deann.¹

Brit.

/diːn/, U.S.

/din/

Forms: Middle English dene, deen(e, den, Middle English deyn(e ( dyen), 1500s Scottish dane, Middle English–1600s deane, 1600s– dean.

Etymology: Middle English deen, dēn, < Old French deien, dien, modern French doyen = Spanish decano, Italian decano, Portuguese deão, Catalan degá < Latin decānum one set over ten (compare Exodus xviii. 21 Vulgate), also Greek δεκᾱνός, explained < δέκα, decem ten. Whether viewed as Greek or Latin, the form of the word offers difficulties. In both languages, it had also an early astrological sense, ‘the chief of ten parts, or of ten degrees, of a zodiacal sign’: see decan n. Salmasius, De annis climactericis et antiqua Astrologia (Leyden, 1648), considers this the original sense, and holds it to be a term of eastern astrology, which was merely assimilated to δέκα , decem , in Greek and Latin. As a military term, the Greek derivative δεκανία occurs = Latin decuria , in the Tactica of Ælian and of Arrian (both c. 120); the Latin decanus occurs in Vegetius De Re Militari c. 386. The word is then used by Jerome c400 in his translation of Exodus xviii. 21, 25, where the Old Latin had decurio ; and about the same time the monastic use (sense 3 below) appears in Cod. Theodos. xvi. 5. 30, and Cassian's Instit. iv. 10. In later times of the empire it was applied to various civil functionaries. From these monastic and civil uses come all the modern senses of dean.

†1. Representing various uses of late Latin decānus: A head, chief, or commander of a division of ten.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > [noun] > of 10

decurionc1384

doyen1422

deana1425

dizener1489

decener1555

decan1569

decadarch1794

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xviii. 21 Ordeyne thou of hem tribunes, and centuriouns, and quinquagenaries, and deenys [1382 rewlers vpon ten, L. decanos].

c1440 Secrees 187 Ffolwe þanne vche comandour ffoure vicaires, & vche vicaire tene lederes, & vche ledere tene denys, & vche deyn ten men.

c1440 Secrees 187 With vche a ledere tene dyens, and with vche a dyen ten men.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 59/2 Ordeyne of them trybunes & centuriones & denes that may in all tymes juge the peple.

†2. As a translation of medieval Latin decānus, applied in the ‘Laws of Edward the Confessor’ to the teoðing-ealdor, borsholder, headborough, or tithingman, the headman of a friðborh or tenmannetale. (See Stubbs, Const. Hist. I. v. 87.) Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > parish official > [noun] > tithingman or headborough

tithingmanlOE

frithborh-headc1200

headborough1375

thirdborough?c1475

frank-pledgec1503

borsholder1536

borrow-head1581

decurion1591

decener1607

chief-pledge1630

dean1647

a1200 Laws of Edw. Conf. xxviii Sic imposuerunt justitiarios super quosque x friðborgos, quos decanos possumus dicere, Anglicè autem tyenþe heued vocati sunt, hoc est caput x.]

1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 71 If any controversie arose between the pledges, the chiefe pledge by them chosen, called also the Deane or Headburrough may determine the same.

1695 in W. Kennett Parochial Antiq. (1818) II. 338 Which justices, or civil deans, were to examine and determine all lesser causes between villages and neighbours.

3. As a translation of ecclesiastical Latin decānus, applied to a head or president of ten monks in a monastery.In the Old English transl. of the Rule of St. Benedict, c. xxi, rendered teoþingealdor ‘tithing-elder’.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious superior > dean > [noun]

deana1641

a430 St. Augustine De Moribus Eccl. Cath. i. 31 Eis quos decanos vocant eo quod sint denis propositi.]

a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) vii. 437 Onely the Deanes, or Tenth men goe from Cell to Cell to minister consolation.

1695 in W. Kennett Parochial Antiq. (1818) II. 339–340 The like office of deans began very early in the greater monasteries, especially in those of the Benedictine order; where the whole convent was divided into decuries, in which the dean or tenth person did preside over the other nine..And in the larger houses, where the numbers amounted to several decuries, the senior dean had a special preeminence, and had sometimes the care of all the other devolved upon him alone. And therefore the institution of cathedral deans was certainly owing to this practice.

1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) The senior dean, in the absence of the abbot and provost, governed the monastery.

4. The head of the chapter or body of canons of a collegiate or cathedral church.Arising out of the monastic use. ‘As a cathedral officer, the decanus dates from the 8th cent., when he is found, after the monastic pattern, as subordinate to the praepositus, or provost, who was the bishop's vicegerent as head of the chapter’. But ‘the office in its full development dates only from the 10th or 11th c...the Dean of St. Pauls, a.d. 1086, being the first English dean’. Dict. Christian Antiq.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > council > chapter > member of chapter > [noun] > head

provostOE

deanc1330

warden1429

decan1432

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 337 Sir Alisander was hie dene of Glascow.

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiii. 65 Þis freke bifor þe den of poules Preched of penaunces.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xix^v Y^e great Deane of Pawlis Mayster Richarde Wethyrshed.

1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. i. i. 14 Cathedrall churches, wherein the deanes (a calling not knowne in England before the Conquest) doo beare the cheefe rule.

