion in a trial by battle (end of the 13th cent. or earlier) < defendre defend v. + -eur -eur suffix. Compare defendant n., defensor n.Compare Old Occitan defendaire, defendedor, Catalan (now hist.) defenedor (end of the 13th cent.), Spanish defendedor (end of the 12th cent.), Portuguese defendedor (13th cent.), Italian difenditore, †defenditore (second half of the 13th cent.; now rare). 1. a. A person who defends a place, person, or thing against physical attack; esp. one who fights in defence of a fortress, city, etc. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > defender > [noun] werea1325 defenderc1325 forfightera1382 defensorc1390 fendera1400 man of fencec1425 defendantc1475 rampire?1549 rampart1567 defensive1634 hyperaspist1638 c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 4066 He may is owe lese ȝif þe defendour aþ þe miȝte. c1350 Psalter (BL Add. 17376) in K. D. Bülbring Earliest Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) xxxix. 24 Þou art myn helper and my defendour. ?c1475 Catholicon Anglicum (BL Add. 15562) f. 33^v A Defender, defensor. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Dvi Our kynge, and defender. 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. x. 71 Men alwayes knew that when force and iniurie was offered, they might be defendors of themselues. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) iii. iii. 132 The power..To banish your Defenders . View more context for this quotation 1675 R. Head Miss Display'd 127 Never was combate for the time so dreadful as between these Assailants and Defenders. 1715 N. Rowe Trag. Lady Jane Gray ii. 14 Mercyful, great Defender! Preserve thy holy Altars undefil'd. 1794 Scots Mag. June 369/1 There was but one way to dislodge the defenders. 1846 H. H. Wilson Hist. Brit. India 1805–35 II. xi. 474 After a severe struggle the defenders were driven out. 1878 J. R. Seeley Life & Times Stein II. 128 All the inhabitants of the State are born defenders of it. 1917 D. Haig Diary 4 Dec. in War Diaries & Lett. 1914–18 (2005) 357 The defenders seem to have put up little or no fight at all. 1971 D. Brown Bury my Heart at Wounded Knee vi. 141 The defenders were armed with breech-loading Springfields. 2014 J. J. C. Choo in W. Swartz et al. Early Medieval China i. 20 The defenders of the city had burned nearby farms. †b. A person challenged to a duel, joust, or trial by combat; = defendant n. 2. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > [noun] > champion or fighter in single combat campionc1320 defendantc1450 combatant1489 appellant1520 defender?c1525 principal1590 duellist1593 champion1597 combater1598 dueller1614 battailant1620 pistol man1784 monomachist1828 ?c1525 (a1503) Receyt Ladie Kateryne (Coll. Arms M.13) (1990) iv. 53 (heading) Of thentiryng into the feld of noble dedes of werrys doon and shewed by the chalengeours and defendours. 1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie i. 305 If it be on the defendors side, he may refuse the Combat offered. 1607 A. Willet Loidoromastix vii. 81 The defender doth but take the chalenge. 1675 Proclam. Charles II against fighting Duels 19 Mar. (single sheet) The Challenger, and also the Defender, who shall accept any such challenge, shall be severely punished. †c. A dog kept for defence; a watchdog, a guard dog. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dogs used for specific purposes > [noun] > guard dog porter?a1425 wap1464 dog keeper1576 mooner1576 warner1576 house dog1577 mâtin1579 defender1607 housekeeper1607 watchdoga1616 moondog1668 yard-dog1795 guard dog1796 big dog1833 tenter1844 junkyard dog1936 prowl dog1974 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 157 (margin) The greater sociable dogs or defenders. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 184/1 The Defenders are Dogs that forsake not their Master in Life nor Death. 2. A person who defends, supports, or justifies something by argument; someone who speaks or writes in defence of a person, cause, opinion, etc.In quot. ?c1400: a lawyer who pleads a person's case. