† defouldefoilv.

Forms: α. Middle English defoule-n, Middle English–1500s defoul(e, defowl(e, (Middle English defoulle, devoul, def(f)ule, diffowl, dyffowl, Middle English–1500s diffoule). β. Middle English–1500s defoyle, (Middle English defuyl(e, diffoyle, defoylle), Middle English–1500s defoil. See also defile v.¹

Etymology: Middle English < Old French defoule-r (defoler , -fuler , -fuller ) to trample down, oppress, outrage, violate, deflower, < de- prefix 1a + fouler (foler , fuler ) ‘to tread, stampe, or trample on, to bruise or crush by stamping’ Cotgrave (= Provençal folar , Spanish hollar , Italian follare ) < late Latin *fullāre to stamp with the feet, to full (cloth), connected with Latin fullo , -ōnem fuller, medieval Latin fullātōrium a fulling-mill, etc. Senses 1 – 5 existed already in Old French; the senses ‘trample in the mud’, and ‘violate chastity’, thus coming with the word into English, naturally suggested that it contained the native adjective foul adj., Old English fúl , and gave rise to senses 6 – 8, which derive from ‘foul’, as well as (apparently) to the doublet defile n.¹, on the analogy of the equivalence of befoul , befile . The phonology of the variant defuyle , defoyle (found nearly as early as defoule ), has not been satisfactorily made out: see foil v.¹ It occurs in the earlier senses, and does not appear to have been specially connected with defile.

Obsolete.

a. transitive. To trample under foot; tread down.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > impact > striking > striking with specific thing > strike with specific thing [verb (transitive)] > with the foot > downwards > trample

treadc825

overtreadOE

to tread down, under foot, in the mire, to the ground, to piecesc1175

defoulc1290

foil13..

to-treada1382

foula1400

fulyie1488

overgo1488

trample1530

tramp1533

conculcate1570

trample1577

overtrample1589

tramp1596

inculcate1598

stramplea1610

calcate1623

scrunch1861

α.

c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 375/297 Defoulede huy [þe bones] weren so.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 536 Hii..orne on him mid hor hors, & defoulede him vaste.

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xc. 13 Þou sall defoul þe lyon & þe dragon.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 167 Mochel is defouled mid þe uet of uolleres Þe robe of scarlet, erþan þet þe kuen his do an.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. vii. 6 Nether sende ȝe ȝour margaritis..before swyne, lest perauenture thei defoulen hem with theire feet [L. conculcent].

c1400 Three Kings Cologne 50 On þe morwe þei siȝen þe weye gretlich defowled with hors fete and oþir beestys.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 181 b/1 Thenne the knyghtes..bete & defowleden nazaryen under theyr feet.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xxvi Wastynge & defoulynge of theyr grasse.

β. c1330 Arth. & Merl. 9297 Ther was defoiled King Rion Vnder stedes fet mani on.1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur i. xiv That were fowle defoyled vnder horsfeet.1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. xv. 30 As they rode abrode, thay beate downe and defoyled their cornes..and wolde nat kepe the highe wayes.

b. absol. or intransitive.

ΚΠ

β.

a1300 K. Alis. 2463 Me myghte y-seo ther knyghtis defoille, Heorten blede, braynes boyle, Hedes tomblen.

2. To bruise, break, crush (materially).

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > pressing, pressure, or squeezing > press or squeeze [verb (transitive)] > crush

breakc900

to-bruisec1000

swatchea1300

to-gnidea1300

defoulc1300

to-crushc1300

thring13..

squatcha1325

to-squatc1325

oppressa1382

crush?a1400

thronga1400

dequassc1400

birzec1425

crazec1430

frayc1460

defroysse1480

to-quashc1480

croose1567

pletter1598

becrush1609

mortify1609

winder1610

crackle1611

quest1647

scrouge1755

grush1827

jam1832

roll1886

c1300 Beket 1100 The bond is undo And al defouled, and we beoth delyvred so [cf. Psalm cxxiv. 7].

a1325 Prose Psalter xlv[i]. 9 He shal de-foule bowe and breke armes.