1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 101 Deane and Chapter is a body Corporate spirituall, consisting of..the Deane (who is chiefe) and his Prebends, and they together make this Corporation.

1689 A. Wood Life 17 June Dr. Aldridge, canon of Ch. Ch. [was] installed deane.

1714 J. Swift Imit. Hor. Sat. ii. vi. 43 Good Mr. Dean, go change your gown.

1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire II. iv. viii. 398 There may be a chapter without any dean; as the chapter of the collegiate church of Southwell... Every dean must be resident in his cathedral church four score and ten days..in every year.

1862 Mrs. H. Wood Channings II. viii. 116 ‘Will you pardon my intruding upon you here, Mr. Dean?’ he began.

a. A presbyter invested with jurisdiction or precedence (under the bishop or archdeacon) over a division of an archdeaconry; more fully called rural dean (see rural adj. 4); formerly (in some cases) dean of Christianity; see Christianity n. 4 (There were also urban deans (decani urbani): see Kennett Par. Antiq. II. 339.)Kennett, Du Cange, etc., have cited decanus episcopi in this sense from the ‘Laws of Edward the Confessor’ xxvii; but episcopi is an interpolation not in the original text, the decanus spoken of being really in sense 2 above.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > clerical superior > rural dean > [noun]

deanc1380

pleban1481

rural dean1511

dean of Christianity1695

area dean1972

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 249 Whanne þei ben falsly amendid by officialis & denes.

a1425 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Galba) l. 29539 And of a prest assoylid be, þat power has to vnbind þe, þat es he þat it first furth sent, Als dene or officiall by iugement.

1456 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 236 With offycyal nor den no favour ther ys, But if sir symony shewe them sylver rounde.

1482 Monk of Evesham 80 Of the negligens of denys of archedekons and of other officers.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 216 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 101 The ravyne..Was dene rurale to reid.

1538 A. Fitzherbert Newe Bk. Justyces Peas 121 It shalbe leful to al Archedecons, Deanes, &c...to weare Sarcenet in theyr lynynges of theyr gownes.

1697 Bp. J. Gardiner Advice Clergy Lincoln 6 The Assistance of Rural Deans, which Office is..yet exercised in some Dioceses..but has unhappily been disused in this, (for how long time I know not).

1712 H. Prideaux Direct. Church-wardens (ed. 4) 104 Bishop Lloyd went so far..as to name Rural Deans in every Deanry of the Diocese.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 382 The rural deans are very antient officers of the church, but almost grown out of use; though their deaneries still subsist as an ecclesiastical division of the diocese, or archdeaconry.

1826 R. Polwhele Trad. & Recoll. II. 610 On visiting the church at L. St. Columb as Dean-rural.

Categories »

b. In the American Episcopal Church, the president of a Convocation (convocation n. 3b).

6. In other ecclesiastical uses: Dean of Peculiars: one invested with the charge of a peculiar, i.e. a particular church, parish, or group of parishes which is exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop of the diocese within which it is situated, e.g. the Dean of Battle in Sussex. Such is also the Dean of the Chapels Royal in England (St. James's and Whitehall); in Scotland the Deans of the Chapel Royal are six clergymen of the Church of Scotland, who receive a portion of the revenues formerly belonging to the Chapel Royal of Holyrood. Dean of the Arches: the lay judge of the Court of Arches, who has peculiar jurisdiction over thirteen London parishes called a deanery, and exempt from the authority of the bishop of London. Dean of the Province of Canterbury: the Bishop of London, who, under a mandate from the archbishop, summons the bishops of the province to meet in Convocation.

ΚΠ

1497 Will of John Hawarden (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/11) f. 47 My brother the decane of the Arches of London.]

1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 203 in Justice Vindicated The King shall present to his free chappels (in default of the Dean).

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 64 The then Bishop of London, D^r Laud, attended on his Majesty throughout that whole Journey [into Scotland] which, as he was Dean of the Chappel, he was not obliged to do.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 192 The Judge of this Court..is distinguished by the title of Dean or Official of the Court of Arches.

1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 205 There are also some Deans in England without any Jurisdiction; only for Honour so stiled; as the Dean of the Royal Chapel, the Dean of the Chapel of St. George at Windsor.

1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire II. iv. viii. 400 The third species of deans are those of peculiars... Deans of peculiars have sometimes jurisdiction and cure of souls, as the Dean of Battel, in Sussex, and sometimes jurisdiction only, as the Dean of the Arches, London.

1893 Whitaker's Almanack Dean of the Chapels Royal, The Bishop of London.

7. In the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge: The title of one or more resident fellows appointed to supervise the conduct and studies of the junior members and to maintain discipline among them, to present them for graduation, etc.The office came originally from that of the monastic dean, and was disciplinary; one important function of the dean in early times was to preside at the disputations of the scholars, and in the Oxford colleges of the new foundation deans were appointed in the different faculties, e.g. at New College, two in Arts, one in Canon Law, one in Civil Law, and one in Theology, who presided at the disputations of the students in these faculties; from the end of the 16th cent., it became customary also in most colleges for the dean to present for degrees. At present the functions pertaining to discipline, attendance at chapel, graduation, etc., are sometimes discharged by a single dean, alone or in conjunction with a sub-warden, vice-president, or other vice-gerent, sometimes distributed among two or three deans; hence the offices of senior and junior dean, or sub-dean, dean of arts, dean of divinity, dean of degrees, existing in some colleges.[In the Statutes of Merton Coll., 1267–74, such officers are appointed ‘numero cuilibet vicenario vel etiam decenario,’ but the title decanus is not used.

