defectn.

Brit.

/ˈdiːfɛkt/, U.S.

/ˈdifɛk(t)/

Forms: late Middle English defaicte, late Middle English–1600s defecte, late Middle English– defect, 1500s deffecte, 1500s doefect, 1500s–1600s deffect.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin dēfectus.

Etymology: < classical Latin dēfectus (u -stem) failure, absence, deficiency, shortcoming, failing, eclipse, diminution, fading, (in legal context) fact of becoming ineffective, cessation, in post-classical Latin also scarcity, moral deficiency (5th cent.), default (13th cent.) < dēfect- , past participial stem of dēficere defect v. + -tus , suffix forming verbal nouns. Compare earlier default n. (which shows some overlap in meaning with this word), and the French forms cited at that entry.Romance parallels. Compare Catalan defecte (1490), Spanish defecto (late 13th cent.), Portuguese defecto , (chiefly Brazilian) defeito (14th cent.), Italian difetto (beginning of the 13th cent.), also German Defekt (late 15th cent. as defect ). Specific senses. In sense 1b ultimately after ancient Greek ἔλλειμμα, partly via classical Latin dēfectus (used in post-classical Latin in this sense). With in defect of at Phrases 1 compare classical Latin in dēfectū (with the genitive).

a. Lack or absence of something necessary or desirable; a deficiency, a want. Also: the state or fact of being deficient or falling short. Frequently paired with excess.Cf. in defect of at Phrases 1.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage

wanec888

trokingc1175

want?c1225

defaultc1300

trokea1325

fault1340

lacking1377

scarcityc1380

wantingc1390

absencea1398

bresta1400

defect?a1425

lack?c1425

defailing1502

mank?a1513

inlaik1562

defection1576

inlaiking1595

vacuity1601

deficience1605

lossa1616

failancea1627

deficiency1634

shortness1669

falling shorta1680

miss1689

wantage1756

shortage1868

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 0 (MED) Þe resoun or cause of þis comentacioun or colleccioun was noȝt defect [?c1425 Paris defaute; L. defectus] of bokes.

1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Epist. sig. **4 To supplie all other inferiour foundations defects.

1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum 1 Which Ill being nought but a defect of good.

1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus (i. 1) 5 The latter being in defect.

1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 112 Holding on a meane path betweene excesse and defect.

1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §18 He..pieces out the defect of one by the excess of the other.

1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 47 I must supply a Defect in my former Relation.

1776 T. Pownall Let. 25 Sept. in E. C. Mossner & I. S. Ross Corr. A. Smith (1977) App. A. 338 This limitation..of his capacities, and the extent of his wants, necessarily creates to each man an accumulation of some articles of supply, and a defect of others.

1803 T. R. Malthus Ess. Princ. Population (new ed.) i. xiv. 180 The excess of one check is balanced by the defect of some other.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 495 Having little money to give, the Estates supplied the defect by loyal protestations and barbarous statues.

1865 G. Grote Plato I. i. 47 In other [animals] water was in excess and fire in defect.

1878 J. Morley Condorcet in Crit. Misc. 66 The excess of scepticism and the defect of enthusiasm.

1900 Science 23 Feb. 315/2 A season with an excess or defect of temperature or precipitation is followed by compensation conditions in the succeeding season.

1952 Rev. Eng. Stud. 3 13 The three sisters, Elissa, Medina, and Perissa, are an allegory of the golden mean of Temperance, and the twin vices of excess and defect.

2013 M. Edwards in S. Bullivant & M. Ruse Oxf. Handbk. Atheism x. 161 The discrepancies between this account and that of Snorri's Ynglinga Saga..suggest that he is openly claiming licence to supply the defect of knowledge by invention.

b. Geometry. An additional part necessary for a figure to satisfy a given condition. Now rare.Chiefly in translations of Euclid's Elements.

ΚΠ

1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. vi. f. 175^v And let the figure whereunto the defect or want of the parallelogramme is required to be like D.

1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements vi. 134 The greatest is that AD which is applyed to the half being like to the defect KI [L. defectui KI].

1781 J. Williamson tr. Euclid Elements I. vi. 57 Let D be the parallelogram to which the defect is required to be similar.

1809 J. Leslie Elem. Geom. iv. 143 The defect DC is equal to one portion, or to the thirtieth part of the circumference.

1939 tr. Euclid in I. Thomas Select. Illustrating Hist. Greek Math. I. vi. 203 That parallelogram is greatest which is applied to the half of the straight line and is similar to the defect.

c. The amount by which something falls short of a given quantity or amount. Now rare except in fixed collocations. angular defect, mass defect: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage > shortfall > amount of

defect1598

deficiency1719

deficit1782

wantum1938

1598 F. Meres tr. Luis de Granada Sinners Guyde i. x. 118 For the defect of one Cubit, it came not to the number of fifty.

a1690 S. Jeake Λογιστικηλογία (1696) 223 Supplying the defect of the Dividend with Cyphers.

1743 W. Emerson Doctr. Fluxions 8 That difference is infinitely small in Defect.

1802 O. Gregory Treat. Astron. xix. 369 Take the excess or defect of the moon's latitude, compared with that of the star either north or south.

1833 J. F. W. Herschel Astronomy ix. 297 An allowance in respect of time behoved to be made proportional to the excess or defect of Jupiter's distance from the earth above or below its average amount.

1965 W. Prenowitz & M. Jordan Basic Concepts Geom. vi. 111 Any triangle contained in it has an angle sum practically equal to 180°, since it has smaller defect than the given triangle.

a. An imperfection in a person or thing; a shortcoming, a failing; a fault, flaw, or abnormality.Now often with reference to a physical abnormality, as birth defect, congenital defect, field defect, genetic defect, neural tube defect, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [noun] > a disfigurement or blemish

tachec1330

vicec1386

flakec1400

plotc1400

offencec1425

defectc1450

disconformity1505

defection1526

blemish1535

fitch1550

blot1578

flaw1604

tainta1616

mulct1632

smitch1638

scarring1816

out1886

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection > defect or fault or flaw

faultc1320

breckc1369

villainyc1400

offencec1425

defectc1450

defection1526

vitiosity1538

faintness1543

gall1545

eelist1549

mar1551

hole1553

blemish1555

wart1603

flaw1604

mulct1632

wound1646

failurea1656

misfeature1818

bug1875

out1886

c1450 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Bodl. Add.) i. l. 44 An hidde defaicte [?1440 Duke Humfrey defaut; L. noxam] is sumtyme in nature Under covert.

1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Biij^v But hauing no defects, why doest abhor me?

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. i. 47 The manifold defects whereunto euery kind of regiment is subiect.

