defectionn.

Brit.

/dᵻˈfɛkʃn/, U.S.

/dəˈfɛkʃən/,

/diˈfɛkʃən/

Forms: 1500s defeccion, 1500s defeccyon, 1500s defectyon, 1500s– defection; also Scottish pre-1700 defectioun, pre-1700 defectioune.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin dēfectiōn-, dēfectiō.

Etymology: < classical Latin dēfectiōn-, dēfectiō deficiency, failure, weakness, faintness, eclipse, desertion, revolt, in post-classical Latin also moral defect (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), falling away from God (5th cent. in Augustine) < dēfect- , past participial stem of dēficere defect v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare earlier defect n.Compare Anglo-Norman defectiun, Middle French defection, French défection defect, imperfection (c1170 in Anglo-Norman in faire defectiun (of fire) to die down), defeat (second half of the 14th cent.; the sense ‘action or fact of deserting a person, party, cause, etc.’ is apparently not attested until later than in English: 1680).

a. Defect, imperfection; an instance of this. Now rare. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as known to a correspondent in Angus in 1940.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [noun] > a disfigurement or blemish

tachec1330

vicec1386

flakec1400

plotc1400

offencec1425

defectc1450

disconformity1505

defection1526

blemish1535

fitch1550

blot1578

flaw1604

tainta1616

mulct1632

smitch1638

scarring1816

out1886

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > types of: defectiveness or faultiness

defection1526

faultiness1530

lameness1530

defecta1538

badness1539

defectuosity1602

defectiveness1603

defectibilitya1617

shortness1644

defectuousness1654

defectability1662

demerit1832

wonkiness1982

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection > defect or fault or flaw

faultc1320

breckc1369

villainyc1400

offencec1425

defectc1450

defection1526

vitiosity1538

faintness1543

gall1545

eelist1549

mar1551

hole1553

blemish1555

wart1603

flaw1604

mulct1632

wound1646

failurea1656

misfeature1818

bug1875

out1886

1526 Grete Herball ccccxlii. sig. Z.iv^v/1 By the grete viscosyte and gleymynesse therof it softeneth and causeth defeccyon, and laxatyfe.

1568 H. Charteris Pref. Lyndesay's Wks. in J. A. H. Murray Minor Poems D. Lyndesay (1871) 10 Besydis the wrang ortographie..thair is alswa sic defectiones, that sumtymes will want twa, or thre lynes in ane sentence.

1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 273 In whom, if there be any defection..it is to be referred to Nature.

1651 J. Saint-Amard tr. F. Micanzio Life Father Paul sig. O2^v He himselfe in his anatomy of his affections and defections,..he acknowledge him selfe to be severe.

1676 M. Hale Contempl. Moral & Divine: 2nd Pt. 38 The Light of Nature shews us, that there is a great defection and disorder in our Natures.

1786 G. Washington Diary 8 July (1979) V. 5 The Rye..had been much beat down..and much loss will be sustained from this cause in addition to the defection of the head.

1839 P. Henry Expos. First Eleven Chapters Genesis i. 28 Not the least defection or imperfection, want or weakness, infirmity or deformity, was to be found in the soul of Adam.

1877 G. Fraser Wigtown 220 It's made o' brass wi' nae defection.

1915 Pacific Reporter 150 939/2 He had a defection on the side of his face or neck.

†b. The action or fact of failing or falling short; failure (of something). Also: an instance of failing or falling short. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > [noun]

wanspeedc893

defaulta1387

unspeeda1400

faultingc1450

fail1477

defallation1490

ill, evil ch(i)eving?1518

misproving1542

defection1576

unsuccessa1586

defailance1603

abortiveness1611

defailment1612

ill success1615

failancea1627

unprosperitya1628

mis-success1641

successlessness1642

insuccess1646

intercision1647

failure1648

insuccessfulness1648

unprosperousness1648

defaillancy1649

unsuccessfulness1656

missucceedinga1661

non-success1665

defailurea1677

miscarrying1736

throwdown1887

short circuit1937

Palookaville?1954

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage

wanec888

trokingc1175

want?c1225

defaultc1300

trokea1325

fault1340

lacking1377

scarcityc1380

wantingc1390

absencea1398

bresta1400

defect?a1425

lack?c1425

defailing1502

mank?a1513

inlaik1562

defection1576

inlaiking1595

vacuity1601

deficience1605

lossa1616

failancea1627

deficiency1634

shortness1669

falling shorta1680

miss1689

wantage1756

shortage1868

1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 36 You..suffer no defection of your renoune, nor eclipse of dignitie.