1382 Stat. New Coll. Oxon. xiv Quinque socii..qui sub dicto custode tanquam ejus coadjutores Scholarium et Sociorum ipsorum curam et regimen habeant, qualiter scilicet in studio scholastico et morum honestate proficiant..Quos omnes sic præfectos Decanos volumus nuncupari. Permittentes quod illi ambo Decani facultatum Juris Canonici et Civilis eligi poterunt, etc.

]

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > dean

dean1577

1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. iii. i. 81 There is moreouer in euerie house a maister or prouost, who hath vnder him a president, and certeine censors or deanes, appointed to looke to the behavour and maners of the students there.

1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess Prol. 8 At College..They lost their weeks; they vext the souls of deans.

1853 ‘C. Bede’ Adventures Mr. Verdant Green iv. 27 He had been Proctor and College Dean there.

1891 Rashdall in Clark Coll. Oxford 157 (New Coll.) The discipline was mainly in the hands of the Sub-Warden and the five deans—two Artists, a Canonist, a Civilian, and a Theologian—who presided over the disputations of their respective Faculties.

a. The president of a faculty or department of study in a university, as in the ancient continental and Scottish universities, and in the colleges affiliated to the modern universities of London, Victoria, etc.In U.S., the dean is now a registrar or secretary.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > president of faculty

dean1524

1271 Chartul. Univ. Paris. I. 488 Magistro J. de Racheroles tunc existente decano facultatis medicine.

1282 Chartul. Univ. Paris. I. 595 Canonicus Parisiensis et decanus theologice facultatis.

1413 Juramentum Bachalariorum, St. Andrews Ego juro quod ero obediens facultati arcium et decano eiusdem.

1453 King James II Let. in Munim. Univ. Glasgow I. 6 Facultatum decanos procuratores nacionum regentes magistros et scholares in prelibata Universitate.]

1524 King James V Let. to St. Andrews 19 Nov. Maister Mertyne Balfour vicar of Monymeil, den of faculte of art of the said universite.

1535 King James V Let. to St. Andrews 28 Feb. Dean of facultie of Theologie of the said university.

1578 Contract in Munim. Univ. Glasg. I. 119 Maister Thomas Smeitoun minister of Paslay and dean of facultie of the said Universitie.

1708 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1743) ii. iii. 438 The University of Glasgow..had originally considerable Revenues for the Maintenance of a Rector, a Dean of Faculty, a Principal or Warden, etc.

1875 Edinb. Univ. Cal. 1875–6 37 The affairs of each Faculty are presided over by a Dean, who is elected from among Professors of the Faculty.

1893 tr. Compayré's Abelard 135 The deans..were the real administrators of their respective Faculties. They presided in the assemblies of their company, and were members of the council of the University.

b. Dean of Faculty n. the president of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > control > person in control > [noun] > one who presides > over an institution or society > specific

corrector1553

guider1578

Dean of Faculty1664

grand1747

regent1890

1664 Minutes Faculty of Advocates 4 June (MS. in Adv. Libr.) Motione being made anent the electione of ane deane of faculty.

1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 7 June (1939) 181 I went to the Dean of Faculty's to a consultation about Constable.

c. Also the usual title of the head of a school of medicine attached to a hospital.

ΚΠ

1849 Minutes of Committee St. Thomas's Hosp. 23 May The Committee having been summoned for the purpose of taking into consideration the appointment of a Dean..it was agreed..that some one member of the Medical School shall for each year act in the capacity and with the title of ‘Dean of the Medical School’.

1893–4 Prospectus St. Thomas's Med. Sch. 16 Dean of the School, G. H. Makins, F.R.C.S.

9. dean of guild:

a. in the medieval guilds, an officer who summoned the members to attend meetings, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > guild of medieval origin > a member > official

steward10..

aldermanc1316

dean of guild1389

master1389

skevin1389

warden1389

searcher1417

quartermaster1556

grand master1615

jurat1714

1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 46 On Dene, for to warnyn alle þ^e gild breþren and sistren.

1864 J. F. Kirk Hist. Charles the Bold (U.S. ed.) I. ii. i. 451 The deans of the guilds and the principal citizens, who had come out to meet him.

b. in Scotland, the head of the guild or merchant-company of a royal burgh, who is a magistrate charged with the supervision of all buildings within the burgh.Except in the four cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, and Aberdeen, where he is still elected by the guildry, this officer is now chosen by the town-councillors from among their own number.

ΚΠ

1469 Sc. Acts Jas. III (1597) §29 Al Officiares perteining to the towne: As Alderman, Baillies, Deane of Gild, and vther officiares.

1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. I. i. iv. 41 The Dean of Guild is that magistrate of a royal borrow who is head of the merchant-company; he has the cognizance of mercantile causes within borrow..and the inspection of buildings.

1803 Gazetteer Scotl. at Selkirk Selkirk is a royal borough,..it is governed by 2 bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, and 10 counsellors.