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋207 He was woundid for oure mysdede, and defouled by oure felonyes.

14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 575/12 Contero, to breke or defoule.

c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cxxi. 433 The Gryffon so sore defowlyd and bet hym that he could not ryse vp.

3. To trample down or crush (figuratively); to oppress; to outrage, maltreat, abuse.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > oppression > oppress [verb (transitive)]

ofsiteOE

forthringOE

overlayOE

ofsetOE

to tread down, under foot, in the mire, to the ground, to piecesc1175

overseta1200

defoulc1300

oppressa1382

overpressa1382

overchargec1390

overleadc1390

overliea1393

thringa1400

overcarkc1400

to grind the faces (occasionally face) ofa1425

press?a1425

downthringc1430

vicea1525

tread1526

to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstonea1533

tyrannizea1533

wring1550

downpress1579

bepress1591

defoil1601

ingrate1604

crush1611

grinda1626

macerate1637

trample1646

α.

c1300 St. Brandan 508 The develen..nome thane wrecche faste, And defoulede him stronge y-nouȝ and amidde the fur him caste.

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xviii. 195 How ryght holy men lyueden, How thei defouleden here fleessh.

a1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 46 To refuse it [ilke a bodily ymagynacyone] and to defule it, þat it may see the selfe swylke as it es.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 1129 If folk be defowled by vnfre chaunce.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. fij/2 Thou hast gretely defouled me by oultrage.

a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 208 Oule, rare and ȝowle, I sall defowll thy pryd.

β. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 4614 Alle ȝour fon þat with fors defoyled ȝou long.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. Prol. f. ii^v Of Danes whiche bothe landes defoyled By theyr outrage.1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xlvij^v Perkyn..so many times had been defoyled and vanquished.

4. To violate the chastity of, deflower, debauch. Often, esp. in later use, with the sense of defile.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > deprive of chastity [verb (transitive)] > a woman

forliec1275

defoulc1290

dishonour1393

defilea1400

file?a1400

spilla1400

foilc1440

diviciatec1470

foul?1473

fulyie1505

vitiate1547

dishonest1565

fray1567

out1922

α.

c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 181/24 Woldest þov defouli mi bodi?

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 317 Philip..Defoules þer wyues, þer douhtres lay bi, Þer lordes slouh with knyues.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxxi. 141 After þe first nyght þat þase wymmen er so defouled.

a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xliii. l. 163 And for Child beryng neuere defowlid was, but Evere Clene virgine be Goddis gras.

1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lvi. 82 Their suster, that so had be depuceld or defowled.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxvii. 51 The Spanyerdes..pilled the towne, and slewe dyuers, and defowled maydens.

1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 122 Gif quha defoulis a nothir manis wyfe.

β. 1430–40 Chaucer's Frankl. T. (Cambr.) 668 Now sythe that maydenys haddyn swich dispit To been defoyled [other MSS. defouled] with manys foule delyt.1486 Act 3 Hen. VII c. 2 Women..been..married to such Mis-doers..or defoiled, to the great Displeasure of God.

5. To violate (laws, holy places, etc.); to break the sanctity of, profane, pollute.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > sacrilege > cause sacrilege [verb (transitive)]

defoulc1384

profanea1425

depravea1529

defile1535

unhallow1535

profanate1554

execratea1572

profanizate1578

sacrilege1578

unconsecrate1598

exaugurate1600

defoil1601

dishallow1624

desecrate1675

disenhallow1846

profanizea1876

α.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xii. 5 In sabothis prestis in the temple defoulen the sabothis.

a1400 Version of Ps. lxxviii. 1 in Wyclif's Bible Pref. 4 (note) Thei defouledyn thin hooli temple.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) xii. 137 The Jewes..han defouled the Lawe.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. cj/2 He hath..deffuled chyrches.

a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. xxxv. f. xxix/1 The name of our blessyd sauyour..[was] horrybly dispysed & defouled.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid x. vii. 69 The quhilk..Defowlit his fadderis bed incestuusly.