1638 G. Digby in G. Digby & K. Digby Lett. conc. Relig. (1651) 1 Many personall defects of mine own.

1674 R. Godfrey Var. Injuries in Physick 205 Having some defect in her Speech, to wit, a Lisping.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 48 The very good general Reputation he had acquired, notwithstanding his defects.

1752 H. Fielding Covent-Garden Jrnl. 7 Dec. 1/1 Ill-breeding..is not a single Defect, it is the Result of many.

a1854 H. Reed Lect. Brit. Poets (1857) II. x. 18 Its incurable defect is an utter absence of imagination.

1890 C. G. Heathcote Lawn Tennis in J. M. Heathcote et al. Tennis (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) xv. 294 Gravel courts, though at first sight attractive, have many serious defects.

1913 G. B. Mangold Child Probl. ii. iii. 119 Defects of the teeth are more common than any other physical subnormalities of the child.

1954 A. Ginsberg Let. 10 July in A. Ginsberg & L. Ginsberg Family Business (2001) 28 Norman Macleod who is whitehaired and has a speech defect.

1956 F. W. Jane Struct. Wood xi. 254 The wood must, inevitably, have short grain and suffer from the defects associated with such a structural peculiarity.

1987 J. Franklin Molecules of Mind (1988) xx. 269 The disease is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare genetic condition characterized by a defect in a single gene.

2014 New Yorker 1 Dec. 80/2 Welch was a devotee of the Six Sigma system, an elaborate method of reducing manufacturing defects.

b. Nautical. A report on the state of a vessel, consisting of a list of equipment required and repairs needed (also in plural in same sense) (now chiefly historical); (also) an item on such a list.

ΚΠ

1747 S. Barrington Let. 24 Aug. in Barrington Papers (1937) (modernized text) I. 14 My masts, rigging and sails were very much shattered, as likewise the hull of the Ship, as their Lordships may see by the inclosed Carpenter's Defect.

1829 F. Marryat Naval Officer I. v. 141 Having delivered..an account of our defects, they were sent up to the Admiralty.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Defects, an official return of the state of a ship as to what is required for her hull and equipment, and what repairs she stands in need of. Upon this return a ship is ordered to sea, into harbour, into dock, or paid out of commission.

1906 King's Regulations & Admiralty Instr. (rev. ed.) Art. 1089 §5 The Lists of Defects are to be prepared in a complete and intelligible manner, so that the requirements of the Ship may be clearly understood.

1979 New Scientist 30 Aug. 675/1 Her delivery crew left on board a 36-item list of defects.

1996 P. O'Brian Yellow Admiral vi. 163 I have the honour to inclose the ship's defects, and a copy of the log since receiving your last signal.

c. Materials Science. An irregularity or imperfection in a crystal lattice, such as an unoccupied atomic site, an interstitial atom, a displacement of atoms, etc.; = lattice defect n. at lattice n. Compounds 2. Frequently with distinguishing word.line defect, point defect, Schottky defect: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > crystal (general) > crystal irregularities > [noun] > lattice defects

defect1936

lattice defect1938

1936 Trans. Faraday Soc. 32 36 This low experimental value must be ascribed to a notch effect arising from defects in the lattice, and not to a regular secondary structure.

1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors ii. 32 Impurities or defects that trap electrons may have characteristics quite different from those of their hole-trapping counterparts.

1969 New Scientist 15 May (Feature section) 6/2 The crystal merely provides a kind of ‘space’ in which various well-defined families of defect ‘particles’ exist. The most notable of these elementary defects are vacancies..; interstitials..; and dislocations.

2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. iv. 169 An atom should be able to wander from its proper site into an interstitial site, creating what has since been termed a ‘Frenkel defect’ (a vacant lattice site plus an interstitial atom nearby).

3. The quality, state, or fact of being imperfect; defectiveness, faultiness.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > types of: defectiveness or faultiness

defection1526

faultiness1530

lameness1530

defecta1538

badness1539

defectuosity1602

defectiveness1603

defectibilitya1617

shortness1644

defectuousness1654

defectability1662

demerit1832

wonkiness1982

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 118 The defecte of nature ys with us such.

1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets cxlix. sig. I4 When all my best doth worship thy defect.

1777 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. Dec. 10 1776 14 The merit or defect of performances were to be determined by unguided fancy.

1869 A. C. Swinburne in S. T. Coleridge Christabel p. xiv Alike by his powers and his impotences, by his capacity and his defect, Coleridge was inapt for dramatic poetry.

1918 E. E. Keedy Exceeding Worth of joining Church vii. 46 Strange as it may seem, the sense of defect is a sign of moral health.

1979 P. B. Waldeck Split Self i. iv. 91 The motif of the scar serves as a tie, a physical reminder of the fateful incident of emancipation, and suggests a quality of defect.

2012 M. Meyer Remembering China from Taiwan iii. 166 Mini had a crease in her eyelids, a sign of beauty warped, of defect and imperfection.

†4. An act of abandoning or renouncing something; a defection. Also with from. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun]

defaulta1250

fail1297

declining1526

defection1532

declination1533

defect1540

delinquishment1593

declension1597

secession1601

delinquency1606

delinquence1613

deliquity1682

dereliction1778

derelictness1888

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles

recreandisea1425

declining1526

declination1533

back-turning1535

defect1540

revoltc1576

falling off1577

apostasy1578

tergiversation1583

declension1597

recreancy1602

starting1602

recreantness1611

recession1614

turncoating1624

recreancea1632

diffidation1640

withdrawment1640

tergiversating1654

turning1665

ratting1789

renegadism1823

turncoatery1841

defection1884

turncoatism1889

1540 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1822) I. i. xlix. 567 The King..made a defect from his purpose of reformation with great precipitancy.

1798 J. Willock Voy. & Adventures J. Willock x. 267 When a priest apostatizes..they seldom place his defect to the account of conscience.

†5. The failure of the moon, sun, or another celestial object to (fully) appear; an eclipse, an occultation. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun] > state of being visible > eclipse

eclipsec1374

clipse1377

obscurationa1550

defect1571

superation1585

travail1593

occultation1601

deliquium1648

immersion1690

incidence1728

1571 T. Fortescue tr. P. Mexia Foreste xvi. f. 95 Wee see that in Grece, yea, in Athens it self, this defecte of the Sunne was perceiued of all men.

1583 R. Harvey Astrological Disc. 57 The fatall conuersions, ouerthrowes, and destructions of kingdomes, may Astrologically be foreseene, and prognosticated by the Defects and Eclipses of the Sunne and Moone.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1307 The defect of the Moone [Fr. priuation de lune] and her occultation.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 5 When the Moone is in the waine they [sc. Apes] are heauy and sorrowful..for as other Beasts so doe these, feare the defect of the starres and planets.

1692 J. Ray Misc. Disc. Dissolution World 259 Prodigious and lasting Defects of the Sun, such as happened when Cæsar the Dictator was slain.