10.

a. The president, chief, or senior member of any body. [= French doyen.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > senior person > [noun]

elderc1175

seniorc1380

elder mana1387

older1484

ancient1548

dad?1576

doyen1670

dean1687

daddy1877

key man1895

doyenne1905

1687 London Gaz. No. 2215/2 At the Boots of the Coach went the Pages..and by them the Dean or chief of the Footmen in black Velvet.

1827 S. Hardman Battle of Waterloo 15 Ah! ah! Boney, must you, or our Duke, be the chief dean?

1889 Times 25 Nov. 6 The Diplomatic Agents at Cairo..met at the residence of the dean, the Consul-General of Spain, Señor de Ortega.

b. Dean of the Sacred College: see quot. 1885.

ΚΠ

1703 London Gaz. No. 3921/1 The Cardinal de Bouillon will return hither..to exercise his Function of Dean of the College of Cardinals.

1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) The Cardinal Dean is the chief of the sacred college; he is usually the oldest of the Cardinal Bishops..He presides in the consistory in the absence of the Pope.

Compounds

In combinations.

ΚΠ

1862 Sat. Rev. 14 706/1 If Lord Shaftesbury is to be a Dean-maker.

1862 Sat. Rev. 14 706/1 The whole system of Dean-making needs reform.

Draft additions 1993

dean's list n. North American (originally U.S.) a list of students recognized for academic achievement during a term by the dean of the college they attend.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > learning > learner > college or university student > [noun] > prizewinning student > list of students recognized for achievement

dean's list1915

1915 Harvard Univ. Catal. 1914–15 523 The Dean's List. A student who records himself as intending to become a candidate for a degree with distinction in a subject or related subjects is entitled to have his name placed upon a List at the beginning of his Sophomore year.

1923 Harvard Univ. Catal. 1923–4 184 Any student who at the mid-year or final examinations has attained an average of B in his courses may be placed on the Dean's List for the succeeding half-year.

1939 W. L. Phelps Autobiogr. with Lett. xiv. 98 All the students are trying to get on the ‘Dean's List’ which means that if they are sufficiently intelligent or industrious, they will not have to attend classes regularly.

1974 News & Reporter (Chester, S. Carolina) 22 Apr. 5- a/3 Miss Swing..is a rising junior at the University of North Carolina... She is majoring in Sociology and is a dean's list student.

1986 Cambridge (Mass.) Chron. 6 Mar. 3/3 The following Cambridge residents have recently been named to the dean's list at Newbury College.

Draft additions December 2019

A person (esp. a man) who is regarded as pre-eminent in a particular subject or field; the acknowledged leader of a specified group or profession.

ΚΠ

1909 San Francisco Dramatic Rev. 30 Oct. 12/2 We are assured by that dean of managers..John R. Rogers, that Edwin Foy is the greatest living Edwin Hamlet.

1921 T. S. Eliot Let. 17 Nov. (1988) I. 488 Have they sent you the Little Review..in which Ezra..speaks of me as the ‘Dean of English Letters’?

