deductionn.

/dɪˈdʌkʃən/

Forms: Also Middle English deduxion, Middle English–1500s deduccion, 1500s deduccoun.

Etymology: In some senses < French déduction (Oresme 14th cent.), but in most < Latin dēductiōn-em , noun of action < Latin dēdūcĕre : see deduct adj., deduce v.

The action of deducting.

a. The action of deducting or taking away from a sum or amount; subtraction, abatement.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > deduction > [noun]

defalking1475

deduction1496

defeasance1516

detraction1528

subtraction1534

subduction1555

abating1557

ademption1590

subtracting1611

defalcation1624

retractiona1636

abate1646

deducing1651

dockage1886

1496–7 Act 12 Hen. VII c. 12 §4 Any deduccion or abatement befortyme allowed.

c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xxxix^v/2 The sayde Ri. shalbe chargeable for the hoole somme..wythot ony deduxion.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iv. xii. 217 He dyed in the day of his nativity, and without deduction justly accomplished the year of eighty one.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. viii. 80 His rent..makes the first deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land.

1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 55 The interest given to them was exclusive of, and with a deduction of, that sum.

1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) II. vii. 33 Charges of this kind must always be taken with certain deductions.

b. That which is deducted or subtracted.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > deduction > [noun] > that which is deducted

deduction1546

discount1622

defease1630

bate1800

subtractive1817

minus1876

offtake1892

1546 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 197 Wyth the yerely Resolutes and deduccions goyng out of the same.

1557 R. Record Whetstone of Witte sig. Xi For subtraction your nombers are sette downe after the common maner, firste the totall, and then the deduction.

1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 55 In taking out the Deductions for the Doors and Windows.

a. A leading forth or away (spec. of a colony); conduct. Now rare or Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > colonizing > [noun] > leading forth a colony

deducting1582

deduction?1615

society > travel > aspects of travel > guidance in travel > [noun] > guiding, leading, or showing the way

lodec1175

leadinga1300

forleadinga1387

teachinga1400

guidingc1425

conveying1483

conducting1517

conduction1541

conduct?c1550

well guiding1577

pilotage1600

deduction?1615

piloting1663

guidership1849

?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) vi. 455 Take such way, That you yourself may compass..Your quick deduction by my father's grace.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. x. 228 Deductions of Colonies, and new Plantations.

1832 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 31 574 The solemn deduction (to use the technical term) of a legitimate Roman colony.

†b. figurative. A leading up to something, introduction. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > a) preparation(s) > a preliminary action or step

introductionc1386

deductiona1535

induction?1544

preamble1548

flourish1552

preludium1563

primordium1577

preparativec1580

exordium1581

introit1583

foregoinga1586

prologuea1586

preface1589

prelusion1597

proem1598

prolusion1601

introductory1646

preliminary1656

prelimination1667

flourishing1687

little go1842

preluding1858

foreword1888

prelim1891

prelimen1898

run-in1900

opening gambit1911

prolegomenon1926

lead-in1928

pipe-openera1936

lead-up1953

intro1964

a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 61/1 He sodainly lefte the matter, with which he was in hand, and without ani deduccion therunto..began to repete those wordes again.

†3. The action or result of tracing out or setting forth in order; a detailed narration or account. Obsolete. (Cf. deduce v. 4, deduct v. 5.)

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > a narrative or account

talec1200

historyc1230

sawc1320

tellinga1325

treatisec1374

chroniclec1380

process?1387

legendc1390

prosec1390

pistlec1395

treatc1400

relationc1425

rehearsal?a1439

report?a1439

narrationc1449

recorda1450

count1477

redec1480

story1489

recount1490

deductiona1532

repetition1533

narrative1539

discourse1546

account1561

recital1561

enarrative1575

legendary1577

enarration1592

recite1594

repeat1609

texture1611

recitation1614

rendera1616

prospect1625

recitement1646

tell1743

diegesis1829

récit1915

narrative line1953

a1532 Remedie of Love (R.) Ordinately behoveth thee first to procede In deduction thereof [this werke].

1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. ix. 17 A long counterfet deduction of this storie.

1670 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) III. 222 A solemn deduction and true state of all affairs and particulars.

1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 23 Aug. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1198 It..gives a clear deduction of the affairs of Europe, from the Treaty of Munster to this time.