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > moral or legal constraint > immunity or exemption from liability > justification > [noun] > vindication > vindication by argument > one who defender?c1400 defendant1647 ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iv. pr. iv. l. 3716 By þis couenaunt..þe entent of þe defendours or aduocatȝ [L. defensorum] sholde fayle. 1485 Croniclis of Englonde (St. Albans) vi. sig. pv He wos the defender of the chirche of god. ?1518 A. Barclay tr. D. Mancinus Myrrour Good Maners sig. D.i^v Yet is he defender of trouth. 1544 (title) A supplycacion to our most soveraigne lorde Kynge Henry the eyght, Kynge of England..& moste ernest defender of Christes gospell. 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie iv. iv. 176 Defenders of that which is popish. 1631 R. Bolton Instr. Right Comf. Affl. Consciences 61 A doter upon, and defender of heathnish superstitious customes. 1685 E. Stillingfleet Origines Britannicæ i. 3 The Defenders of this Tradition. 1749 A. Colvill Persecuting, Disloyal & Absurd Tenets Seceders 15 Many of the Prelates themselves have been the most strenuous defenders of the rights of their fellow subjects. 1792 Gentleman's Mag. Suppl. 1202/1 He is represented as only the specious defender of a doctrine which he professes by accident. 1854 Knickerbocker Aug. 114 The excuse commonly assigned by Pitt's defenders, is worse than the act itself. 1871 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues III. 449 The Sophists have found an enthusiastic defender in the distinguished historian of Greece. 1922 Catholic Hist. Rev. 8 242 He raised his voice as the defender of the sanctity of the home. 1979 Listener 1 Mar. 322/2 She seems to feel it is rather daring of her to be the great defender of Arnold Bennett's reputation. 2014 Post (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 19 Nov. 4 Rajan Zed, a staunch defender of Hinduism, has slammed the project for trivialising the Hindu deities. 3. Law (chiefly Scots Law). The party sued or prosecuted in a legal action; = defendant n. 1. Opposed to pursuer. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > party in litigation > [noun] > defendant defendanta1325 defender1430 defendentc1475 respondent1561 libellate1565 petitionee1764 complainee1779 libellee1856 1430 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1430/5 Thare sal nane exceptione avalye agayn the kingis brevis..in the name or the surname of the folowar or of the defendar. c1430 in K. W. Engeroff Untersuchung ‘Usages of Winchester’ (1914) 89 (MED) And defendere [Fr. defendant] may make attorne to alle manere partyes and plees, by wryt yn presence of partye. a1500 in J. Raine Vol. Eng. Misc. N. Counties Eng. (1890) 59 Als well y^e playntyffe as y^e defender in all maner of playnttes. 1597 J. Skene De Verborum Significatione at Clep The persewer did clep and call, the defender with wouth, wrang, and vnlaw. 1613 W. Welwood Abridgem. Sea-lawes v. 18 The common caution, Iudicio sisti, & Iudicatum solui, be kept on the part of the defender. 1683 J. Dalrymple Decisions Lords of Council & Session I. 119 If the Pursuer insist upon a personal obligation, he ought to subsume, that the Defender borrowed the Watch. 1732 J. Louthian Form of Process 217 So soon as the Defenders are served with a Copy of the Letters, they may call for the Writs. 1774 J. Maclaurin Arguments & Decisions Remarkable Cases 92 The decisions quoted for the defender do not apply. 1818 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 462/2 The defender did seduce and maintain an adulterous connection. 1880 J. Muirhead tr. Gaius Institutes iv. 317 In certain cases..the defender in an action in personam must give security even when conducting his own defence. 1939 Session Cases 40 The defender pleaded that the obligation..had been extinguished by prescription. 1980 D. Maxwell Pract. Court of Session vii. iv. 183 If the pursuer does not lodge his summons..within the prescribed period, the defender may proceed by way of protestation. 2014 C. Anderson in E. Descheemaeker Consequences of Possession vi. 118 The court considered itself bound to grant the defender a possessory judgment. 