1614 T. White Martyrdome St. George sig. B2^v It moued not the Tyrant to behold The Martirs goodly body so defowld.

β. a1400 Prose Psalter lxxviii. 1 Hij filden [Dublin MS. defoilyd] þyn holy temple.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 7373 My kirke þou hase defuyled.1481 W. Caxton Tulle on Friendsh. C iij That frendship were hurte or defoylled.1549–62 T. Sternhold & J. Hopkins Whole Bk. Psalms lxxix Thy temple they defoile.

6. To render (materially) foul, filthy, or dirty; to pollute, defile, dirty.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > pollute or defile [verb (transitive)]

afileeOE

besmiteeOE

shenda950

befilec1000

bisulienc1200

defoulc1320

file1340

foilc1380

smota1387

lime1390

solwea1400

surda1400

infectc1425

filtha1450

poison?a1513

defile1530

polluve1533

inquinate1542

pollute1548

contaminate1563

bumfiddlec1595

impure1598

conspurcate1600

defoil1601

sullya1616

vilify1615

deturpate1623

impiate1623

defedate1628

dreg1628

contemerate1650

spot1741

empoison1775

α.

c1320 tr. J. Bonaventura Medit. 506 With wete and eke dung þey hym defoule.

1402 T. Hoccleve Let. of Cupid 186 That bird..ys dyshonest..that vseth to defoule his ovne neste.

1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory iii. viii. sig. f4^v Yf ony of those table clothes or napkens be defouled wyth dust fylth or other foule mater.

1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie xxxviii. 100 An Hart defowlant the water.

β. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 15 b/1 Thy desyrous vysage..the Jewes with their spyttynges have defoylled.1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. i i Henns and capons, Defoylynge theym with their durt.1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xxiv. f. 191 Not stained or defoiled.1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne viii. lx. 153 With dust and gore defoiled.

7. figurative.

a. To defile or pollute morally; to corrupt.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degrading or impairing morally > degrade or impair morally [verb (transitive)] > pollute or defile

afileeOE

awemOE

filec1175

wemc1175

soila1250

foulc1330

defoula1340

bleckc1380

blemishc1380

pollutea1382

tache1390

sulpa1400

vilec1400

spota1413

stain1446

defilec1450

violate1490

tan1530

smear1549

beray1576

moil1596

discolour1598

smut1601

bespurtle1604

sullya1616

commaculatec1616

decolour?c1622

collutulate1623

deturpate1623

berust1631

smutch1640

discolorate1651

smoot1683

tarnish1695

tar1817

dirten1987

α.

a1340 R. Rolle Psalter 518 Defouland his elde in syn.

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 129 To kepe hym self unblekkid or defoulid fro þis world.

c1440 W. Hylton Scala Perfeccionis (1494) i. lxiii Wyth thy pryde thou defowlest all thy good dedes.

1484 W. Caxton tr. Ordre of Chyualry (1926) iv. 56 Chyualrye..is defouled by coward men & faynt of herte.

1542 R. Taverner Epist. & Gospelles (new ed.) f. cxxiv^v Man which is so much defouled and corrupt in all kynde of vnryghtuousnes.

a1555 J. Philpot tr. C. S. Curione Def. Authority Christ's Church in R. Eden Exam. & Writings J. Philpot (1842) (modernized text) 373 He defouleth the whole faith of his testimony, by the falsifying of one part.

β. c1440 W. Hylton Scala Perfeccionis (1494) i. xliii Yf thou be defoyled wyth vaynglory.1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) ii. ii. sig. bii/1 They [sc. angels] ben not defoylyd [a1398 BL Add. defouled] wyth none affeccyon.1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 98 Oure resonable soulle..was defoyled and darkyd and mysshape by synne.

b. To render ceremonially or sentimentally unclean; to defile, sully.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > [verb (transitive)] > make ceremonially unclean

pollutea1382

defoulc1449

defile1535

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 465 To ete with hondis not wayschen defoulith not a man.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 141 b/1 The mouth whyche god had kyssed ought not to be defouled in touchyng.