1826 C. Butler Life Grotius 34 We have thus brought down our historical deduction of the German Empire to the accession of the Emperor Charles.

†4. Music. The succession of notes forming a hexachord n.: the singing of these in order. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > hexachord > hexachord series

deduction1597

1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 7 Now for the last tryall of your singing in continuall deduction sing this perfectly.

1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 26 There are..three Deductions of this kinde.

1876 in J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms

†5.

a. The process of deducing or deriving from some source; derivation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > source or origin > [noun] > origination or derivation > action of deriving from a source

derivement1593

deriving1607

derivage1610

deduction1612

derivation1660

1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion ix. Illustr. 145 Affirming that Our Britons from them..had deduction of this nationall title.

1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I i. ii. 12 The deduction of the Greek Leters from the Hebrew.

1755 S. Johnson Gram. Eng. Tongue in Dict. Etymology teaches the deduction of one word from another.

b. concrete. That which is derived. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > source or origin > [noun] > that which originates from something else

daughtereOE

outcasting1340

impc1380

childa1398

outgrowing?a1425

proventc1451

provenuec1487

excrescency1545

sprig1575

procedure?1577

proceed1578

derivative1593

offspring1596

superfetation1603

excression1610

shootc1610

excretion1615

slip1627

excrescence1633

derivation1641

derivate1660

offshoot1801

offtracta1806

deduction1835

outgrowth1837

1835 T. Rickman Attempt to discriminate Styles Archit. Eng. (1848) App. 30 There may be some doubt, whether the modern Ionic capital is not rather a deduction from the Composite than the contrary.

a. The process of deducing or drawing a conclusion from a principle already known or assumed; spec. in Logic, inference by reasoning from generals to particulars; opposed to induction n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun]

reasoning?c1400

collection1529

conclusion1532

induction1551

inferring1571

remotion1587

syllogism1588

deduction1593

inference1593

inferment1593

extraction1622

eduction1654

perduction1656

reducementa1750

deducing1826

vertical thinking1966

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. xiv. 87 And shewe the deduction thereof out of scripture to be necessarie.

1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. iii. §26. 52 The deduction of these Lawes is so hard, that [etc.].

1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. vi. 222 A Matter of Deduction and Inference.

1789 W. Belsham Ess. I. i. 4 It follows by easy and irrefragable deduction.

1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) §113 Deduction the process of deriving facts from laws, and effects from their causes.

a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. v. 291 By deduction we descend from the abstract to the concrete.

b. transferred. That which is deduced; an inference, conclusion.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > [noun] > conclusion

culorum1362

conclusionc1385

conjecturec1386

issuea1393

deduction1532

overplus1536

gatheringa1555

deducement1605

summation1608

therefore1641

offcome1655

deductivea1676

empiricism1724

wrap-up1960

inference1972

1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 461/2 Yet if he would..neither vse false deduccions of hys owne, nor refuse our deduccions yf we deduce them wel.

1671 J. Webster Metallographia i. 9 From all this we shall only draw these Deductions.

1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. ii. 35 It is not so much a Deduction of Reason, as a Matter of Experience.

1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxii. 21 The whole evidence..bears out the general deductions which I have made.

†7. Reduction. Obsolete. rare. (Cf. deduct v. 7.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > [noun] > change into

reduction1605

deduction1650

resolution1659

conversion1661

1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 172 The Deduction and Moderation of their Excrescencie.

Compounds

deduction theorem n. Logic the rule or metatheorem that if within a system a formula B is derivable from a formula A, then ‘If A then B’ is a theorem of the system; the principle of conditionalization.

ΚΠ

1941 O. Helmer tr. A. Tarski Introd. Logic vi. 127 A general law..which..is known as the law of deduction (or the deduction theorem).