4. In the game of ombre: any of the players who is not the ombre, or lone player; one who seeks to prevent the ombre from winning a majority of tricks. Also: a player who forbids a surrender by the ombre (cf. defence n. 10c). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > ombre and quadrille > [noun] > player ombre-player1675 defender1728 ombre1728 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Ombre If one of the Defenders of the Stake win more Tricks than he, he is said to win Codille. 1774 Exact Hist. Battle of Floddon Notes 96 When one of the two defenders of the Pool, wants the other to let his card pass, and win the trick, he cries, Gano, I win. 1878 H. H. Gibbs Game of Ombre (ed. 2) 33 The Defender has to fight out the game against the other two players. 1941 Times Lit. Suppl. 8 Mar. 115/3 When the Ombre plays Solo, the defenders also are precluded from discarding. 5. With capital initial. In plural. A Roman Catholic organization formed in the north of Ireland in the late 18th cent., whose members clashed with the Protestant Peep o' Day Boys (see peep of day adj. 1). Also in singular: a member of this group. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > Irish politics > [noun] > societies or associations > members of hougher1712 white boys1762 Steel boy1772 defender1788 United Irishman1791 Orangeman1796 marksman1800 Thresher1806 marchman1814 Orangist1822 Rockite1824 Brunswicker1828 Terry Alt1831 whitefoot1831 Repeal Warden1841 Young Irelander1844 Fenian1864 Land-leaguer1878 invincible1883 leaguer1892 Provie1972 1788 Morning Chron. & London Advertiser 8 Dec. Another banditti has lately started up, in opposition to those who call themselves Defenders. 1796 Hull Advertiser 13 Feb. 3/1 Defenders!!..a party of these miscreants attacked a small public-house..on the Trim road. 1800 Ann. Reg. 1798 (Otridge ed.) Hist. Europe 155/2 Irritated by this usage, the catholics also associated for their defence, whence they were called Defenders. 1842 S. C. Hall & A. M. Hall Ireland II. 121 The Peep-of-day-boys originated in the north, about the year 1785..they were met by a counter association, ‘the Defenders’. 1890 W. E. H. Lecky Hist. Eng. 18th Cent. VII. 12 For six or eight months Defender outrages continued in this county almost uncontrolled. 1985 J. P. Von Arx Progr. & Pessimism 118 Many Catholics, including several bands of the Defenders, joined the United Irishmen. 2015 M. Bulik Sons Molly Maguire iii. 56 The Defenders played a key role in resistance to a militia draft launched in 1793. 6. Games and Sport. A reigning champion who seeks to retain a title, trophy, championship, etc. Opposed to challenger. ΚΠ 1843 Caledonian Mercury 23 Nov. ‘Tottie’, the winner of the Challenge Cup..has stood successfully two trials; the first as challenger, and the next as defender of the Cup. 1890 Leeds Mercury 23 June 7/2 The defender of the trophy then came away in good style. 1921 Manch. Guardian 20 Dec. 4/3 The defenders of the title played well against big odds. 1972 Washington Post 2 Sept. 1/3 Boris Spassky, the defender, gave up and telephoned his resignation in the 21st game of their $250,000 match. 2013 Geelong (Austral.) Advertiser (Nexis) 31 Oct. (Sport section) 28 The title defenders admit they face much stiffer competition when their 2013-2014 campaign begins today. 7. Sport. Any of the members of a team whose role is to prevent the opposition from scoring or otherwise gaining an advantage; a person who plays in defence. Opposed to attacker. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > [noun] > player > types of striker1699 kicker1829 non-striker1842 feeder1844 stopper1847 defender1851 hand-in1875 hand-out1875 back1880 attacker1884 field general1895 ball carrier1902 ball-handler1912 ball-winner1972 shotmaker1974 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > characteristics of team ball games > [noun] > types of player field1816 fielder1824 defender1851 scrimmager1877 attacker1884 tackler1891 shooter1901 passer1905 right wing1908 ball hawk1917 screener1923 striker1963 1851 Bell's Life in London 6 Apr. 6/5 The ball was within a few feet of the colours of each party, when the defenders rallied, and again and again drove it away. 1936 Frederick (Maryland) Post 27 Nov. 3/5 Ninety per cent of completed passes are caught in the open with no defender within fouling range. 