2014 Pittsburgh Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 27 Dec. d4 Mr. Wiseman, the undisputed dean of film documentarians, is distinguished by..letting his complex subjects..speak entirely for themselves.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	dean
释义	deann.¹ Brit. /diːn/, U.S. /din/ Forms: Middle English dene, deen(e, den, Middle English deyn(e ( dyen), 1500s Scottish dane, Middle English–1600s deane, 1600s– dean. Etymology: Middle English deen, dēn, < Old French deien, dien, modern French doyen = Spanish decano, Italian decano, Portuguese deão, Catalan degá < Latin decānum one set over ten (compare Exodus xviii. 21 Vulgate), also Greek δεκᾱνός, explained < δέκα, decem ten. Whether viewed as Greek or Latin, the form of the word offers difficulties. In both languages, it had also an early astrological sense, ‘the chief of ten parts, or of ten degrees, of a zodiacal sign’: see decan n. Salmasius, De annis climactericis et antiqua Astrologia (Leyden, 1648), considers this the original sense, and holds it to be a term of eastern astrology, which was merely assimilated to δέκα , decem , in Greek and Latin. As a military term, the Greek derivative δεκανία occurs = Latin decuria , in the Tactica of Ælian and of Arrian (both c. 120); the Latin decanus occurs in Vegetius De Re Militari c. 386. The word is then used by Jerome c400 in his translation of Exodus xviii. 21, 25, where the Old Latin had decurio ; and about the same time the monastic use (sense 3 below) appears in Cod. Theodos. xvi. 5. 30, and Cassian's Instit. iv. 10. In later times of the empire it was applied to various civil functionaries. From these monastic and civil uses come all the modern senses of dean. †1. Representing various uses of late Latin decānus: A head, chief, or commander of a division of ten. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > [noun] > of 10 decurionc1384 doyen1422 deana1425 dizener1489 decener1555 decan1569 decadarch1794 a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xviii. 21 Ordeyne thou of hem tribunes, and centuriouns, and quinquagenaries, and deenys [1382 rewlers vpon ten, L. decanos]. c1440 Secrees 187 Ffolwe þanne vche comandour ffoure vicaires, & vche vicaire tene lederes, & vche ledere tene denys, & vche deyn ten men. c1440 Secrees 187 With vche a ledere tene dyens, and with vche a dyen ten men. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 59/2 Ordeyne of them trybunes & centuriones & denes that may in all tymes juge the peple. †2. As a translation of medieval Latin decānus, applied in the ‘Laws of Edward the Confessor’ to the teoðing-ealdor, borsholder, headborough, or tithingman, the headman of a friðborh or tenmannetale. (See Stubbs, Const. Hist. I. v. 87.) Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > parish official > [noun] > tithingman or headborough tithingmanlOE frithborh-headc1200 headborough1375 thirdborough?c1475 frank-pledgec1503 borsholder1536 borrow-head1581 decurion1591 decener1607 chief-pledge1630 dean1647 a1200 Laws of Edw. Conf. xxviii Sic imposuerunt justitiarios super quosque x friðborgos, quos decanos possumus dicere, Anglicè autem tyenþe heued vocati sunt, hoc est caput x.] 1647 N. Bacon Hist. Disc. Govt. 71 If any controversie arose between the pledges, the chiefe pledge by them chosen, called also the Deane or Headburrough may determine the same. 1695 in W. Kennett Parochial Antiq. (1818) II. 338 Which justices, or civil deans, were to examine and determine all lesser causes between villages and neighbours. 3. As a translation of ecclesiastical Latin decānus, applied to a head or president of ten monks in a monastery.In the Old English transl. of the Rule of St. Benedict, c. xxi, rendered teoþingealdor ‘tithing-elder’. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious superior > dean > [noun] deana1641 a430 St. Augustine De Moribus Eccl. Cath. i. 31 Eis quos decanos vocant eo quod sint denis propositi.] a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) vii. 437 Onely the Deanes, or Tenth men goe from Cell to Cell to minister consolation. 1695 in W. Kennett Parochial Antiq. (1818) II. 339–340 The like office of deans began very early in the greater monasteries, especially in those of the Benedictine order; where the whole convent was divided into decuries, in which the dean or tenth person did preside over the other nine..And in the larger houses, where the numbers amounted to several decuries, the senior dean had a special preeminence, and had sometimes the care of all the other devolved upon him alone. And therefore the institution of cathedral deans was certainly owing to this practice. 1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) The senior dean, in the absence of the abbot and provost, governed the monastery. 4. The head of the chapter or body of canons of a collegiate or cathedral church.Arising out of the monastic use. ‘As a cathedral officer, the decanus dates from the 8th cent., when he is found, after the monastic pattern, as subordinate to the praepositus, or provost, who was the bishop's vicegerent as head of the chapter’. But ‘the office in its full development dates only from the 10th or 11th c...the Dean of St. Pauls, a.d. 1086, being the first English dean’. Dict. Christian Antiq. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > council > chapter > member of chapter > [noun] > head provostOE deanc1330 warden1429 decan1432 c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 337 Sir Alisander was hie dene of Glascow. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiii. 65 Þis freke bifor þe den of poules Preched of penaunces. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xix^v Y^e great Deane of Pawlis Mayster Richarde Wethyrshed. 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. i. i. 14 Cathedrall churches, wherein the deanes (a calling not knowne in England before the Conquest) doo beare the cheefe rule. 1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 101 Deane and Chapter is a body Corporate spirituall, consisting of..the Deane (who is chiefe) and his Prebends, and they together make this Corporation. 1689 A. Wood Life 17 June Dr. Aldridge, canon of Ch. Ch. [was] installed deane. 