1749 E. Weaver Brit. Telescope (ed. 27) sig. C5 At the time of the greatest Defect the Moon will be vertical to that Part of the great South Sea lying 157 Degrees West from London.

1804 J. Sutcliffe tr. J. F. Ostervald Exercise of Christian Ministry 83 What in the interval did the Magi do to supply the defect of the star?

Phrases

P1. in defect of (also †for defect of): in the absence of (something needed or desired); for lack of. Now rare. [Compare earlier in default of at default n. Phrases 3a.]

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > non-possession > non-possession [phrase] > through lack of

for (the) fault ofc1290

for default ofc1300

for (occasionally by, from, through) lack ofc1386

for want ofa1425

in want of1556

in defect of1563

in failance ofa1627

in neglect of1807

1563 T. Gale Certaine Wks. Chirurg. iii. i. f. 4^v As for gonnepouder it selfe, in defect of other medicines, I haue put of it in these woundes, to drye & excicate, to the great comfort of the Pacient.

1566 J. Martiall Replie to Calfhills Blasphemous Answer f. 144^v When there cometh a straunge case for which there is no lawe written, it must be decided by custom and manner, and for defect of custom, the iudge must procede by likelyhodes.

1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus i. 5 Our bodies are..prone to pine away for defect of daily food.

1651 J. French Art Distillation i. 3 In defect of a Furnace..we may use a Kettle.

1708 tr. J. P. de Tournefort Materia Medica i. §5. iii. 202 In defect of Mastick, you may use Cherry-Tree or Plum-Tree Gum in Apophlegmatisms.

1767 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (new ed.) II. 76 Besides the scutages they were liable to in defect of personal attendance.

1807 J. L. De Lolme Constit. Eng. (Advertisement) p. ii In defect of encouragement from great men (and even from booksellers), I had recourse to a subscription.

1930 G. G. Coulton Ten Medieval Stud. 264 Those twelve other cases of banishment which, in defect of visitatorial records, we happen to know of only through the chapter records.

2010 S. Fink de Backer Widowhood in Early Mod. Spain vii. 229 They ordered Rojas to turn over the offending horse to Leonor, or in defect of actual possession of the animal, pay her its value.

P2. to have the defects of one's qualities (also virtues): to have certain flaws as a consequence of having certain commendable qualities. Hence also to have the qualities (also virtues) of one's defects. [Originally after French avoir les défauts de ses qualités (1808 or earlier).]

ΚΠ

1845 tr. M. E. Sue Paula Monti xxx. 247 As one has always the defects of one's qualities [Fr. comme on a toujours les défauts de ses qualités], I see, even in the kind of weakness you may be reproached with, evidence of the most exquisite delicacy.

1878 J. Morley Vauvenargues in Crit. Misc. 14 Vauvenargues has the defects of his qualities.

1929 Daily Tel. 15 Jan. 7 If he has the defects of his virtues—a certain slap-dashness visible enough in one or two of these stories—he has also the virtues of his defects.

1960 Listener 25 Feb. 334/1 As for resistance, railwaymen have the defects of their qualities... Flexibility and acceptance of change are not among their collective virtues.

2002 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 96 802/1 These books, like all books, have the defects of their virtues.

Compounds

defect-free adj. (chiefly of a manufactured product) free from defects.

ΚΠ

1913 Horseless Age 8 Oct. 603/1 By the free use of water, the rubbing stone is prevented from gumming up, and..a fine, defect-free surface is obtained.

1985 R. L. Yasser Torts & Sports iv. 81 The harm would have occurred even if the helmet was defect-free.

2010 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 73/2 The first million copies of each new chip..help..debug the production process, so that subsequent millions are cheaper and increasingly defect-free.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

defectadj.

Brit.

/dᵻˈfɛkt/, U.S.

/dəˈfɛk(t)/,

/diˈfɛk(t)/

Forms: Middle English defecte, Middle English– defect.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Probably also partly a borrowing from German. Etymons: Latin dēfectus, dēficere; German defekt.

Etymology: Originally (i) < classical Latin dēfectus, past participle of dēficere defect v. Compare later defect v. 2. In later use probably (ii) < German defekt (first half of the 17th cent. as †defect) < classical Latin dēfectus.

Now rare.

1. Disfigured. Cf. defeat adj. 1.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [adjective]

disfiguratec1381

disfiguredc1381

disguised1393

defeata1398

defecta1398

deformed?c1450

deflowered1509

disflowered1606

deflourished?1614

misfigured1624

martyrized1635

defaced1776

defeatured1800

disfeatured1871

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xxviii. 224 Þe hondis dryeþ..in men þat be defaced and defecte with grete trauaile of fastinge and ouercome wiþ age.

c1430 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1882) v. l. 618 And of hym self ymagined he ofte To ben defect pale & waxe lasse.

2. Defective, deficient; wanting.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > deficient or wanting

wanec825

thurfec1175

lacking1480

indigent1531

defect1543

awanting1583

missed1584

wanting1592

defective1603

wanted1619

half-baked1627

deficient1632

manqué1773

the mind > possession > non-possession > [adjective] > devoid of something > lacking or without

wane971

quit?c1225

helpless1362

desolatec1386

wantsomea1400

ungirtc1412

voidc1420

wantinga1475

destitutea1500

unfurnished1541

defect1543

bankrupt1567

frustrate1576

wanting1580

wanting1592

sterile1642

minus1807

lacking1838

to be stuck up for1860

short1873

wanting1874

quits1885

light1936

1543 Chron. J. Hardyng clvii. f. clxi^v The younger kyng..Shuche chronicles..putte in place..To make his soonne, right heire of this region But when kyng Henry, this chronicle shewed It was defect, and clerely sette at nought.

1600 C. Tourneur Transformed Metamorph. Prol. sig. A4 This huge cancauitie, defect of light.

1616 J. Taylor Seuerall Sieges Ierusalem in Vrania sig. D7^v Though their seruice, was defect and lame, Th' Almighties mercy did accept the same.

1664 Floddan Field vi. 56 And sage advice was clean defect.

1958 I. Lichtenstadter Islam & Mod. Age i. iii. 74 If any link in the chain of authorities was defect or suspect, the report itself did not command belief.

1992 J. Engelkamp in D. Stein Cooperating Written Texts i. 152 The short-term memory of these persons was defect.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

defectv.

Brit.

/dᵻˈfɛkt/, U.S.

/dəˈfɛk(t)/,

/diˈfɛk(t)/

Forms: 1500s defecte, 1500s–1600s deffecte, 1500s– defect.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin dēfect-, dēficere.

Etymology: < classical Latin dēfect-, past participial stem of dēficere to fail, to lack, to be lacking, to run short, to weaken, fade, to die, to die out, to subside, to suffer eclipse, to wane, to falter, to revolt, go over (to the other side) < dē- de- prefix + facere to make, do (see fact n.).With use in sense 2 compare slightly later defect adj. With use in sense 3a compare earlier defected adj. 2.

