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单词 defection
释义

defectionn.

Brit. /dᵻˈfɛkʃn/, U.S. /dəˈfɛkʃən/, /diˈfɛkʃən/
Forms: 1500s defeccion, 1500s defeccyon, 1500s defectyon, 1500s– defection; also Scottish pre-1700 defectioun, pre-1700 defectioune.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin dēfectiōn-, dēfectiō.
Etymology: < classical Latin dēfectiōn-, dēfectiō deficiency, failure, weakness, faintness, eclipse, desertion, revolt, in post-classical Latin also moral defect (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), falling away from God (5th cent. in Augustine) < dēfect- , past participial stem of dēficere defect v. + -iō -ion suffix1. Compare earlier defect n.Compare Anglo-Norman defectiun, Middle French defection, French défection defect, imperfection (c1170 in Anglo-Norman in faire defectiun (of fire) to die down), defeat (second half of the 14th cent.; the sense ‘action or fact of deserting a person, party, cause, etc.’ is apparently not attested until later than in English: 1680).
1.
a. Defect, imperfection; an instance of this. Now rare. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as known to a correspondent in Angus in 1940.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [noun] > a disfigurement or blemish
tachec1330
vicec1386
flakec1400
plotc1400
offencec1425
defectc1450
disconformity1505
defection1526
blemish1535
fitch1550
blot1578
flaw1604
tainta1616
mulct1632
smitch1638
scarring1816
out1886
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > types of: defectiveness or faultiness
defection1526
faultiness1530
lameness1530
defecta1538
badness1539
defectuosity1602
defectiveness1603
defectibilitya1617
shortness1644
defectuousness1654
defectability1662
demerit1832
wonkiness1982
the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection > defect or fault or flaw
faultc1320
breckc1369
villainyc1400
offencec1425
defectc1450
defection1526
vitiosity1538
faintness1543
gall1545
eelist1549
mar1551
hole1553
blemish1555
wart1603
flaw1604
mulct1632
wound1646
failurea1656
misfeature1818
bug1875
out1886
1526 Grete Herball ccccxlii. sig. Z.ivv/1 By the grete viscosyte and gleymynesse therof it softeneth and causeth defeccyon, and laxatyfe.
1568 H. Charteris Pref. Lyndesay's Wks. in J. A. H. Murray Minor Poems D. Lyndesay (1871) 10 Besydis the wrang ortographie..thair is alswa sic defectiones, that sumtymes will want twa, or thre lynes in ane sentence.
1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 273 In whom, if there be any defection..it is to be referred to Nature.
1651 J. Saint-Amard tr. F. Micanzio Life Father Paul sig. O2v He himselfe in his anatomy of his affections and defections,..he acknowledge him selfe to be severe.
1676 M. Hale Contempl. Moral & Divine: 2nd Pt. 38 The Light of Nature shews us, that there is a great defection and disorder in our Natures.
1786 G. Washington Diary 8 July (1979) V. 5 The Rye..had been much beat down..and much loss will be sustained from this cause in addition to the defection of the head.
1839 P. Henry Expos. First Eleven Chapters Genesis i. 28 Not the least defection or imperfection, want or weakness, infirmity or deformity, was to be found in the soul of Adam.
1877 G. Fraser Wigtown 220 It's made o' brass wi' nae defection.
1915 Pacific Reporter 150 939/2 He had a defection on the side of his face or neck.
b. The action or fact of failing or falling short; failure (of something). Also: an instance of failing or falling short. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > [noun]
wanspeedc893
defaulta1387
unspeeda1400
faultingc1450
fail1477
defallation1490
ill, evil ch(i)eving?1518
misproving1542
defection1576
unsuccessa1586
defailance1603
abortiveness1611
defailment1612
ill success1615
failancea1627
unprosperitya1628
mis-success1641
successlessness1642
insuccess1646
intercision1647
failure1648
insuccessfulness1648
unprosperousness1648
defaillancy1649
unsuccessfulness1656
missucceedinga1661
non-success1665
defailurea1677
miscarrying1736
throwdown1887
short circuit1937
Palookaville?1954
the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage
wanec888
trokingc1175
want?c1225
defaultc1300
trokea1325
fault1340
lacking1377
scarcityc1380
wantingc1390
absencea1398
bresta1400
defect?a1425
lack?c1425
defailing1502
mank?a1513
inlaik1562
defection1576
inlaiking1595
vacuity1601
deficience1605
lossa1616
failancea1627
deficiency1634
shortness1669
falling shorta1680
miss1689
wantage1756
shortage1868
1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 36 You..suffer no defection of your renoune, nor eclipse of dignitie.
1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. i. 62 The stopping of the waters [of Jordan] above must necessarily command their defection beneath.
1754 Adventurer No. 123. 315 The ladies, who should even dare to be singular in the present defection of taste, would proportionably encrease their power and secure their happiness.
1780 Occas. Lett. upon Taxation xxi. 61 The Landholder..fears (from a defection of the present Taxes) Government will impose an additional Land-Tax.
1853 C. Brontë Villette II. xxv. 209 I underwent..miserable defections of hope, intolerable encroachments of despair.
1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist iii. §1. 129 All the cumbrous ceremonial might be strictly attended to without flaw or defection.
c. A faint, a swoon. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > physical insensibility > unconsciousness > [noun] > fainting or swooning
swimeOE
swowingc1000
swooningc1290
swoonc1330
soundingc1380
swelteringc1440
sweltingc1460
swalming1487
swounding1570
syncopization1598
fainting1601
lipothymy1603