1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. i. 62 The stopping of the waters [of Jordan] above must necessarily command their defection beneath.

1754 Adventurer No. 123. 315 The ladies, who should even dare to be singular in the present defection of taste, would proportionably encrease their power and secure their happiness.

1780 Occas. Lett. upon Taxation xxi. 61 The Landholder..fears (from a defection of the present Taxes) Government will impose an additional Land-Tax.

1853 C. Brontë Villette II. xxv. 209 I underwent..miserable defections of hope, intolerable encroachments of despair.

1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist iii. §1. 129 All the cumbrous ceremonial might be strictly attended to without flaw or defection.

†c. A faint, a swoon. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > physical insensibility > unconsciousness > [noun] > fainting or swooning

swimeOE

swowingc1000

swooningc1290

swoonc1330

soundingc1380

swelteringc1440

sweltingc1460

swalming1487

swounding1570

syncopization1598

fainting1601

lipothymy1603

defection1615

dereliction1647

swebbing1668

swound1880

greyout1942

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 417 The vrine that hee auoyded in his defections or swounds.

1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 680 It may be sometimes good in sudden Defections of the Soul to sprinkle cold water on the Face.

a. The action or an act of abandoning one's faith, religion, or moral duty; backsliding; apostasy.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun]

defaulta1250

fail1297

declining1526

defection1532

declination1533

defect1540

delinquishment1593

declension1597

secession1601

delinquency1606

delinquence1613

deliquity1682

dereliction1778

derelictness1888

society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > [noun] > falling away from duty

fallingOE

departing1526

defection1532

prevarication1541

recreancy1602

1532 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1532/5 Obedient sonis to..the auctorite apostolik without ony manere of smot, violacioune or defectioune.

1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 5th Serm. sig. Ov Also the defection is come & swaruynge from the faieth.

1551 J. Bale Actes Eng. Votaryes: 2nd Pt. f. xcvi Suche a defeccyon from Christ as Saynt Paul speaketh of.

1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus ii. 1 The Lord for this end permitteth many generall defections and corruptions.

a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) iv. vii. 355 The defection and disobedience of the first Man, which brought Death into the World.

1738 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses I. 287 Their frequent Defections into Idolatry.

1773 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. II. iii. i. 110 The times of defection and idolatry.

1840 Amer. National Preacher Jan. 12 It is the language of a broken heart, lamenting its woful defection from God.

1882 F. W. Farrar Early Days Christianity II. 436 For each such defection we must find forgiveness.

1939 M. McLuhan Let. 21 Jan. (1987) 100 He [sc. Luther] was terrified by the actual presence of God owing to his really terrible defection from God.

2012 M. F. Topel Jewish Orthodoxy & Discontents iv. 63 Any manifestation of privacy or individuality is considered dangerous—a ‘natural’ path to deviance of a moral or sexual nature or to defection from faith.

b. The action or fact of deserting a person, party, organization, cause, or country, esp. in favour of an opposing one; the action or fact of defecting; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of allegiance

departing1526

defection1542

secession1601

apostasy1855

society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > disloyalty > [noun] > casting off allegiance

defection1542

revoltc1595

defalcation1750

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles

recreandisea1425

declining1526

declination1533

back-turning1535

defect1540

revoltc1576

falling off1577

apostasy1578

tergiversation1583

declension1597

recreancy1602

starting1602

recreantness1611

recession1614

turncoating1624

recreancea1632

diffidation1640

withdrawment1640

tergiversating1654

turning1665

ratting1789

renegadism1823

turncoatery1841

defection1884

turncoatism1889

1542 N. Udall in tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 191v, note Phoenix, and Prothytes who had been the autours of the defeccion.

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Defection, properly wheras an armye doth forsake their owne captayne.

1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. M8 After the defection of Iudas the traitour.

1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures lxx. 284 Fearing lest the defection of his souldiers should daily more and more increase.

1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade Pref. sig. B^v When the United Netherlands made their defection from the Crown of Spain.