1. transitive. To hurt, to damage; to cause to have defects. In early use also: †to dishonour (obsolete). rare after 17th cent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > disgrace or dishonour > [verb (transitive)]

to say or speak (one) shamec950

to bring, make to shondOE

awemOE

shamec1175

unmenskc1225

to bring, shape, turn to shamea1250

to do villainy or a villainy1303

to bring, drive to scornc1320

honisha1325

dishonesta1382

unhonourc1384

defamea1387

slandera1387

disworshipa1450

vituper1484

disfamea1533

to shend ofc1540

defect1542

dishonour1568

disgrace1573

escandalize1574

mishonour1576

yshend1579

scandalize1583

traduce1605

beclown1609

dedecorate1609

disdignify1625

vilify1651

lynch1836

1542 Chaucer's tr. Boethius' De Consol. Philos. in Wks. G. Chaucer (new ed.) f. ccxxxvii/1 Thou languyshest and art defected for desyre & talent of thy rathar fortune.

1579 W. A. Speciall Remedie (1844) sig. c.ii To brydell all affectes, As..Drunkennesse, Whordome, which our God defectes.

1580 W. Fulke T. Stapleton & Martiall Confuted 37 To denye the continuance of the Church in a sound & vpright faith, is to defect the mysterie of Christes incarnation.

1639 T. Heywood If you know not Mee (new ed.) sig. B4^v Men may much suspect, But yet my Lord none can my life defect [earlier edd. detect].

1914 Daily Price Current (Cincinnati) 7 Dec. Good fresh rabbits continue very scarce, owing to unfavorable weather conditions, which defects them.

2012 B. Goldacre Bad Pharma vi. 252 In a recent interview, Debbie Reynolds suddenly starts explaining that ‘overactive bladder affects you because it defects you..effective treatment is available’.

†2. intransitive. To fail, to fall short; to become deficient or wanting. Also with from: to fall short of a particular standard. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > be insufficient [verb (intransitive)] > become scanty or scarce > run out

tirec725

failc1250

dispend1393

wanta1425

expirec1515

defect1587

to run out1685

to fall short1694

to spin out1720

to run short1850

to give out1861

1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 143/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II After he perceiued that nature began to faile and defect, he yeelded himselfe to die.

1598 R. Barckley Disc. Felicitie of Man iv. 314 The vertue and goodnesse of men seemeth to defect from that of former ages.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica i. v. 18 Yet have the inquiries of most defected by the way.

1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 295 The Moon suddenly defected in an Ecclipse.

a. intransitive. To abandon or desert a person, party, organization, or cause, esp. in favour of an opposing one. Frequently with from specifying the person, group, or cause abandoned, or with to specifying the opposing person, group, or cause.In later use sometimes influenced by sense 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (intransitive)] > by deserting

shrink1553

defect1596

desert1689

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose [verb (intransitive)] > desert one's party or principles

declinec1374

starta1450

revert?a1525

to fall away1535

to turn (one's) tippet1546

revolt1549

shrink1553

to turn one's coat1565

to come over1576

apostate1596

to change (one's) sides1596

defect1596

renegade1611

to change foot1618

to run over1643

to face about1645

apostatize1648

tergiverse1675

tergiversate1678

desert1689

apostasize1696

renegado1731

rat1810

to cross the floor1822

turncoat1892

to take (the) soup1907

turn1977

society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > disloyalty > cast off allegiance or defect [verb (intransitive)]

recede1520

defect1596

degenerate1602

to fall overa1616

to go over the wall1917

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 241 Thay had defected frome the Christiane Religioune.

1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 340 He defected and fled to the contrary part.

1715 Method Proc. House of Lords & Commons (ed. 2) 61 There is a great Body of Protestants that never defected.

1765 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses (ed. 4) II. iii. iv. 204 In that year..no Allies of Rome had defected from her.

1803 J. Pickersgill Three Brothers IV. x. 53 The Marquis proceeded to the conviction and punishment of..those among his vassals, that had defected from their allegiance.

1860 W. H. Russell My Diary in India 1858–9 I. xviii. 280 The native troops and gunners defected.

1967 A. J. Ryder German Revol. 1918 v. 88 A move towards peace and reform was needed to keep the majority socialists voting for war credits and to prevent their disillusioned supporters from defecting to the Independents.

1996 B. C. Aswad & B. Bilgé Family & Gender among Amer. Muslims 3 The Muslims defected from an Egyptian society which included Christians to join Islamic American communities.

2008 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 30 July 20 With no salary cap in place, John Aloisi will defect from Sydney FC to the Canterbury Tactix netball team.

b. intransitive. spec. Esp. during the Cold War (1945–90): to abandon a communist country in order to settle in a non-communist country, or vice versa; to become a defector. Frequently with from, to.

ΚΠ

1950 Life 23 Oct. 8 Of the half million Russian refugees in Western Germany, more than 100,000 fought in the Soviet army and defected to the West between 1946 and 1948.

1959 Times 28 May 15/5 A plot by a member of Parliament and a lobby correspondent to persuade a top Russian scientist to ‘defect’.

1960 Guardian 16 Sept. 13/2 One of the two code clerks who defected to Russia.

1985 S. Stevens Anvil Chorus xi. 154 For his SCE keep Bock agreed to spill what he knew of East German security; he also promised to deliver an important Stasi agent who wanted to defect.

1999 N.Y. Times 13 Aug. d4/5 One of four basketball players who defected from Cuba during last month's Olympic qualifying tournament in San Juan.

2014 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 16 Feb. The New Zealanders shared their hotel with North Korea, who were surrounded by legions of security due to fears some may defect.

†4. transitive. To desert or abandon (something). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > cause to desert or abandon something

debauch1623

unproselyte1655

defect1685

society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > disloyalty > behave disloyally towards [verb (transitive)] > render disloyal

disalliege1649

defect1685

1685 F. Spence tr. A. Varillas Άνεκδοτα Ὲτερουιακα 373 [He] afforded him the means of defecting his Garrison [Fr. de débaucher sa garnison], and shouldering him out of the Town.