1980 L. Hoy & C. Carter Tackle Basketball iv. 57 By..keeping in contact with the position of the ball, defenders are able to anticipate and react to changes in the attacking play. 2014 D. Woolley Touch Rugby iv. 80 Instead of a short pass between the two middle defenders, the half makes a long, flat pass. Phrases defender of the (also †our) faith [after post-classical Latin Defensor Fidei, title bestowed on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X in 1521 (from 1523 in British sources)] : a title conferred on Henry VIII by Pope Leo X as a reward for writing against Luther, recognized by Parliament as an official title of the English monarch in 1544, and borne by all subsequent sovereigns. Cf. defensor n. 1. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > title > title or form of address for persons of rank > [noun] > titles applied to royalty > in England defender of the faith1528 1528 W. Tyndale Obed. Christen Man f. xxxviij^v One is called most christian kinge; a nother defender of the fayth. 1539 Act 31 Henry VIII c. 5 in Statutes of Realm (1963) III. 721 Henrie the Eight by the grace of God Kinge of Englonde and of Fraunce Defendor of the faithe. 1558 Queen Elizabeth I in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1824) I. ii. App. i. 2 Elizabeth, by the grace of God..defendour of the faith. 1623 Ld. Herbert Let. 31 Oct. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. III. 165 Your Sacred Majestie..beeinge Defender of our Faithe. 1670 D. Lloyd State-worthies (ed. 2) 850 In this [sc. Religion] you need not be a Monitor to your gracious Master the King; the chiefest of his Imperial Titles, is, to be The Defender of the Faith; and his learning is eminent. 1722 Weekly Jrnl. 28 July 2298/1 It was the same good Providence, who gave us such a King as justly merits the Title of Defender of the Faith. 1773 Weekly Mag. 25 Feb. 265/2 The title, defender of the faith was an antient appellation given to the kings of England. 1847 T. Miller Pictures of Country Life 113 Vessels..red with the wine, shed at many a midnight revel, by the Defender of the Faith, and woman-murdering king. 1868 Reynolds's Newspaper 19 Apr. 1/1 The first Defender of the Faith was Henry the Eighth. 1920 Polit. Sci. Q. 35 151 The British sovereign still employs the title ‘Defender of the Faith’ in forms of ratification. 1960 K. C. Wheare Constit. Struct. Commonw. vii. 168 In Moslem Pakistan and Buddhist Ceylon the title Defender of the Faith should be omitted as inapplicable. 2015 E. Platt Brit. & Bestandstwisten 18 He [sc. James VI and I] believed it was his duty as ‘Defender of the Faith’ to uphold orthodox beliefs. Derivatives Deˈfenderism n. now historical support for or advocacy of the principles or policies of the Defenders in Ireland (see sense 5). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > Irish politics > [noun] > principles or policies whiteboyism1777 Defenderism1795 United Irishism1800 republicanism1807 Orangeism1811 Rockism1824 repeal1830 unionism1831 whitefootism1832 West Britonism1841 Young Irelandism1846 Home Rule1858 Fenianism1866 Land-leaguism1881 nationalism1885 Sinn Feinism1907 partition1919 Ulsterization1977 1795 Oracle & Public Advertiser 14 Aug. Resolutions will be entered into to counteract the baneful spirit of Defenderism. 1837 Fraser's Mag. 15 54 Defenderism finds fuel in Connaught, Leinster, and Munster. 1966 Hist. Today July 489/1 The revival of Defenderism and the resurgence of the United Irish Society was met by the proclamation of martial law. 2012 A. Jackson Two Unions iii. 78 Defenderism was developing in separate but similar ways to the United Irishmen. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1325
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