1726 G. Shelvocke tr. Imperial Comm. in Voy. round World Pref. p. xxv A defection amongst my Officers.

1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) II. vi. 251 A spirit of defection had already begun to spread among those whom he trusted most.

1808 Lit. Panorama Feb. 946 The finances..are now, from the loss of wealthy provinces, and the defection and rebellion of pashas, insufficient.

1884 Nonconformist & Independent 21 Feb. 186/3 The Liberal defection on Wednesday morning was..small.

1933 S. C. Williams Hist. Lost State Franklin (rev. ed.) xix. 148 As the partisans of Franklin dropped away the remnant became deeply resentful of the defection.

1974 ‘J. le Carré’ Tinker, Tailor xxiii. 193 Moscow Centre was in pieces... There was a crop of defections among Centre officers.

1979 Third Way Oct. 16/1 Defection has become a political pastime, both in the central government in Delhi, and in the states.

2005 Sydney Morning Herald 10 Aug. 3/3 Loane announced she would leave 702 ABC on Friday. Her decision follows the defection of the breakfast presenter Angela Catterns.

Derivatives

deˈfectionist n. a person who advocates defection; a defector.

ΚΠ

1839 Morning Chron. 1 Apr. The defectionists accordingly refused to take office with Soult, unless M. Thiers was pacified or neutralized.

1918 Electr. Engin. May 35/1 The pacifist, the defectionist, the selfish laborite, the greedy manufacturer and, worst of all, the loafer.