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vii. xlii. 372/1 Must I needs defoule my selfe, to be his only faire foule.

c. To sully (fame, reputation, or the like); to defame.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > sullying or staining of reputation > stain or sully [verb (transitive)]

filea1325

foulc1330

tache1390

dark?c1400

distain1406

smita1413

blemish1414

black?c1425

defoul1470

maculate?a1475

macule1484

tan1530

staina1535

spota1542

smear1549

blot1566

besmear1579

defile1581

attaint1590

soila1596

slubber1599

tack1601

woad1603

besmirch1604

blur1604

to breathe upon ——1608

be-smut1610

clouda1616

sullya1616

taint1623

smutch1640

blackena1649

to cast, put, throw (etc.) a slur on or upon (a person or thing)1654

beslur1675

tarnish1695

blackwash1762

carbonify1792

smirch1820

tattoo1884

dirten1987

α.

1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. cvi Wes I neuer yit defoullit nor fylit in fame.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2475 Your suster..þat our fame so defoules, & is in filth holdyn.

β. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur ix. xxxii I..am defoiled with falshede and treason.

8. To make unsightly or ugly [cf. foul adj. ], to disfigure.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > disfigure [verb (transitive)]

loathly?c1225

defacec1374

disfigurec1374

emblemishc1384

defoula1387

unhighta1387

disray1431

deform?c1450

foul?c1450

deflower1486

defeata1492

unbeauty1495

deflourisha1513

disform?1520

ungarnish1530

disfashiona1535

disfavour1535

disgrace1549

unbeautify1570

uglify1576

disbeautify1577

dishonest1581

disshape1583

disornament1593

disadorn1598

undeck1598

disvisage1603

unfair1609

untrim1609

debellish1610

disfair1628

discomplexion1640

devenustate1653

disfeature1659

monkeyfy1707

ugly1740

defeature1792

dedecorate1804

scarecrow1853

nastify1873

α.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 389 And þey be faire of schap, þey beeþ defouled and i-made vnsemelich i-now wiþ here owne cloþinge.

1430 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xi The soyle defouled with ruyne Of walles olde.

β. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. lx. 276 Blaynes defoylle the skynne and maketh it vnsemely.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	defoul
释义	† defouldefoiln. Forms: Also defoule, defowle; defoile. Etymology: < defoul v. Obsolete. 1. Trampling down; oppression, outrage. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [noun] threat971 duressc1320 defoulc1330 tyrantry1340 tyrannyc1368 oppressinga1382 overleadinga1382 tyrandisea1382 overlayingc1384 oppression1387 oversettinga1398 thronga1400 overpressingc1450 impressionc1470 tyrantshipc1470 tyrannesse?a1475 aggravation1481 defouling1483 supprissiona1500 oppressmentc1537 conculcation1547 iron hand?1570 thrall1578 tyrannizing1589 tyranting1596 ingrating1599 pressure1616 regrate1621 overpressure1644 slavishness1684 iron heel1798 the world > movement > impact > striking > striking with specific thing > [noun] > with the foot > trampling defoulc1330 tramplingc1440 conculcation1547 overtrampling1593 trample1604 calcation1656 occulcation1656 tramp1808 decalcation1827 c1330 Arth. & Merl. 7999 (Mätzn.) Ther was fighting, ther was toile, And vnder hors knightes defoile. c1330 Arth. & Merl. 9191 Ther was swiche cark and swiche defoil. 1400 Earl of Dunbar Let. in C. Innes Scot. Mid. Ages ix. (1860) 263 The wrongs & the defowle that ys done me. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. viii. xxvi. 54 (Jam.) Lychtlynes and succwdry Drawys in defowle comownaly. c1531 Praier of Ploweman sig. Dv Yef we taken this defoule & this dysease in pacyence. 2. Defilement, pollution. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > [noun] solwinessa1300 befiling1340 filing1340 sulpinga1350 defouling1382 defoula1387 pollutionc1422 inquination1447 contagya1513 coinquination?1550 defiling1585 dirting1591 tainture1609 impuration1614 conspurcation1616 contamination1620 empoisonment1626 defilement1637 contagion1662 dirtying1674 polluting1897 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 109 Þat þe water..takeþ no defoul, but is clene i-now. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum xvii. cxxiii. (Tollem. MS.) Picche defouleþ..and suche defoule [1535 defoylynge] is unneþe taken awey from cloþe. c1400 (?c1380) Patience l. 290 Þer no de-foule of no fylþe watz fest hym abute. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online December 2021). † defouldefoilv. Forms: α. Middle English defoule-n, Middle English–1500s defoul(e, defowl(e, (Middle English defoulle, devoul, def(f)ule, diffowl, dyffowl, Middle English–1500s diffoule). β. Middle English–1500s defoyle, (Middle English defuyl(e, diffoyle, defoylle), Middle English–1500s defoil. See also defile v.¹ Etymology: Middle English < Old French defoule-r (defoler , -fuler , -fuller ) to trample down, oppress, outrage, violate, deflower, < de- prefix 1a + fouler (foler , fuler ) ‘to tread, stampe, or trample on, to bruise or crush by stamping’ Cotgrave (= Provençal folar , Spanish hollar , Italian follare ) < late Latin fullāre to stamp with the feet, to full (cloth), connected with Latin fullo* , -ōnem fuller, medieval Latin fullātōrium a fulling-mill, etc. Senses 1 – 5 existed already in Old French; the senses ‘trample in the mud’, and ‘violate chastity’, thus coming with the word into English, naturally suggested that it contained the native adjective foul adj., Old English fúl , and gave rise to senses 6 – 8, which derive from ‘foul’, as well as (apparently) to the doublet defile n.¹, on the analogy of the equivalence of befoul , befile . The phonology of the variant defuyle , defoyle (found nearly as early as defoule ), has not been satisfactorily made out: see foil v.¹ It occurs in the earlier senses, and does not appear to have been specially connected with defile. Obsolete. 1. a. transitive. To trample under foot; tread down. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > impact > striking > striking with specific thing > strike with specific thing [verb (transitive)] > with the foot > downwards > trample treadc825 overtreadOE to tread down, under foot, in the mire, to the ground, to piecesc1175 defoulc1290 foil13.. to-treada1382 foula1400 fulyie1488 overgo1488 trample1530 tramp1533 conculcate1570 trample1577 overtrample1589 tramp1596 inculcate1598 stramplea1610 calcate1623 scrunch1861 α. c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 375/297 Defoulede huy [þe bones] weren so. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (1724) 536 Hii..orne on him mid hor hors, & defoulede him vaste. a1340 R. Rolle Psalter xc. 13 Þou sall defoul þe lyon & þe dragon. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 167 Mochel is defouled mid þe uet of uolleres Þe robe of scarlet, erþan þet þe kuen his do an. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. vii. 6 Nether sende ȝe ȝour margaritis..before swyne, lest perauenture thei defoulen hem with theire feet [L. conculcent]. c1400 Three Kings Cologne 50 On þe morwe þei siȝen þe weye gretlich defowled with hors fete and oþir beestys. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 181 b/1 Thenne the knyghtes..bete & defowleden nazaryen under theyr feet. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xxvi Wastynge & defoulynge of theyr grasse. β. c1330 Arth. & Merl. 9297 Ther was defoiled King Rion Vnder stedes fet mani on.1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur i. xiv That were fowle defoyled vnder horsfeet.1525 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles II. xv. 30 As they rode abrode, thay beate downe and defoyled their cornes..and wolde nat kepe the highe wayes. b. absol. or intransitive. ΚΠ β. a1300 K. Alis. 2463 Me myghte y-seo ther knyghtis defoille, Heorten blede, braynes boyle, Hedes tomblen. 2. To bruise, break, crush (materially). ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > pressing, pressure, or squeezing > press or squeeze [verb (transitive)] > crush breakc900 to-bruisec1000 swatchea1300 to-gnidea1300 defoulc1300 to-crushc1300 thring13.. squatcha1325 to-squatc1325 oppressa1382 crush?a1400 thronga1400 dequassc1400 birzec1425 crazec1430 frayc1460 defroysse1480 to-quashc1480 croose1567 pletter1598 becrush1609 mortify1609 winder1610 crackle1611 quest1647 scrouge1755 grush1827 jam1832 roll1886 c1300 Beket 1100 The bond is undo And al defouled, and we beoth delyvred so [cf. Psalm cxxiv. 7]. a1325 Prose Psalter xlv[i]. 9 He shal de-foule bowe and breke armes. c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋207 He was woundid for oure mysdede, and defouled by oure felonyes. 14.. in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 575/12 Contero, to breke or defoule. c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) cxxi. 433 The Gryffon so sore defowlyd and bet hym that he could not ryse vp. 3. To trample down or crush (figuratively); to oppress; to outrage, maltreat, abuse. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > oppression > oppress [verb (transitive)] ofsiteOE forthringOE overlayOE ofsetOE to tread down, under foot, in the mire, to the ground, to piecesc1175 overseta1200 defoulc1300 oppressa1382 overpressa1382 overchargec1390 overleadc1390 overliea1393 thringa1400 overcarkc1400 to grind the faces (occasionally face) ofa1425 press?a1425 downthringc1430 vicea1525 tread1526 to hold (also keep, bring, put) one's nose to the grindstonea1533 tyrannizea1533 wring1550 downpress1579 bepress1591 defoil1601 ingrate1604 crush1611 grinda1626 macerate1637 trample1646 α. c1300 St. Brandan 508 The develen..nome thane wrecche faste, And defoulede him stronge y-nouȝ and amidde the fur him caste. 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xviii. 195 How ryght holy men lyueden, How thei defouleden here fleessh. a1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 46 To refuse it [ilke a bodily ymagynacyone] and to defule it, þat it may see the selfe swylke as it es. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness l. 1129 If folk be defowled by vnfre chaunce. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. fij/2 Thou hast gretely defouled me by oultrage. a1513 W. Dunbar Flyting in Poems (1998) I. 208 Oule, rare and ȝowle, I sall defowll thy pryd. β. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 4614 Alle ȝour fon þat with fors defoyled ȝou long.a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. Prol. f. ii^v Of Danes whiche bothe landes defoyled By theyr outrage.1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xlvij^v Perkyn..so many times had been defoyled and vanquished. 4. To violate the chastity of, deflower, debauch. Often, esp. in later use, with the sense of defile. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > loss of chastity > deprive of chastity [verb (transitive)] > a woman forliec1275 defoulc1290 dishonour1393 defilea1400 file?a1400 spilla1400 foilc1440 diviciatec1470 foul?1473 fulyie1505 vitiate1547 dishonest1565 fray1567 out1922 α. c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 181/24 Woldest þov defouli mi bodi? c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 317 Philip..Defoules þer wyues, þer douhtres lay bi, Þer lordes slouh with knyues. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) xxxi. 141 After þe first nyght þat þase wymmen er so defouled. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xliii. l. 163 And for Child beryng neuere defowlid was, but Evere Clene virgine be Goddis gras. 1484 W. Caxton tr. G. de la Tour-Landry Bk. Knight of Tower (1971) lvi. 82 Their suster, that so had be depuceld or defowled. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxvii. 51 The Spanyerdes..pilled the towne, and slewe dyuers, and defowled maydens. 1596 J. Dalrymple tr. J. Leslie Hist. Scotl. (1888) I. 122 Gif quha defoulis a nothir manis wyfe. β. 1430–40 Chaucer's Frankl. T. (Cambr.) 668 Now sythe that maydenys haddyn swich dispit To been defoyled [other MSS. defouled] with manys foule delyt.1486 Act 3 Hen. VII c. 2 Women..been..married to such Mis-doers..or defoiled, to the great Displeasure of God. 5. To violate (laws, holy places, etc.); to break the sanctity of, profane, pollute. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrilege > cause sacrilege [verb (transitive)] defoulc1384 profanea1425 depravea1529 defile1535 unhallow1535 profanate1554 execratea1572 profanizate1578 sacrilege1578 unconsecrate1598 exaugurate1600 defoil1601 dishallow1624 desecrate1675 disenhallow1846 profanizea1876 α. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xii. 5 In sabothis prestis in the temple defoulen the sabothis. a1400 Version of Ps. lxxviii. 1 in Wyclif's Bible Pref. 4 (note) Thei defouledyn thin hooli temple. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (1839) xii. 137 The Jewes..han defouled the Lawe. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Thystorye & Lyf Charles the Grete sig. cj/2 He hath..deffuled chyrches. a1492 W. Caxton tr. Vitas Patrum (1495) i. xxxv. f. xxix/1 The name of our blessyd sauyour..[was] horrybly dispysed & defouled. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid x. vii. 69 The quhilk..Defowlit his fadderis bed incestuusly. 1614 T. White Martyrdome St. George sig. B2^v It moued not the Tyrant to behold The Martirs goodly body so defowld. β. a1400 Prose Psalter lxxviii. 1 Hij filden [Dublin MS. defoilyd] þyn holy temple.?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) l. 7373 My kirke þou hase defuyled.1481 W. Caxton Tulle on Friendsh. C iij That frendship were hurte or defoylled.1549–62 T. Sternhold & J. Hopkins Whole Bk. Psalms lxxix Thy temple they defoile. 6. To render (materially) foul, filthy, or dirty; to pollute, defile, dirty. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > dirtiness > pollution or defilement > pollute or defile [verb (transitive)] afileeOE besmiteeOE shenda950 befilec1000 bisulienc1200 defoulc1320 file1340 foilc1380 smota1387 lime1390 solwea1400 surda1400 infectc1425 filtha1450 poison?a1513 defile1530 polluve1533 inquinate1542 pollute1548 contaminate1563 bumfiddlec1595 impure1598 conspurcate1600 defoil1601 sullya1616 vilify1615 deturpate1623 impiate1623 defedate1628 dreg1628 contemerate1650 spot1741 empoison1775 α. c1320 tr. J. Bonaventura Medit. 506 With wete and eke dung þey hym defoule. 1402 T. Hoccleve Let. of Cupid 186 That bird..ys dyshonest..that vseth to defoule his ovne neste. 1530 J. Rastell New Bk. Purgatory iii. viii. sig. f4^v Yf ony of those table clothes or napkens be defouled wyth dust fylth or other foule mater. 1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie xxxviii. 100 An Hart defowlant the water. β. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 15 b/1 Thy desyrous vysage..the Jewes with their spyttynges have defoylled.1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. i i Henns and capons, Defoylynge theym with their durt.1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Luke xxiv. f. 191 Not stained or defoiled.1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso Godfrey of Bulloigne viii. lx. 153 With dust and gore defoiled. 7. figurative. a. To defile or pollute morally; to corrupt. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > moral or spiritual degeneration > degrading or impairing morally > degrade or impair morally [verb (transitive)] > pollute or defile afileeOE awemOE filec1175 wemc1175 soila1250 foulc1330 defoula1340 bleckc1380 blemishc1380 pollutea1382 tache1390 sulpa1400 vilec1400 spota1413 stain1446 defilec1450 violate1490 tan1530 smear1549 beray1576 moil1596 discolour1598 smut1601 bespurtle1604 sullya1616 commaculatec1616 decolour?c1622 collutulate1623 deturpate1623 berust1631 smutch1640 discolorate1651 smoot1683 tarnish1695 tar1817 dirten1987 α. a1340 R. Rolle Psalter 518 Defouland his elde in syn. c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 129 To kepe hym self unblekkid or defoulid fro þis world. c1440 W. Hylton Scala Perfeccionis (1494) i. lxiii Wyth thy pryde thou defowlest all thy good dedes. 1484 W. Caxton tr. Ordre of Chyualry (1926) iv. 56 Chyualrye..is defouled by coward men & faynt of herte. 1542 R. Taverner Epist. & Gospelles (new ed.) f. cxxiv^v Man which is so much defouled and corrupt in all kynde of vnryghtuousnes. a1555 J. Philpot tr. C. S. Curione Def. Authority Christ's Church in R. Eden Exam. & Writings J. Philpot (1842) (modernized text) 373 He defouleth the whole faith of his testimony, by the falsifying of one part. β. c1440 W. Hylton Scala Perfeccionis (1494) i. xliii Yf thou be defoyled wyth vaynglory.1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) ii. ii. sig. bii/1 They [sc. angels] ben not defoylyd [a1398 BL Add. defouled] wyth none affeccyon.1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 98 Oure resonable soulle..was defoyled and darkyd and mysshape by synne. b. To render ceremonially or sentimentally unclean; to defile, sully. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > cleanness (ceremonial) > [verb (transitive)] > make ceremonially unclean pollutea1382 defoulc1449 defile1535 c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 465 To ete with hondis not wayschen defoulith not a man. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 141 b/1 The mouth whyche god had kyssed ought not to be defouled in touchyng. 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vii. xlii. 372/1 Must I needs defoule my selfe, to be his only faire foule. c. To sully (fame, reputation, or the like); to defame. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > sullying or staining of reputation > stain or sully [verb (transitive)] filea1325 foulc1330 tache1390 dark?c1400 distain1406 smita1413 blemish1414 black?c1425 defoul1470 maculate?a1475 macule1484 tan1530 staina1535 spota1542 smear1549 blot1566 besmear1579 defile1581 attaint1590 soila1596 slubber1599 tack1601 woad1603 besmirch1604 blur1604 to breathe upon ——1608 be-smut1610 clouda1616 sullya1616 taint1623 smutch1640 blackena1649 to cast, put, throw (etc.) a slur on or upon (a person or thing)1654 beslur1675 tarnish1695 blackwash1762 carbonify1792 smirch1820 tattoo1884 dirten1987 α. 1508 Golagros & Gawane (Chepman & Myllar) sig. cvi Wes I neuer yit defoullit nor fylit in fame. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2475 Your suster..þat our fame so defoules, & is in filth holdyn. β. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur ix. xxxii I..am defoiled with falshede and treason. 8. To make unsightly or ugly [cf. foul adj. ], to disfigure. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > lack of beauty > disfigurement > disfigure [verb (transitive)] loathly?c1225 defacec1374 disfigurec1374 emblemishc1384 defoula1387 unhighta1387 disray1431 deform?c1450 foul?c1450 deflower1486 defeata1492 unbeauty1495 deflourisha1513 disform?1520 ungarnish1530 disfashiona1535 disfavour1535 disgrace1549 unbeautify1570 uglify1576 disbeautify1577 dishonest1581 disshape1583 disornament1593 disadorn1598 undeck1598 disvisage1603 unfair1609 untrim1609 debellish1610 disfair1628 discomplexion1640 devenustate1653 disfeature1659 monkeyfy1707 ugly1740 defeature1792 dedecorate1804 scarecrow1853 nastify1873 α. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 389 And þey be faire of schap, þey beeþ defouled and i-made vnsemelich i-now wiþ here owne cloþinge. 1430 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy ii. xi The soyle defouled with ruyne Of walles olde. β. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) vii. lx. 276 Blaynes defoylle the skynne and maketh it vnsemely. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c1330v.c1290
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† defouldefoiln.

† defouldefoilv.