1951 Mind 60 382 The Deduction Theorem holds for the calculus of causal propositions.

1962 W. Kneale & M. Kneale Devel. Logic v. 320 The principle of conditionalization (or ‘deduction theorem’)..was taken for granted by Aristotle.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	deduction
释义	deductionn. /dɪˈdʌkʃən/ Forms: Also Middle English deduxion, Middle English–1500s deduccion, 1500s deduccoun. Etymology: In some senses < French déduction (Oresme 14th cent.), but in most < Latin dēductiōn-em , noun of action < Latin dēdūcĕre : see deduct adj., deduce v. The action of deducting. 1. a. The action of deducting or taking away from a sum or amount; subtraction, abatement. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > deduction > [noun] defalking1475 deduction1496 defeasance1516 detraction1528 subtraction1534 subduction1555 abating1557 ademption1590 subtracting1611 defalcation1624 retractiona1636 abate1646 deducing1651 dockage1886 1496–7 Act 12 Hen. VII c. 12 §4 Any deduccion or abatement befortyme allowed. c1503 R. Arnold Chron. f. xxxix^v/2 The sayde Ri. shalbe chargeable for the hoole somme..wythot ony deduxion. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iv. xii. 217 He dyed in the day of his nativity, and without deduction justly accomplished the year of eighty one. View more context for this quotation 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. viii. 80 His rent..makes the first deduction from the produce of the labour which is employed upon land. View more context for this quotation 1827 T. Jarman Powell's Ess. Learning of Devises (ed. 3) II. 55 The interest given to them was exclusive of, and with a deduction of, that sum. 1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) II. vii. 33 Charges of this kind must always be taken with certain deductions. b. That which is deducted or subtracted. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > decrease or reduction in quantity, amount, or degree > deduction > [noun] > that which is deducted deduction1546 discount1622 defease1630 bate1800 subtractive1817 minus1876 offtake1892 1546 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 197 Wyth the yerely Resolutes and deduccions goyng out of the same. 1557 R. Record Whetstone of Witte sig. Xi For subtraction your nombers are sette downe after the common maner, firste the totall, and then the deduction. 1703 R. Neve City & Countrey Purchaser 55 In taking out the Deductions for the Doors and Windows. 2. a. A leading forth or away (spec. of a colony); conduct. Now rare or Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > colonizing > [noun] > leading forth a colony deducting1582 deduction?1615 society > travel > aspects of travel > guidance in travel > [noun] > guiding, leading, or showing the way lodec1175 leadinga1300 forleadinga1387 teachinga1400 guidingc1425 conveying1483 conducting1517 conduction1541 conduct?c1550 well guiding1577 pilotage1600 deduction?1615 piloting1663 guidership1849 ?1615 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses (new ed.) vi. 455 Take such way, That you yourself may compass..Your quick deduction by my father's grace. a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) ii. x. 228 Deductions of Colonies, and new Plantations. 1832 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 31 574 The solemn deduction (to use the technical term) of a legitimate Roman colony. †b. figurative. A leading up to something, introduction. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > a) preparation(s) > a preliminary action or step introductionc1386 deductiona1535 induction?1544 preamble1548 flourish1552 preludium1563 primordium1577 preparativec1580 exordium1581 introit1583 foregoinga1586 prologuea1586 preface1589 prelusion1597 proem1598 prolusion1601 introductory1646 preliminary1656 prelimination1667 flourishing1687 little go1842 preluding1858 foreword1888 prelim1891 prelimen1898 run-in1900 opening gambit1911 prolegomenon1926 lead-in1928 pipe-openera1936 lead-up1953 intro1964 a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 61/1 He sodainly lefte the matter, with which he was in hand, and without ani deduccion therunto..began to repete those wordes again. †3. The action or result of tracing out or setting forth in order; a detailed narration or account. Obsolete. (Cf. deduce v. 4, deduct v. 5.) ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > a narrative or account talec1200 historyc1230 sawc1320 tellinga1325 treatisec1374 chroniclec1380 process?1387 legendc1390 prosec1390 pistlec1395 treatc1400 relationc1425 rehearsal?a1439 report?a1439 narrationc1449 recorda1450 count1477 redec1480 story1489 recount1490 deductiona1532 repetition1533 narrative1539 discourse1546 account1561 recital1561 enarrative1575 legendary1577 enarration1592 recite1594 repeat1609 texture1611 recitation1614 rendera1616 prospect1625 recitement1646 tell1743 diegesis1829 récit1915 narrative line1953 a1532 Remedie of Love (R.) Ordinately behoveth thee first to procede In deduction thereof [this werke]. 1603 J. Florio tr. M. de Montaigne Ess. i. ix. 17 A long counterfet deduction of this storie. 1670 J. Evelyn Mem. (1857) III. 222 A solemn deduction and true state of all affairs and particulars. 