1968 J. B. Das Gupta Jammu & Kashmir vii. 238 Nur Hussain was another defectionist to join the Government.

2001 Public Choice 106 385 The innovator's future behavior..crucially hinges on whether defectionists can ever gain a significant share among the countries.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	defection
释义	defectionn. Brit. /dᵻˈfɛkʃn/, U.S. /dəˈfɛkʃən/, /diˈfɛkʃən/ Forms: 1500s defeccion, 1500s defeccyon, 1500s defectyon, 1500s– defection; also Scottish pre-1700 defectioun, pre-1700 defectioune. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin dēfectiōn-, dēfectiō. Etymology: < classical Latin dēfectiōn-, dēfectiō deficiency, failure, weakness, faintness, eclipse, desertion, revolt, in post-classical Latin also moral defect (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), falling away from God (5th cent. in Augustine) < dēfect- , past participial stem of dēficere defect v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare earlier defect n.Compare Anglo-Norman defectiun, Middle French defection, French défection defect, imperfection (c1170 in Anglo-Norman in faire defectiun (of fire) to die down), defeat (second half of the 14th cent.; the sense ‘action or fact of deserting a person, party, cause, etc.’ is apparently not attested until later than in English: 1680). 1. a. Defect, imperfection; an instance of this. Now rare. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records this sense as known to a correspondent in Angus in 1940. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [noun] > a disfigurement or blemish tachec1330 vicec1386 flakec1400 plotc1400 offencec1425 defectc1450 disconformity1505 defection1526 blemish1535 fitch1550 blot1578 flaw1604 tainta1616 mulct1632 smitch1638 scarring1816 out1886 the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > types of: defectiveness or faultiness defection1526 faultiness1530 lameness1530 defecta1538 badness1539 defectuosity1602 defectiveness1603 defectibilitya1617 shortness1644 defectuousness1654 defectability1662 demerit1832 wonkiness1982 the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection > defect or fault or flaw faultc1320 breckc1369 villainyc1400 offencec1425 defectc1450 defection1526 vitiosity1538 faintness1543 gall1545 eelist1549 mar1551 hole1553 blemish1555 wart1603 flaw1604 mulct1632 wound1646 failurea1656 misfeature1818 bug1875 out1886 1526 Grete Herball ccccxlii. sig. Z.iv^v/1 By the grete viscosyte and gleymynesse therof it softeneth and causeth defeccyon, and laxatyfe. 1568 H. Charteris Pref. Lyndesay's Wks. in J. A. H. Murray Minor Poems D. Lyndesay (1871) 10 Besydis the wrang ortographie..thair is alswa sic defectiones, that sumtymes will want twa, or thre lynes in ane sentence. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Hippocrates in Panoplie Epist. 273 In whom, if there be any defection..it is to be referred to Nature. 1651 J. Saint-Amard tr. F. Micanzio Life Father Paul sig. O2^v He himselfe in his anatomy of his affections and defections,..he acknowledge him selfe to be severe. 1676 M. Hale Contempl. Moral & Divine: 2nd Pt. 38 The Light of Nature shews us, that there is a great defection and disorder in our Natures. 1786 G. Washington Diary 8 July (1979) V. 5 The Rye..had been much beat down..and much loss will be sustained from this cause in addition to the defection of the head. 1839 P. Henry Expos. First Eleven Chapters Genesis i. 28 Not the least defection or imperfection, want or weakness, infirmity or deformity, was to be found in the soul of Adam. 1877 G. Fraser Wigtown 220 It's made o' brass wi' nae defection. 1915 Pacific Reporter 150 939/2 He had a defection on the side of his face or neck. †b. The action or fact of failing or falling short; failure (of something). Also: an instance of failing or falling short. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > failure or lack of success > [noun] wanspeedc893 defaulta1387 unspeeda1400 faultingc1450 fail1477 defallation1490 ill, evil ch(i)eving?1518 misproving1542 defection1576 unsuccessa1586 defailance1603 abortiveness1611 defailment1612 ill success1615 failancea1627 unprosperitya1628 mis-success1641 successlessness1642 insuccess1646 intercision1647 failure1648 insuccessfulness1648 unprosperousness1648 defaillancy1649 unsuccessfulness1656 missucceedinga1661 non-success1665 defailurea1677 miscarrying1736 throwdown1887 short circuit1937 Palookaville?1954 the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage wanec888 trokingc1175 want?c1225 defaultc1300 trokea1325 fault1340 lacking1377 scarcityc1380 wantingc1390 absencea1398 bresta1400 defect?a1425 lack?c1425 defailing1502 mank?a1513 inlaik1562 defection1576 inlaiking1595 vacuity1601 deficience1605 lossa1616 failancea1627 deficiency1634 shortness1669 falling shorta1680 miss1689 wantage1756 shortage1868 1576 A. Fleming tr. Cicero in Panoplie Epist. 36 You..suffer no defection of your renoune, nor eclipse of dignitie. 1650 T. Fuller Pisgah-sight of Palestine ii. i. 62 The stopping of the waters [of Jordan] above must necessarily command their defection beneath. 1754 Adventurer No. 123. 315 The ladies, who should even dare to be singular in the present defection of taste, would proportionably encrease their power and secure their happiness. 1780 Occas. Lett. upon Taxation xxi. 61 The Landholder..fears (from a defection of the present Taxes) Government will impose an additional Land-Tax. 1853 C. Brontë Villette II. xxv. 209 I underwent..miserable defections of hope, intolerable encroachments of despair. 1874 H. R. Reynolds John the Baptist iii. §1. 129 All the cumbrous ceremonial might be strictly attended to without flaw or defection. †c. A faint, a swoon. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > physical insensibility > unconsciousness > [noun] > fainting or swooning swimeOE swowingc1000 swooningc1290 swoonc1330 soundingc1380 swelteringc1440 sweltingc1460 swalming1487 swounding1570 syncopization1598 fainting1601 lipothymy1603 defection1615 dereliction1647 swebbing1668 swound1880 greyout1942 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 417 The vrine that hee auoyded in his defections or swounds. 1684 tr. T. Bonet Guide Pract. Physician xix. 680 It may be sometimes good in sudden Defections of the Soul to sprinkle cold water on the Face. 2. a. The action or an act of abandoning one's faith, religion, or moral duty; backsliding; apostasy. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun] defaulta1250 fail1297 declining1526 defection1532 declination1533 defect1540 delinquishment1593 declension1597 secession1601 delinquency1606 delinquence1613 deliquity1682 dereliction1778 derelictness1888 society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > [noun] > falling away from duty fallingOE departing1526 defection1532 prevarication1541 recreancy1602 1532 in Rec. Parl. Scotl. to 1707 (2007) 1532/5 Obedient sonis to..the auctorite apostolik without ony manere of smot, violacioune or defectioune. 1549 H. Latimer 2nd Serm. before Kynges Maiestie 5th Serm. sig. Ov Also the defection is come & swaruynge from the faieth. 1551 J. Bale Actes Eng. Votaryes: 2nd Pt. f. xcvi Suche a defeccyon from Christ as Saynt Paul speaketh of. 1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus ii. 1 The Lord for this end permitteth many generall defections and corruptions. a1676 M. Hale Primitive Originat. Mankind (1677) iv. vii. 355 The defection and disobedience of the first Man, which brought Death into the World. 1738 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses I. 287 Their frequent Defections into Idolatry. 1773 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. II. iii. i. 110 The times of defection and idolatry. 1840 Amer. National Preacher Jan. 12 It is the language of a broken heart, lamenting its woful defection from God. 1882 F. W. Farrar Early Days Christianity II. 436 For each such defection we must find forgiveness. 1939 M. McLuhan Let. 21 Jan. (1987) 100 He [sc. Luther] was terrified by the actual presence of God owing to his really terrible defection from God. 2012 M. F. Topel Jewish Orthodoxy & Discontents iv. 63 Any manifestation of privacy or individuality is considered dangerous—a ‘natural’ path to deviance of a moral or sexual nature or to defection from faith. b. The action or fact of deserting a person, party, organization, cause, or country, esp. in favour of an opposing one; the action or fact of defecting; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of allegiance departing1526 defection1542 secession1601 apostasy1855 society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > disloyalty > [noun] > casting off allegiance defection1542 revoltc1595 defalcation1750 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles recreandisea1425 declining1526 declination1533 back-turning1535 defect1540 revoltc1576 falling off1577 apostasy1578 tergiversation1583 declension1597 recreancy1602 starting1602 recreantness1611 recession1614 turncoating1624 recreancea1632 diffidation1640 withdrawment1640 tergiversating1654 turning1665 ratting1789 renegadism1823 turncoatery1841 defection1884 turncoatism1889 1542 N. Udall in tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes ii. f. 191v, note Phoenix, and Prothytes who had been the autours of the defeccion. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Defection, properly wheras an armye doth forsake their owne captayne. 1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. M8 After the defection of Iudas the traitour. 1653 H. Cogan tr. F. M. Pinto Voy. & Adventures lxx. 284 Fearing lest the defection of his souldiers should daily more and more increase. 1670 R. Coke Disc. Trade Pref. sig. B^v When the United Netherlands made their defection from the Crown of Spain. 1726 G. Shelvocke tr. Imperial Comm. in Voy. round World Pref. p. xxv A defection amongst my Officers. 1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (1778) II. vi. 251 A spirit of defection had already begun to spread among those whom he trusted most. 1808 Lit. Panorama Feb. 946 The finances..are now, from the loss of wealthy provinces, and the defection and rebellion of pashas, insufficient. 1884 Nonconformist & Independent 21 Feb. 186/3 The Liberal defection on Wednesday morning was..small. 1933 S. C. Williams Hist. Lost State Franklin (rev. ed.) xix. 148 As the partisans of Franklin dropped away the remnant became deeply resentful of the defection. 1974 ‘J. le Carré’ Tinker, Tailor xxiii. 193 Moscow Centre was in pieces... There was a crop of defections among Centre officers. 1979 Third Way Oct. 16/1 Defection has become a political pastime, both in the central government in Delhi, and in the states. 2005 Sydney Morning Herald 10 Aug. 3/3 Loane announced she would leave 702 ABC on Friday. Her decision follows the defection of the breakfast presenter Angela Catterns. Derivatives deˈfectionist n. a person who advocates defection; a defector. ΚΠ 1839 Morning Chron. 1 Apr. The defectionists accordingly refused to take office with Soult, unless M. Thiers was pacified or neutralized. 1918 Electr. Engin. May 35/1 The pacifist, the defectionist, the selfish laborite, the greedy manufacturer and, worst of all, the loafer. 1968 J. B. Das Gupta Jammu & Kashmir vii. 238 Nur Hussain was another defectionist to join the Government. 2001 Public Choice 106 385 The innovator's future behavior..crucially hinges on whether defectionists can ever gain a significant share among the countries. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1526
随便看	gnarlier gnarliest gnarling gnarls gnarly gnarr gnarred gnarring gnarrs gnars gnash gnashed gnasher gnasher of teeth gnashers gnashes gnashing gnasp gnast gnaster gnasting gnat gnat satyrion gnat's piss gnat-catcher