1702 F. Brewster New Ess. on Trade viii. 79 I can hardly keep back my Pen, from what hath, and will ever hinder Ireland's making it self acceptable to England, but so..it will be, till a Parliament hath defected the management of that Kingdom.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.?a1425

adj.a1398

v.1542

单词	defect
释义	defectn. Brit. /ˈdiːfɛkt/, U.S. /ˈdifɛk(t)/ Forms: late Middle English defaicte, late Middle English–1600s defecte, late Middle English– defect, 1500s deffecte, 1500s doefect, 1500s–1600s deffect. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin dēfectus. Etymology: < classical Latin dēfectus (u -stem) failure, absence, deficiency, shortcoming, failing, eclipse, diminution, fading, (in legal context) fact of becoming ineffective, cessation, in post-classical Latin also scarcity, moral deficiency (5th cent.), default (13th cent.) < dēfect- , past participial stem of dēficere defect v. + -tus , suffix forming verbal nouns. Compare earlier default n. (which shows some overlap in meaning with this word), and the French forms cited at that entry.Romance parallels. Compare Catalan defecte (1490), Spanish defecto (late 13th cent.), Portuguese defecto , (chiefly Brazilian) defeito (14th cent.), Italian difetto (beginning of the 13th cent.), also German Defekt (late 15th cent. as defect ). Specific senses. In sense 1b ultimately after ancient Greek ἔλλειμμα, partly via classical Latin dēfectus (used in post-classical Latin in this sense). With in defect of at Phrases 1 compare classical Latin in dēfectū (with the genitive). 1. a. Lack or absence of something necessary or desirable; a deficiency, a want. Also: the state or fact of being deficient or falling short. Frequently paired with excess.Cf. in defect of at Phrases 1. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage wanec888 trokingc1175 want?c1225 defaultc1300 trokea1325 fault1340 lacking1377 scarcityc1380 wantingc1390 absencea1398 bresta1400 defect?a1425 lack?c1425 defailing1502 mank?a1513 inlaik1562 defection1576 inlaiking1595 vacuity1601 deficience1605 lossa1616 failancea1627 deficiency1634 shortness1669 falling shorta1680 miss1689 wantage1756 shortage1868 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 0 (MED) Þe resoun or cause of þis comentacioun or colleccioun was noȝt defect [?c1425 Paris defaute; L. defectus] of bokes. 1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Epist. sig. *4 To supplie all other inferiour foundations defects. 1599 J. Davies Nosce Teipsum* 1 Which Ill being nought but a defect of good. 1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus (i. 1) 5 The latter being in defect. 1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 112 Holding on a meane path betweene excesse and defect. 1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §18 He..pieces out the defect of one by the excess of the other. View more context for this quotation 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 47 I must supply a Defect in my former Relation. 1776 T. Pownall Let. 25 Sept. in E. C. Mossner & I. S. Ross Corr. A. Smith (1977) App. A. 338 This limitation..of his capacities, and the extent of his wants, necessarily creates to each man an accumulation of some articles of supply, and a defect of others. 1803 T. R. Malthus Ess. Princ. Population (new ed.) i. xiv. 180 The excess of one check is balanced by the defect of some other. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. 495 Having little money to give, the Estates supplied the defect by loyal protestations and barbarous statues. 1865 G. Grote Plato I. i. 47 In other [animals] water was in excess and fire in defect. 1878 J. Morley Condorcet in Crit. Misc. 66 The excess of scepticism and the defect of enthusiasm. 1900 Science 23 Feb. 315/2 A season with an excess or defect of temperature or precipitation is followed by compensation conditions in the succeeding season. 1952 Rev. Eng. Stud. 3 13 The three sisters, Elissa, Medina, and Perissa, are an allegory of the golden mean of Temperance, and the twin vices of excess and defect. 2013 M. Edwards in S. Bullivant & M. Ruse Oxf. Handbk. Atheism x. 161 The discrepancies between this account and that of Snorri's Ynglinga Saga..suggest that he is openly claiming licence to supply the defect of knowledge by invention. b. Geometry. An additional part necessary for a figure to satisfy a given condition. Now rare.Chiefly in translations of Euclid's Elements. ΚΠ 1570 H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. vi. f. 175^v And let the figure whereunto the defect or want of the parallelogramme is required to be like D. 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements vi. 134 The greatest is that AD which is applyed to the half being like to the defect KI [L. defectui KI]. 1781 J. Williamson tr. Euclid Elements I. vi. 57 Let D be the parallelogram to which the defect is required to be similar. 1809 J. Leslie Elem. Geom. iv. 143 The defect DC is equal to one portion, or to the thirtieth part of the circumference. 1939 tr. Euclid in I. Thomas Select. Illustrating Hist. Greek Math. I. vi. 203 That parallelogram is greatest which is applied to the half of the straight line and is similar to the defect. c. The amount by which something falls short of a given quantity or amount. Now rare except in fixed collocations. angular defect, mass defect: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [noun] > deficiency, lack, or shortage > shortfall > amount of defect1598 deficiency1719 deficit1782 wantum1938 1598 F. Meres tr. Luis de Granada Sinners Guyde i. x. 118 For the defect of one Cubit, it came not to the number of fifty. a1690 S. Jeake Λογιστικηλογία (1696) 223 Supplying the defect of the Dividend with Cyphers. 1743 W. Emerson Doctr. Fluxions 8 That difference is infinitely small in Defect. 1802 O. Gregory Treat. Astron. xix. 369 Take the excess or defect of the moon's latitude, compared with that of the star either north or south. 1833 J. F. W. Herschel Astronomy ix. 297 An allowance in respect of time behoved to be made proportional to the excess or defect of Jupiter's distance from the earth above or below its average amount. 1965 W. Prenowitz & M. Jordan Basic Concepts Geom. vi. 111 Any triangle contained in it has an angle sum practically equal to 180°, since it has smaller defect than the given triangle. 2. a. An imperfection in a person or thing; a shortcoming, a failing; a fault, flaw, or abnormality.Now often with reference to a physical abnormality, as birth defect, congenital defect, field defect, genetic defect, neural tube defect, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [noun] > a disfigurement or blemish tachec1330 vicec1386 flakec1400 plotc1400 offencec1425 defectc1450 disconformity1505 defection1526 blemish1535 fitch1550 blot1578 flaw1604 tainta1616 mulct1632 smitch1638 scarring1816 out1886 the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > an imperfection > defect or fault or flaw faultc1320 breckc1369 villainyc1400 offencec1425 defectc1450 defection1526 vitiosity1538 faintness1543 gall1545 eelist1549 mar1551 hole1553 blemish1555 wart1603 flaw1604 mulct1632 wound1646 failurea1656 misfeature1818 bug1875 out1886 c1450 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Bodl. Add.) i. l. 44 An hidde defaicte [?1440 Duke Humfrey defaut; L. noxam] is sumtyme in nature Under covert. 