1748 Ld. Chesterfield Let. 23 Aug. (1932) (modernized text) IV. 1198 It..gives a clear deduction of the affairs of Europe, from the Treaty of Munster to this time. 1826 C. Butler Life Grotius 34 We have thus brought down our historical deduction of the German Empire to the accession of the Emperor Charles. †4. Music. The succession of notes forming a hexachord n.: the singing of these in order. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > system of sounds or intervals > [noun] > hexachord > hexachord series deduction1597 1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 7 Now for the last tryall of your singing in continuall deduction sing this perfectly. 1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus 26 There are..three Deductions of this kinde. 1876 in J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms †5. a. The process of deducing or deriving from some source; derivation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > source or origin > [noun] > origination or derivation > action of deriving from a source derivement1593 deriving1607 derivage1610 deduction1612 derivation1660 1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion ix. Illustr. 145 Affirming that Our Britons from them..had deduction of this nationall title. 1669 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. I i. ii. 12 The deduction of the Greek Leters from the Hebrew. 1755 S. Johnson Gram. Eng. Tongue in Dict. Etymology teaches the deduction of one word from another. b. concrete. That which is derived. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > source or origin > [noun] > that which originates from something else daughtereOE outcasting1340 impc1380 childa1398 outgrowing?a1425 proventc1451 provenuec1487 excrescency1545 sprig1575 procedure?1577 proceed1578 derivative1593 offspring1596 superfetation1603 excression1610 shootc1610 excretion1615 slip1627 excrescence1633 derivation1641 derivate1660 offshoot1801 offtracta1806 deduction1835 outgrowth1837 1835 T. Rickman Attempt to discriminate Styles Archit. Eng. (1848) App. 30 There may be some doubt, whether the modern Ionic capital is not rather a deduction from the Composite than the contrary. 6. a. The process of deducing or drawing a conclusion from a principle already known or assumed; spec. in Logic, inference by reasoning from generals to particulars; opposed to induction n. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun] reasoning?c1400 collection1529 conclusion1532 induction1551 inferring1571 remotion1587 syllogism1588 deduction1593 inference1593 inferment1593 extraction1622 eduction1654 perduction1656 reducementa1750 deducing1826 vertical thinking1966 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. xiv. 87 And shewe the deduction thereof out of scripture to be necessarie. 1651 T. Hobbes Philos. Rudim. iii. §26. 52 The deduction of these Lawes is so hard, that [etc.]. 1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. vi. 222 A Matter of Deduction and Inference. 1789 W. Belsham Ess. I. i. 4 It follows by easy and irrefragable deduction. 1860 W. Thomson Outl. Laws of Thought (ed. 5) §113 Deduction the process of deriving facts from laws, and effects from their causes. a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1869) III. v. 291 By deduction we descend from the abstract to the concrete. b. transferred. That which is deduced; an inference, conclusion. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > [noun] > conclusion culorum1362 conclusionc1385 conjecturec1386 issuea1393 deduction1532 overplus1536 gatheringa1555 deducement1605 summation1608 therefore1641 offcome1655 deductivea1676 empiricism1724 wrap-up1960 inference1972 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in Wks. 461/2 Yet if he would..neither vse false deduccions of hys owne, nor refuse our deduccions yf we deduce them wel. 1671 J. Webster Metallographia i. 9 From all this we shall only draw these Deductions. 1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. i. ii. 35 It is not so much a Deduction of Reason, as a Matter of Experience. 1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxii. 21 The whole evidence..bears out the general deductions which I have made. †7. Reduction. Obsolete. rare. (Cf. deduct v. 7.) ΘΚΠ the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > [noun] > change into reduction1605 deduction1650 resolution1659 conversion1661 1650 J. Bulwer Anthropometamorphosis 172 The Deduction and Moderation of their Excrescencie. Compounds deduction theorem n. Logic the rule or metatheorem that if within a system a formula B is derivable from a formula A, then ‘If A then B’ is a theorem of the system; the principle of conditionalization. ΚΠ 1941 O. Helmer tr. A. Tarski Introd. Logic vi. 127 A general law..which..is known as the law of deduction (or the deduction theorem). 1951 Mind 60 382 The Deduction Theorem holds for the calculus of causal propositions. 1962 W. Kneale & M. Kneale Devel. Logic v. 320 The principle of conditionalization (or ‘deduction theorem’)..was taken for granted by Aristotle. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1496
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