defection1615
dereliction1647
swebbing1668
swound1880
greyout1942
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 417 The vrine that hee auoyded in his defections or swounds.
1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 680 It may be sometimes good in sudden Defections of the Soul to sprinkle cold water on the Face.
2.
a. The action or an act of abandoning one's faith, religion, or moral duty; backsliding; apostasy.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun]
defaulta1250
fail1297
declining1526
defection1532
declination1533
defect1540
delinquishment1593
declension1597
secession1601
delinquency1606
delinquence1613
deliquity1682
dereliction1778
derelictness1888
society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > [noun] > falling away from duty
fallingOE
departing1526
defection1532
prevarication1541
recreancy1602
1532 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1532/5 Obedient sonis to..the auctorite apostolik without ony manere of smot, violacioune or defectioune.
1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 5th Serm. sig. Ov Also the defection is come & swaruynge from the faieth.
1551 J. Bale Actes Eng. Votaryes: 2nd Pt. f. xcvi Suche a defeccyon from Christ as Saynt Paul speaketh of.
1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus ii. 1 The Lord for this end permitteth many generall defections and corruptions.
a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) iv. vii. 355 The defection and disobedience of the first Man, which brought Death into the World.
1738 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses I. 287 Their frequent Defections into Idolatry.
1773 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. II. iii. i. 110 The times of defection and idolatry.
1840 Amer. National Preacher Jan. 12 It is the language of a broken heart, lamenting its woful defection from God.
1882 F. W. Farrar Early Days Christianity II. 436 For each such defection we must find forgiveness.
1939 M. McLuhan Let. 21 Jan. (1987) 100 He [sc. Luther] was terrified by the actual presence of God owing to his really terrible defection from God.
2012 M. F. Topel Jewish Orthodoxy & Discontents iv. 63 Any manifestation of privacy or individuality is considered dangerous—a ‘natural’ path to deviance of a moral or sexual nature or to defection from faith.
b. The action or fact of deserting a person, party, organization, cause, or country, esp. in favour of an opposing one; the action or fact of defecting; an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of allegiance
departing1526
defection1542
secession1601
apostasy1855
society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > disloyalty > [noun] > casting off allegiance
defection1542
revoltc1595
defalcation1750
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles
recreandisea1425
declining1526
declination1533
back-turning1535
defect1540
revoltc1576
falling off1577
apostasy1578
tergiversation1583
declension1597
recreancy1602
starting1602
recreantness1611
recession1614
turncoating1624
recreancea1632
diffidation1640
withdrawment1640
tergiversating1654
turning1665
ratting1789
renegadism1823
turncoatery1841
defection1884
turncoatism1889
1542 N. Udall in tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 191v, note Phoenix, and Prothytes who had been the autours of the defeccion.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Defection, properly wheras an armye doth forsake their owne captayne.
1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. M8 After the defection of Iudas the traitour.
1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures lxx. 284 Fearing lest the defection of his souldiers should daily more and more increase.
1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade Pref. sig. Bv When the United Netherlands made their defection from the Crown of Spain.
1726 G. Shelvocke tr. Imperial Comm. in Voy. round World Pref. p. xxv A defection amongst my Officers.
1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) II. vi. 251 A spirit of defection had already begun to spread among those whom he trusted most.
1808 Lit. Panorama Feb. 946 The finances..are now, from the loss of wealthy provinces, and the defection and rebellion of pashas, insufficient.
1884 Nonconformist & Independent 21 Feb. 186/3 The Liberal defection on Wednesday morning was..small.
1933 S. C. Williams Hist. Lost State Franklin (rev. ed.) xix. 148 As the partisans of Franklin dropped away the remnant became deeply resentful of the defection.
1974 ‘J. le Carré’ Tinker, Tailor xxiii. 193 Moscow Centre was in pieces... There was a crop of defections among Centre officers.
1979 Third Way Oct. 16/1 Defection has become a political pastime, both in the central government in Delhi, and in the states.
2005 Sydney Morning Herald 10 Aug. 3/3 Loane announced she would leave 702 ABC on Friday. Her decision follows the defection of the breakfast presenter Angela Catterns.

Derivatives

deˈfectionist n. a person who advocates defection; a defector.
ΚΠ
1839 Morning Chron. 1 Apr. The defectionists accordingly refused to take office with Soult, unless M. Thiers was pacified or neutralized.
1918 Electr. Engin. May 35/1 The pacifist, the defectionist, the selfish laborite, the greedy manufacturer and, worst of all, the loafer.
1968 J. B. Das Gupta Jammu & Kashmir vii. 238 Nur Hussain was another defectionist to join the Government.
2001 Public Choice 106 385 The innovator's future behavior..crucially hinges on whether defectionists can ever gain a significant share among the countries.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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