1714 J. Swift Imit. Hor. Sat. ii. vi. 43 Good Mr. Dean, go change your gown. 1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire II. iv. viii. 398 There may be a chapter without any dean; as the chapter of the collegiate church of Southwell... Every dean must be resident in his cathedral church four score and ten days..in every year. 1862 Mrs. H. Wood Channings II. viii. 116 ‘Will you pardon my intruding upon you here, Mr. Dean?’ he began. 5. a. A presbyter invested with jurisdiction or precedence (under the bishop or archdeacon) over a division of an archdeaconry; more fully called rural dean (see rural adj. 4); formerly (in some cases) dean of Christianity; see Christianity n. 4 (There were also urban deans (decani urbani): see Kennett Par. Antiq. II. 339.)Kennett, Du Cange, etc., have cited decanus episcopi in this sense from the ‘Laws of Edward the Confessor’ xxvii; but episcopi is an interpolation not in the original text, the decanus spoken of being really in sense 2 above. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > clerical superior > rural dean > [noun] deanc1380 pleban1481 rural dean1511 dean of Christianity1695 area dean1972 c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 249 Whanne þei ben falsly amendid by officialis & denes. a1425 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Galba) l. 29539 And of a prest assoylid be, þat power has to vnbind þe, þat es he þat it first furth sent, Als dene or officiall by iugement. 1456 Pol. Poems (Rolls) II. 236 With offycyal nor den no favour ther ys, But if sir symony shewe them sylver rounde. 1482 Monk of Evesham 80 Of the negligens of denys of archedekons and of other officers. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 216 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 101 The ravyne..Was dene rurale to reid. 1538 A. Fitzherbert Newe Bk. Justyces Peas 121 It shalbe leful to al Archedecons, Deanes, &c...to weare Sarcenet in theyr lynynges of theyr gownes. 1697 Bp. J. Gardiner Advice Clergy Lincoln 6 The Assistance of Rural Deans, which Office is..yet exercised in some Dioceses..but has unhappily been disused in this, (for how long time I know not). 1712 H. Prideaux Direct. Church-wardens (ed. 4) 104 Bishop Lloyd went so far..as to name Rural Deans in every Deanry of the Diocese. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. 382 The rural deans are very antient officers of the church, but almost grown out of use; though their deaneries still subsist as an ecclesiastical division of the diocese, or archdeaconry. 1826 R. Polwhele Trad. & Recoll. II. 610 On visiting the church at L. St. Columb as Dean-rural. Categories » b. In the American Episcopal Church, the president of a Convocation (convocation n. 3b). 6. In other ecclesiastical uses: Dean of Peculiars: one invested with the charge of a peculiar, i.e. a particular church, parish, or group of parishes which is exempt from the jurisdiction of the bishop of the diocese within which it is situated, e.g. the Dean of Battle in Sussex. Such is also the Dean of the Chapels Royal in England (St. James's and Whitehall); in Scotland the Deans of the Chapel Royal are six clergymen of the Church of Scotland, who receive a portion of the revenues formerly belonging to the Chapel Royal of Holyrood. Dean of the Arches: the lay judge of the Court of Arches, who has peculiar jurisdiction over thirteen London parishes called a deanery, and exempt from the authority of the bishop of London. Dean of the Province of Canterbury: the Bishop of London, who, under a mandate from the archbishop, summons the bishops of the province to meet in Convocation. ΚΠ 1497 Will of John Hawarden (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/11) f. 47 My brother the decane of the Arches of London.] 1660 R. Coke Elements Power & Subjection 203 in Justice Vindicated The King shall present to his free chappels (in default of the Dean). 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 64 The then Bishop of London, D^r Laud, attended on his Majesty throughout that whole Journey [into Scotland] which, as he was Dean of the Chappel, he was not obliged to do. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 192 The Judge of this Court..is distinguished by the title of Dean or Official of the Court of Arches. 1726 J. Ayliffe Parergon Juris Canonici Anglicani 205 There are also some Deans in England without any Jurisdiction; only for Honour so stiled; as the Dean of the Royal Chapel, the Dean of the Chapel of St. George at Windsor. 1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire II. iv. viii. 400 The third species of deans are those of peculiars... Deans of peculiars have sometimes jurisdiction and cure of souls, as the Dean of Battel, in Sussex, and sometimes jurisdiction only, as the Dean of the Arches, London. 1893 Whitaker's Almanack Dean of the Chapels Royal, The Bishop of London. 7. In the colleges of Oxford and Cambridge: The title of one or more resident fellows appointed to supervise the conduct and studies of the junior members and to maintain discipline among them, to present them for graduation, etc.The office came originally from that of the monastic dean, and was disciplinary; one important function of the dean in early times was to preside at the disputations of the scholars, and in the Oxford colleges of the new foundation deans were appointed in the different faculties, e.g. at New College, two in Arts, one in Canon Law, one in Civil Law, and one in Theology, who presided at the disputations of the students in these faculties; from the end of the 16th cent., it became customary also in most colleges for the dean to present for degrees. At present the functions pertaining to discipline, attendance at chapel, graduation, etc., are sometimes discharged by a single dean, alone or in conjunction with a sub-warden, vice-president, or other vice-gerent, sometimes distributed among two or three deans; hence the offices of senior and junior dean, or sub-dean, dean of arts, dean of divinity, dean of degrees, existing in some colleges.