1593 W. Shakespeare Venus & Adonis sig. Biij^v But hauing no defects, why doest abhor me? View more context for this quotation 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. i. 47 The manifold defects whereunto euery kind of regiment is subiect. 1638 G. Digby in G. Digby & K. Digby Lett. conc. Relig. (1651) 1 Many personall defects of mine own. 1674 R. Godfrey Var. Injuries in Physick 205 Having some defect in her Speech, to wit, a Lisping. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 48 The very good general Reputation he had acquired, notwithstanding his defects. 1752 H. Fielding Covent-Garden Jrnl. 7 Dec. 1/1 Ill-breeding..is not a single Defect, it is the Result of many. a1854 H. Reed Lect. Brit. Poets (1857) II. x. 18 Its incurable defect is an utter absence of imagination. 1890 C. G. Heathcote Lawn Tennis in J. M. Heathcote et al. Tennis (Badminton Libr. of Sports & Pastimes) xv. 294 Gravel courts, though at first sight attractive, have many serious defects. 1913 G. B. Mangold Child Probl. ii. iii. 119 Defects of the teeth are more common than any other physical subnormalities of the child. 1954 A. Ginsberg Let. 10 July in A. Ginsberg & L. Ginsberg Family Business (2001) 28 Norman Macleod who is whitehaired and has a speech defect. 1956 F. W. Jane Struct. Wood xi. 254 The wood must, inevitably, have short grain and suffer from the defects associated with such a structural peculiarity. 1987 J. Franklin Molecules of Mind (1988) xx. 269 The disease is Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, a rare genetic condition characterized by a defect in a single gene. 2014 New Yorker 1 Dec. 80/2 Welch was a devotee of the Six Sigma system, an elaborate method of reducing manufacturing defects. b. Nautical. A report on the state of a vessel, consisting of a list of equipment required and repairs needed (also in plural in same sense) (now chiefly historical); (also) an item on such a list. ΚΠ 1747 S. Barrington Let. 24 Aug. in Barrington Papers (1937) (modernized text) I. 14 My masts, rigging and sails were very much shattered, as likewise the hull of the Ship, as their Lordships may see by the inclosed Carpenter's Defect. 1829 F. Marryat Naval Officer I. v. 141 Having delivered..an account of our defects, they were sent up to the Admiralty. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Defects, an official return of the state of a ship as to what is required for her hull and equipment, and what repairs she stands in need of. Upon this return a ship is ordered to sea, into harbour, into dock, or paid out of commission. 1906 King's Regulations & Admiralty Instr. (rev. ed.) Art. 1089 §5 The Lists of Defects are to be prepared in a complete and intelligible manner, so that the requirements of the Ship may be clearly understood. 1979 New Scientist 30 Aug. 675/1 Her delivery crew left on board a 36-item list of defects. 1996 P. O'Brian Yellow Admiral vi. 163 I have the honour to inclose the ship's defects, and a copy of the log since receiving your last signal. c. Materials Science. An irregularity or imperfection in a crystal lattice, such as an unoccupied atomic site, an interstitial atom, a displacement of atoms, etc.; = lattice defect n. at lattice n. Compounds 2. Frequently with distinguishing word.line defect, point defect, Schottky defect: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > crystallography (general) > crystal (general) > crystal irregularities > [noun] > lattice defects defect1936 lattice defect1938 1936 Trans. Faraday Soc. 32 36 This low experimental value must be ascribed to a notch effect arising from defects in the lattice, and not to a regular secondary structure. 1962 J. H. Simpson & R. S. Richards Physical Princ. Junction Transistors ii. 32 Impurities or defects that trap electrons may have characteristics quite different from those of their hole-trapping counterparts. 1969 New Scientist 15 May (Feature section) 6/2 The crystal merely provides a kind of ‘space’ in which various well-defined families of defect ‘particles’ exist. The most notable of these elementary defects are vacancies..; interstitials..; and dislocations. 2001 R. W. Cahn Coming of Materials Sci. iv. 169 An atom should be able to wander from its proper site into an interstitial site, creating what has since been termed a ‘Frenkel defect’ (a vacant lattice site plus an interstitial atom nearby). 3. The quality, state, or fact of being imperfect; defectiveness, faultiness. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > imperfection > [noun] > types of: defectiveness or faultiness defection1526 faultiness1530 lameness1530 defecta1538 badness1539 defectuosity1602 defectiveness1603 defectibilitya1617 shortness1644 defectuousness1654 defectability1662 demerit1832 wonkiness1982 a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 118 The defecte of nature ys with us such. 1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets cxlix. sig. I4 When all my best doth worship thy defect. 1777 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad. Dec. 10 1776 14 The merit or defect of performances were to be determined by unguided fancy. 1869 A. C. Swinburne in S. T. Coleridge Christabel p. xiv Alike by his powers and his impotences, by his capacity and his defect, Coleridge was inapt for dramatic poetry. 1918 E. E. Keedy Exceeding Worth of joining Church vii. 46 Strange as it may seem, the sense of defect is a sign of moral health. 1979 P. B. Waldeck Split Self i. iv. 91 The motif of the scar serves as a tie, a physical reminder of the fateful incident of emancipation, and suggests a quality of defect. 2012 M. Meyer Remembering China from Taiwan iii. 166 Mini had a crease in her eyelids, a sign of beauty warped, of defect and imperfection. †4. An act of abandoning or renouncing something; a defection. Also with from. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > dereliction of duty > [noun] defaulta1250 fail1297 declining1526 defection1532 declination1533 defect1540 delinquishment1593 declension1597 secession1601 delinquency1606 delinquence1613 deliquity1682 dereliction1778 derelictness1888 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > [noun] > desertion of one's party or principles recreandisea1425 declining1526 declination1533 back-turning1535 defect1540 revoltc1576 falling off1577 apostasy1578 tergiversation1583 declension1597 recreancy1602 starting1602 recreantness1611 recession1614 turncoating1624 recreancea1632 diffidation1640 withdrawment1640 tergiversating1654 turning1665 ratting1789 renegadism1823 turncoatery1841 defection1884 turncoatism1889 1540 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1822) I. i. xlix. 567 The King..made a defect from his purpose of reformation with great precipitancy. 1798 J. Willock Voy. & Adventures J. Willock x. 267 When a priest apostatizes..they seldom place his defect to the account of conscience. †5. The failure of the moon, sun, or another celestial object to (fully) appear; an eclipse, an occultation. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun] > state of being visible > eclipse eclipsec1374 clipse1377 obscurationa1550 defect1571 superation1585 travail1593 occultation1601 deliquium1648 immersion1690 incidence1728 1571 T. Fortescue tr. P. Mexia Foreste xvi. f. 95 Wee see that in Grece, yea, in Athens it self, this defecte of the Sunne was perceiued of all men. 1583 R. Harvey Astrological Disc. 57 The fatall conuersions, ouerthrowes, and destructions of kingdomes, may Astrologically be foreseene, and prognosticated by the Defects and Eclipses of the Sunne and Moone. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1307 The defect of the Moone [Fr. priuation de lune] and her occultation. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 5 When the Moone is in the waine they [sc. Apes] are heauy and sorrowful..for as other Beasts so doe these, feare the defect of the starres and planets. 1692 J. Ray Misc. Disc. Dissolution World 259 Prodigious and lasting Defects of the Sun, such as happened when Cæsar the Dictator was slain. 1749 E. Weaver Brit. Telescope (ed. 27) sig. C5 At the time of the greatest Defect the Moon will be vertical to that Part of the great South Sea lying 157 Degrees West from London. 1804 J. Sutcliffe tr. J. F. Ostervald Exercise of Christian Ministry 83 What in the interval did the Magi do to supply the defect of the star? Phrases P1. in defect of (also †for defect of): in the absence of (something needed or desired); for lack of. Now rare. [Compare earlier in default of at default n. Phrases 3a.] ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > non-possession > non-possession [phrase] > through lack of for (the) fault ofc1290 for default ofc1300 for (occasionally by, from, through) lack ofc1386 for want ofa1425 in want of1556 in defect of1563 in failance ofa1627 in neglect of1807 1563 T. Gale Certaine Wks. Chirurg. iii. i. f. 4^v As for gonnepouder it selfe, in defect of other medicines, I haue put of it in these woundes, to drye & excicate, to the great comfort of the Pacient. 1566 J. Martiall Replie to Calfhills Blasphemous Answer f. 144^v When there cometh a straunge case for which there is no lawe written, it must be decided by custom and manner, and for defect of custom, the iudge must procede by likelyhodes. 1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus i. 5 Our bodies are..prone to pine away for defect of daily food. 1651 J. French Art Distillation i. 3 In defect of a Furnace..we may use a Kettle. 1708 tr. J. P. de Tournefort Materia Medica i. §5. iii. 202 In defect of Mastick, you may use Cherry-Tree or Plum-Tree Gum in Apophlegmatisms. 1767 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (new ed.) II. 76 Besides the scutages they were liable to in defect of personal attendance. 1807 J. L. De Lolme Constit. Eng. (Advertisement) p. ii In defect of encouragement from great men (and even from booksellers), I had recourse to a subscription. 1930 G. G. Coulton Ten Medieval Stud. 264 Those twelve other cases of banishment which, in defect of visitatorial records, we happen to know of only through the chapter records. 2010 S. Fink de Backer Widowhood in Early Mod. Spain vii. 229 They ordered Rojas to turn over the offending horse to Leonor, or in defect of actual possession of the animal, pay her its value. P2. to have the defects of one's qualities (also virtues): to have certain flaws as a consequence of having certain commendable qualities. Hence also to have the qualities (also virtues) of one's defects. [Originally after French avoir les défauts de ses qualités (1808 or earlier).] ΚΠ 1845 tr. M. E. Sue Paula Monti xxx. 247 As one has always the defects of one's qualities [Fr. comme on a toujours les défauts de ses qualités], I see, even in the kind of weakness you may be reproached with, evidence of the most exquisite delicacy. 1878 J. Morley Vauvenargues in Crit. Misc. 14 Vauvenargues has the defects of his qualities. 1929 Daily Tel. 15 Jan. 7 If he has the defects of his virtues—a certain slap-dashness visible enough in one or two of these stories—he has also the virtues of his defects. 1960 Listener 25 Feb. 334/1 As for resistance, railwaymen have the defects of their qualities... Flexibility and acceptance of change are not among their collective virtues. 2002 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 96 802/1 These books, like all books, have the defects of their virtues. Compounds defect-free adj. (chiefly of a manufactured product) free from defects. ΚΠ 1913 Horseless Age 8 Oct. 603/1 By the free use of water, the rubbing stone is prevented from gumming up, and..a fine, defect-free surface is obtained. 1985 R. L. Yasser Torts & Sports iv. 81 The harm would have occurred even if the helmet was defect-free. 2010 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 73/2 The first million copies of each new chip..help..debug the production process, so that subsequent millions are cheaper and increasingly defect-free. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). defectadj. Brit. /dᵻˈfɛkt/, U.S. /dəˈfɛk(t)/, /diˈfɛk(t)/ Forms: Middle English defecte, Middle English– defect. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Probably also partly a borrowing from German. Etymons: Latin dēfectus, dēficere; German defekt. Etymology: Originally (i) < classical Latin dēfectus, past participle of dēficere defect v. Compare later defect v. 2. In later use probably (ii) < German defekt (first half of the 17th cent. as †defect) < classical Latin dēfectus. Now rare. 1. Disfigured. Cf. defeat adj. 1. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > [adjective] disfiguratec1381 disfiguredc1381 disguised1393 defeata1398 defecta1398 deformed?c1450 deflowered1509 disflowered1606 deflourished?1614 misfigured1624 martyrized1635 defaced1776 defeatured1800 disfeatured1871 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. v. xxviii. 224 Þe hondis dryeþ..in men þat be defaced and defecte with grete trauaile of fastinge and ouercome wiþ age. c1430 (c1385) G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde (Cambr. Gg.4.27) (1882) v. l. 618 And of hym self ymagined he ofte To ben defect pale & waxe lasse. 2. Defective, deficient; wanting. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > deficient or wanting wanec825 thurfec1175 lacking1480 indigent1531 defect1543 awanting1583 missed1584 wanting1592 defective1603 wanted1619 half-baked1627 deficient1632 manqué1773 the mind > possession > non-possession > [adjective] > devoid of something > lacking or without wane971 quit?c1225 helpless1362 desolatec1386 wantsomea1400 ungirtc1412 voidc1420 wantinga1475 destitutea1500 unfurnished1541 defect1543 bankrupt1567 frustrate1576 wanting1580 wanting1592 sterile1642 minus1807 lacking1838 to be stuck up for1860 short1873 wanting1874 quits1885 light1936 1543 Chron. J. Hardyng clvii. f. clxi^v The younger kyng..Shuche chronicles..putte in place..To make his soonne, right heire of this region But when kyng Henry, this chronicle shewed It was defect, and clerely sette at nought. 1600 C. Tourneur Transformed Metamorph. Prol. sig. A4 This huge cancauitie, defect of light. 1616 J. Taylor Seuerall Sieges Ierusalem in Vrania sig. D7^v Though their seruice, was defect and lame, Th' Almighties mercy did accept the same. 1664 Floddan Field vi. 56 And sage advice was clean defect. 1958 I. Lichtenstadter Islam & Mod. Age i. iii. 74 If any link in the chain of authorities was defect or suspect, the report itself did not command belief. 1992 J. Engelkamp in D. Stein Cooperating Written Texts i. 152 The short-term memory of these persons was defect. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). defectv. Brit. /dᵻˈfɛkt/, U.S. /dəˈfɛk(t)/, /diˈfɛk(t)/ Forms: 1500s defecte, 1500s–1600s deffecte, 1500s– defect. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin dēfect-, dēficere. Etymology: < classical Latin dēfect-, past participial stem of dēficere to fail, to lack, to be lacking, to run short, to weaken, fade, to die, to die out, to subside, to suffer eclipse, to wane, to falter, to revolt, go over (to the other side) < dē- de- prefix + facere to make, do (see fact n.).With use in sense 2 compare slightly later defect adj. With use in sense 3a compare earlier defected adj. 2. 1. transitive. To hurt, to damage; to cause to have defects. In early use also: †to dishonour (obsolete). rare after 17th cent. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > disgrace or dishonour > [verb (transitive)] to say or speak (one) shamec950 to bring, make to shondOE awemOE shamec1175 unmenskc1225 to bring, shape, turn to shamea1250 to do villainy or a villainy1303 to bring, drive to scornc1320 honisha1325 dishonesta1382 unhonourc1384 defamea1387 slandera1387 disworshipa1450 vituper1484 disfamea1533 to shend ofc1540 defect1542 dishonour1568 disgrace1573 escandalize1574 mishonour1576 yshend1579 scandalize1583 traduce1605 beclown1609 dedecorate1609 disdignify1625 vilify1651 lynch1836 1542 Chaucer's tr. Boethius' De Consol. Philos. in Wks. G. Chaucer (new ed.) f. ccxxxvii/1 Thou languyshest and art defected for desyre & talent of thy rathar fortune. 1579 W. A. Speciall Remedie (1844) sig. c.ii To brydell all affectes, As..Drunkennesse, Whordome, which our God defectes. 1580 W. Fulke T. Stapleton & Martiall Confuted 37 To denye the continuance of the Church in a sound & vpright faith, is to defect the mysterie of Christes incarnation. 1639 T. Heywood If you know not Mee (new ed.) sig. B4^v Men may much suspect, But yet my Lord none can my life defect [earlier edd. detect]. 1914 Daily Price Current (Cincinnati) 7 Dec. Good fresh rabbits continue very scarce, owing to unfavorable weather conditions, which defects them. 2012 B. Goldacre Bad Pharma vi. 252 In a recent interview, Debbie Reynolds suddenly starts explaining that ‘overactive bladder affects you because it defects you..effective treatment is available’. †2. intransitive. To fail, to fall short; to become deficient or wanting. Also with from: to fall short of a particular standard. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > be insufficient [verb (intransitive)] > become scanty or scarce > run out tirec725 failc1250 dispend1393 wanta1425 expirec1515 defect1587 to run out1685 to fall short1694 to spin out1720 to run short1850 to give out1861 1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 143/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II After he perceiued that nature began to faile and defect, he yeelded himselfe to die. 1598 R. Barckley Disc. Felicitie of Man iv. 314 The vertue and goodnesse of men seemeth to defect from that of former ages. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica i. v. 18 Yet have the inquiries of most defected by the way. View more context for this quotation 1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 295 The Moon suddenly defected in an Ecclipse. 3. a. intransitive. To abandon or desert a person, party, organization, or cause, esp. in favour of an opposing one. Frequently with from specifying the person, group, or cause abandoned, or with to specifying the opposing person, group, or cause.In later use sometimes influenced by sense 3b. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > undutifulness > [verb (intransitive)] > by deserting shrink1553 defect1596 desert1689 the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose [verb (intransitive)] > desert one's party or principles declinec1374 starta1450 revert?a1525 to fall away1535 to turn (one's) tippet1546 revolt1549 shrink1553 to turn one's coat1565 to come over1576 apostate1596 to change (one's) sides1596 defect1596 renegade1611 to change foot1618 to run over1643 to face about1645 apostatize1648 tergiverse1675 tergiversate1678 desert1689 apostasize1696 renegado1731 rat1810 to cross the floor1822 turncoat1892 to take (the) soup1907 turn1977 society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > disloyalty > cast off allegiance or defect [verb (intransitive)] recede1520 defect1596 degenerate1602 to fall overa1616 to go over the wall1917 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 241 Thay had defected frome the Christiane Religioune. 1652 J. Gaule Πυς-μαντια 340 He defected and fled to the contrary part. 1715 Method Proc. House of Lords & Commons (ed. 2) 61 There is a great Body of Protestants that never defected. 1765 W. Warburton Divine Legation Moses (ed. 4) II. iii. iv. 204 In that year..no Allies of Rome had defected from her. 1803 J. Pickersgill Three Brothers IV. x. 53 The Marquis proceeded to the conviction and punishment of..those among his vassals, that had defected from their allegiance. 1860 W. H. Russell My Diary in India 1858–9 I. xviii. 280 The native troops and gunners defected. 1967 A. J. Ryder German Revol. 1918 v. 88 A move towards peace and reform was needed to keep the majority socialists voting for war credits and to prevent their disillusioned supporters from defecting to the Independents. 1996 B. C. Aswad & B. Bilgé Family & Gender among Amer. Muslims 3 The Muslims defected from an Egyptian society which included Christians to join Islamic American communities. 2008 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 30 July 20 With no salary cap in place, John Aloisi will defect from Sydney FC to the Canterbury Tactix netball team. b. intransitive. spec. Esp. during the Cold War (1945–90): to abandon a communist country in order to settle in a non-communist country, or vice versa; to become a defector. Frequently with from, to. ΚΠ 1950 Life 23 Oct. 8 Of the half million Russian refugees in Western Germany, more than 100,000 fought in the Soviet army and defected to the West between 1946 and 1948. 1959 Times 28 May 15/5 A plot by a member of Parliament and a lobby correspondent to persuade a top Russian scientist to ‘defect’. 1960 Guardian 16 Sept. 13/2 One of the two code clerks who defected to Russia. 1985 S. Stevens Anvil Chorus xi. 154 For his SCE keep Bock agreed to spill what he knew of East German security; he also promised to deliver an important Stasi agent who wanted to defect. 1999 N.Y. Times 13 Aug. d4/5 One of four basketball players who defected from Cuba during last month's Olympic qualifying tournament in San Juan. 2014 N.Z. Herald (Nexis) 16 Feb. The New Zealanders shared their hotel with North Korea, who were surrounded by legions of security due to fears some may defect. †4. transitive. To desert or abandon (something). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > cause to desert or abandon something debauch1623 unproselyte1655 defect1685 society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > disloyalty > behave disloyally towards [verb (transitive)] > render disloyal disalliege1649 defect1685 1685 F. Spence tr. A. Varillas Άνεκδοτα Ὲτερουιακα 373 [He] afforded him the means of defecting his Garrison [Fr. de débaucher sa garnison], and shouldering him out of the Town. 1702 F. Brewster New Ess. on Trade viii. 79 I can hardly keep back my Pen, from what hath, and will ever hinder Ireland's making it self acceptable to England, but so..it will be, till a Parliament hath defected the management of that Kingdom. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?a1425adj.a1398v.1542
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