[In the Statutes of Merton Coll., 1267–74, such officers are appointed ‘numero cuilibet vicenario vel etiam decenario,’ but the title decanus is not used. 1382 Stat. New Coll. Oxon. xiv Quinque socii..qui sub dicto custode tanquam ejus coadjutores Scholarium et Sociorum ipsorum curam et regimen habeant, qualiter scilicet in studio scholastico et morum honestate proficiant..Quos omnes sic præfectos Decanos volumus nuncupari. Permittentes quod illi ambo Decani facultatum Juris Canonici et Civilis eligi poterunt, etc. ] ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > dean dean1577 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. iii. i. 81 There is moreouer in euerie house a maister or prouost, who hath vnder him a president, and certeine censors or deanes, appointed to looke to the behavour and maners of the students there. 1847 Ld. Tennyson Princess Prol. 8 At College..They lost their weeks; they vext the souls of deans. 1853 ‘C. Bede’ Adventures Mr. Verdant Green iv. 27 He had been Proctor and College Dean there. 1891 Rashdall in Clark Coll. Oxford 157 (New Coll.) The discipline was mainly in the hands of the Sub-Warden and the five deans—two Artists, a Canonist, a Civilian, and a Theologian—who presided over the disputations of their respective Faculties. 8. a. The president of a faculty or department of study in a university, as in the ancient continental and Scottish universities, and in the colleges affiliated to the modern universities of London, Victoria, etc.In U.S., the dean is now a registrar or secretary. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > president of faculty dean1524 1271 Chartul. Univ. Paris. I. 488 Magistro J. de Racheroles tunc existente decano facultatis medicine. 1282 Chartul. Univ. Paris. I. 595 Canonicus Parisiensis et decanus theologice facultatis. 1413 Juramentum Bachalariorum, St. Andrews Ego juro quod ero obediens facultati arcium et decano eiusdem. 1453 King James II Let. in Munim. Univ. Glasgow I. 6 Facultatum decanos procuratores nacionum regentes magistros et scholares in prelibata Universitate.] 1524 King James V Let. to St. Andrews 19 Nov. Maister Mertyne Balfour vicar of Monymeil, den of faculte of art of the said universite. 1535 King James V Let. to St. Andrews 28 Feb. Dean of facultie of Theologie of the said university. 1578 Contract in Munim. Univ. Glasg. I. 119 Maister Thomas Smeitoun minister of Paslay and dean of facultie of the said Universitie. 1708 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1743) ii. iii. 438 The University of Glasgow..had originally considerable Revenues for the Maintenance of a Rector, a Dean of Faculty, a Principal or Warden, etc. 1875 Edinb. Univ. Cal. 1875–6 37 The affairs of each Faculty are presided over by a Dean, who is elected from among Professors of the Faculty. 1893 tr. Compayré's Abelard 135 The deans..were the real administrators of their respective Faculties. They presided in the assemblies of their company, and were members of the council of the University. b. Dean of Faculty n. the president of the Faculty of Advocates in Scotland. ΘΚΠ society > authority > control > person in control > [noun] > one who presides > over an institution or society > specific corrector1553 guider1578 Dean of Faculty1664 grand1747 regent1890 1664 Minutes Faculty of Advocates 4 June (MS. in Adv. Libr.) Motione being made anent the electione of ane deane of faculty. 1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 7 June (1939) 181 I went to the Dean of Faculty's to a consultation about Constable. c. Also the usual title of the head of a school of medicine attached to a hospital. ΚΠ 1849 Minutes of Committee St. Thomas's Hosp. 23 May The Committee having been summoned for the purpose of taking into consideration the appointment of a Dean..it was agreed..that some one member of the Medical School shall for each year act in the capacity and with the title of ‘Dean of the Medical School’. 1893–4 Prospectus St. Thomas's Med. Sch. 16 Dean of the School, G. H. Makins, F.R.C.S. 9. dean of guild: a. in the medieval guilds, an officer who summoned the members to attend meetings, etc. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > guild of medieval origin > a member > official steward10.. aldermanc1316 dean of guild1389 master1389 skevin1389 warden1389 searcher1417 quartermaster1556 grand master1615 jurat1714 1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 46 On Dene, for to warnyn alle þ^e gild breþren and sistren. 1864 J. F. Kirk Hist. Charles the Bold (U.S. ed.) I. ii. i. 451 The deans of the guilds and the principal citizens, who had come out to meet him. b. in Scotland, the head of the guild or merchant-company of a royal burgh, who is a magistrate charged with the supervision of all buildings within the burgh.Except in the four cities of Edinburgh, Glasgow, Perth, and Aberdeen, where he is still elected by the guildry, this officer is now chosen by the town-councillors from among their own number. ΚΠ 1469 Sc. Acts Jas. III (1597) §29 Al Officiares perteining to the towne: As Alderman, Baillies, Deane of Gild, and vther officiares. 1754 J. Erskine Princ. Law Scotl. I. i. iv. 41 The Dean of Guild is that magistrate of a royal borrow who is head of the merchant-company; he has the cognizance of mercantile causes within borrow..and the inspection of buildings. 1803 Gazetteer Scotl. at Selkirk Selkirk is a royal borough,..it is governed by 2 bailies, a dean of guild, treasurer, and 10 counsellors. 10. a. The president, chief, or senior member of any body. [= French doyen.] ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > senior person > [noun] elderc1175 seniorc1380 elder mana1387 older1484 ancient1548 dad?1576 doyen1670 dean1687 daddy1877 key man1895 doyenne1905 1687 London Gaz. No. 2215/2 At the Boots of the Coach went the Pages..and by them the Dean or chief of the Footmen in black Velvet. 1827 S. Hardman Battle of Waterloo 15 Ah! ah! Boney, must you, or our Duke, be the chief dean? 1889 Times 25 Nov. 6 The Diplomatic Agents at Cairo..met at the residence of the dean, the Consul-General of Spain, Señor de Ortega. b. Dean of the Sacred College: see quot. 1885. ΚΠ 1703 London Gaz. No. 3921/1 The Cardinal de Bouillon will return hither..to exercise his Function of Dean of the College of Cardinals. 1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) The Cardinal Dean is the chief of the sacred college; he is usually the oldest of the Cardinal Bishops..He presides in the consistory in the absence of the Pope. Compounds In combinations. ΚΠ 1862 Sat. Rev. 14 706/1 If Lord Shaftesbury is to be a Dean-maker. 1862 Sat. Rev. 14 706/1 The whole system of Dean-making needs reform. Draft additions 1993 dean's list n. North American (originally U.S.) a list of students recognized for academic achievement during a term by the dean of the college they attend. ΘΚΠ society > education > learning > learner > college or university student > [noun] > prizewinning student > list of students recognized for achievement dean's list1915 1915 Harvard Univ. Catal. 1914–15 523 The Dean's List. A student who records himself as intending to become a candidate for a degree with distinction in a subject or related subjects is entitled to have his name placed upon a List at the beginning of his Sophomore year. 1923 Harvard Univ. Catal. 1923–4 184 Any student who at the mid-year or final examinations has attained an average of B in his courses may be placed on the Dean's List for the succeeding half-year. 1939 W. L. Phelps Autobiogr. with Lett. xiv. 98 All the students are trying to get on the ‘Dean's List’ which means that if they are sufficiently intelligent or industrious, they will not have to attend classes regularly. 1974 News & Reporter (Chester, S. Carolina) 22 Apr. 5- a/3 Miss Swing..is a rising junior at the University of North Carolina... She is majoring in Sociology and is a dean's list student. 1986 Cambridge (Mass.) Chron. 6 Mar. 3/3 The following Cambridge residents have recently been named to the dean's list at Newbury College. Draft additions December 2019 A person (esp. a man) who is regarded as pre-eminent in a particular subject or field; the acknowledged leader of a specified group or profession. ΚΠ 1909 San Francisco Dramatic Rev. 30 Oct. 12/2 We are assured by that dean of managers..John R. Rogers, that Edwin Foy is the greatest living Edwin Hamlet. 1921 T. S. Eliot Let. 17 Nov. (1988) I. 488 Have they sent you the Little Review..in which Ezra..speaks of me as the ‘Dean of English Letters’? 2014 Pittsburgh Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 27 Dec. d4 Mr. Wiseman, the undisputed dean of film documentarians, is distinguished by..letting his complex subjects..speak entirely for themselves. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online June 2022). deandenen.² Brit. /diːn/, U.S. /din/ Forms: Old English denu, Old English– dene, Middle English dane, Middle English deyne, 1500s Scottish dyne, 1700s–1800s dean. Etymology: Old English denu , accusative dene , valley < Old Germanic dani- , from the same root as Old English den(n* , den n.¹ ( < Old Germanic danj-o^m). A vale: (a) formerly the ordinary word, literal and figurative (as in Old English déaþ-denu valley of death, Middle English dene of teres), and still occurring in the general sense in some local names, as the Dean, Edinburgh, Taunton Dean, the wide valley of the Tone above Taunton, and perhaps Dean Forest; (b) now, usually, the deep, narrow, and wooded vale of a rivulet.As a common noun, used in Durham, Northumberland, and adjacent parts of Scotland and England; as part of a proper name, separate or forming compounds, occurring much more widely, e.g. Denholm Dean in Roxburghshire, Jesmond Dean or Dene near Newcastle, Castle Eden Dean or Dene and Hawthorndene in Durham, Chellow Dene near Bradford, North Dean near Halifax, Hepworth Dene near Huddersfield, Deepdene near Dorking, East Dean, West Dean, Ovingdean, Rottingdean, in deep wooded vales in the chalk downs near Brighton. The spelling dene is that now prevalent in Durham and Northumberland. In compounds often shortened to den, as Marden, Smarden, Biddenden, etc. in Kent. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] deanc825 dalec893 sladec893 bachea1000 valley1297 vall?1611 droke1772 glen1843 nant1862 draw1864 laagte1868 the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > small > and deep deanc825 dell1531 dimble1589 dingle1591 drumble?a1750 c825 Vesp. Psalter lxxxiii. 7 In dene teara [L. in convalle lacrimarum]. c825 Vesp. Psalter ciii. 10 In deanum. c1000 Ælfric Gram. (Z.) 56 Uallis, dene. c1000 West Saxon Gospels: Luke (Corpus Cambr.) iii 5 Ælc denu [Lindisf. dene, Hatton dane] bið gefylled. a1300 E.E. Psalter lxxxiii. 7 (Mätz.) In dene of teres. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 59 Ich wille maki þe helles and þe danes. a1400–50 Alexander 5421 Þan dryues he furth..into a deyne entris, A vale full of vermyn. c1400 (?c1380) Pearl l. 295 Þou says þou trawez me in þis dene. a1600 Battle of Balrinnes in J. G. Dalyell Scotish Poems 16th Cent. (1801) II. 355 Nou must I flie, or els be slaine,..With that he ran ouer ane dyne, Endlongis ane lytill burne. 1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion iii. 48 Tauntons fruitfull Deane. 1794 W. Hutchinson Hist. & Antiq. Durham III. 1 There are some deep and woody vales or deans near this mansion [at Castle Eden]. 1806 Hull Advertiser 11 Jan. 2/2 The Estate offers..deans for plantations, sheltered from the sea. 1816 Surtees Hist. Durham I. ii. 44 The wild beauties of the Dene [at Castle Eden]. 1873 Murray Handbk. Durham 13 The deep wooded denes which débouche upon the coast. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online March 2022). deann.³ Origin: Probably a borrowing from Cornish. Etymons: Cornish deen, teen. Etymology: Probably < Cornish deen, inflected form (with lenition of the initial consonant) of teen tail end, buttocks (Middle Cornish tyn ), cognate with Welsh tin buttocks, lower part, end (13th cent.), Early Irish tón buttocks, lower part, apparently < a derivative (with nasal suffix) of the same Indo-European base as thigh n. As a Cornish mining term: The end of a level. ΚΠ 1874 in E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. 1881 Trans. Amer. Inst. Mining Engineers 1880–1 9 126 Dean, Corn[wall]. The end of a level. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1894; most recently modified version published online September 2021). < n.¹c1330n.²c825n.³1874
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