alsoadv.n.

Brit.

/ˈɔːlsəʊ/,

/ˈɒlsəʊ/, U.S.

/ˈɔlsoʊ/,

/ˈɑlsoʊ/

Forms:

α. Old English allsua (Northumbrian), Old English ealaswa, Old English ealleswa, Old English–early Middle English eallswa, Old English–early Middle English ealswa, late Old English ællswa, late Old English healswa, late Old English–1500s alswa (northern in later use), early Middle English alsha (transmission error), early Middle English alswoa, early Middle English eallaswa, early Middle English elswa, early Middle English–1500s alsua (northern in later use), Middle English alleso, Middle English allswa (northern in later use), Middle English alsqua (northern), Middle English alssqua (northern), Middle English alssua (northern), Middle English alsswa (northern in later use), Middle English alsuo, Middle English alsway (northern), Middle English alswo, Middle English alzuo (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s alsoo, Middle English–1600s alsoe, Middle English–1600s alsso, Middle English–1700s allso, Middle English– also, late Middle English alsa (northern), late Middle English alsoy, late Middle English halaso, late Middle English halleso, 1500s–1600s allsoe; Scottish pre-1700 allis, pre-1700 allso, pre-1700 allssua, pre-1700 allsua, pre-1700 allswa, pre-1700 alsa, pre-1700 alsoe, pre-1700 alssa, pre-1700 alsso, pre-1700 alssua, pre-1700 alsswa, pre-1700 alsua, pre-1700 alsuay, pre-1700 alswa, pre-1700 alsway, pre-1700 1700s– also.

β. In later use chiefly northern early Middle English alsse, Middle English alce, Middle English alse, Middle English–1500s alls, Middle English–1600s als; Scottish pre-1700 alls, pre-1700 als, pre-1700 alse.

γ. south-west midlands early Middle English asswa, early Middle English asswo, early Middle English aswa.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian alsa , alse , asa , ase , als , as , is , Old Dutch alsō , alsoo , alse (Middle Dutch also , alsoo , alse , als , Dutch alzoo , alzo , als ), Old Saxon alsō (Middle Low German alsō , alse , als ), Old High German alsō (Middle High German alsō , alse , als , German also , als ) < the Germanic base of all adv. + the Germanic base of so adv. and conj. Compare as adv. and conj. and see further discussion at that entry.This word originated as an intensification of so adv. and conj. (compare although conj., alone adj., altogether adj.), and in Old English was used in all the main historical senses of the adverb and conjunction, appearing in correlative constructions expressing comparison, most commonly as an antecedent adverb in a main clause (e.g. eallswa beorht swa gold ) but also as a relative conjunction in the subordinate clause (e.g. eallswa beorht eallswa gold ), and outside such constructions as a simple uncorrelated demonstrative adverb (see Old English examples at branch A.). During the course of the Middle English period, however, first as a relative, and subsequently also as an antecedent, it was progressively reduced to as , which is now the only form used in the relative function and shares with so adv. and conj. that of antecedent (i.e. ‘as good as this’, ‘not so good as that’): for uses of the word in these senses in correlative constructions and discussion of the forms involved, see as adv., as conj. Uses as an uncorrelated demonstrative, regardless of form, are given here. Since around 1500, unreduced, disyllabic forms of this word have been restricted to the senses given at this entry, and do not occur in those listed at as adv. and conj. after this date. Conversely, full reduction to as does not seem to have occurred in the senses covered here, although partially reduced forms without final -o (compare β. forms) are occasionally attested in Middle English and persist in sense A. 3 until the 17th cent., especially in texts from Scotland the north of England and in poetic contexts where prosody favours the use of a monosyllable (compare e.g. eke adv.). The γ. forms are attested (rarely) only in the Cleopatra manuscript of Ancrene Riwle (compare quot. ?c1225 at sense A. 1a) and the Caligula manuscript of Laȝamon's Brut. In early use (until the 16th cent.) frequently written as two words. (Word division in Old English and Middle English examples below often reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)

A. adv.

†1.

a. Expressing identity: wholly so, exactly so; in this or that very manner. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > [adverb] > in this way > in this very manner

alsoOE

so1598

OE Monasteriales Indicia (1996) xxxvi. 28 Ðonne þu micelan rode abban wylle, þonne lege þu þinne finger ofer þinne swyðran finger and rær up þinne þuman. Litelere rode tacen is ealswa, rær up þone litlan finger.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1127 Se ilce Heanri dide þone king to understandene þet he hæfde læten his abbotrice for þet micele unsibbe þet wæs on þet land,..oc hit ne wæs na ðe ma eallswa.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 109 Alswo hure helende is almihtin god, and nis non oðer bute he.

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 167 (MED) As..basme wit þet deade licome þet is þer wið ismiret from rotunge. Al swa deð meidenhad meidenes..flesch wið ute wemmunge halt.

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 16 Aswa ȝe schule don hwenne me hald hire vp ed þe messe.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 11 Et alle þe oþre tiden also biginnen & also enden.

a1325 Judas Iscariot (Corpus Cambr.) l. 138 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 697 He..also endede hys lyf.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 6 Alzuo [c1450 Bk. Vices & Virtues þus] þe tekþ þis uerste heste.

a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) iii. 592 Hys land callid was Hunia; Hunys his Men [was] callyd alsua.

b. Expressing consequence: therefore, then. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adverb]

soothlyc825

welleOE

then971

alsoOE

thusc1175

followinglya1382

suinglya1382

hereuponc1385

effectuallya1398

thereforea1400

therewithc1450

pursuantly1530

consequently?1531

thereupon1534

hence?1535

accordingly1555

presently1580

by consequence1581

hereat1586

eventually1614

porismatically1646

consequentially1656

resultatively1657

pursuant1659

consecutivelya1691

in consequence1775

resultingly1840

propter hoc1844

resultantly1864

OE tr. Vindicta Salvatoris (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) in J. E. Cross Two Old Eng. Apocrypha (1996) 257 Ac ic secge to soðon, þæt on þam ylcan lychaman þe he myd bebyrged wæs, on þam ylcan he eft aras bynnan twam dagum, eall swa ic to soðon wat þæt he ys se soða God.

a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 241 (MED) ‘Hwer scule we win finden?’ Al swa se he cweð, ‘Ego sum uitis uera.’

a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 867 Ðat hird he folge[d] als to ðan.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xiv. ii. 689 Also [L. itaque] þe erþe is ysette in þe myddil space of þe worlde.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 9700 (MED) Qua has na pes, he has als [c1460 Laud as] noght.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Matt. xxii. 28 Also [c1384 E.V. Therefore, L. ergo] in the risyng aȝen to lijf, whos wijf..schal sche be?

†2. Expressing likeness: in the very manner of something else; in like manner, in the same way, likewise, similarly. Obsolete.In later use passing into sense A. 3.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > identity > [adverb]

alsoOE

after onec1385

alikea1393

of the same1399

in likec1400

accordinglyc1449

in like casea1459

after one rate1509

like1529

numericallyc1600

identically1625

undistinguishably1671

formally1682

just the same1874

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb]

ylikeeOE

alsoOE

with likec1175

swilk12..

in (also on and without preposition) like mannerc1330

in semblable case(s, in case(s semblable1390

item1398

in likec1400

semblably1420

in like wise1422

likelya1425

likewisec1443

alikewisec1450

ylikedealc1450

in like casea1459

ylikewise1460

otherwaysc1485

semblable1490

sic-like1513

like1529

seemably1535

likeways1551

agreeably1561

fellowlikea1569

alliably1593

likewisely1605

in specie1632

similarly1657

resemblingly1661

kindredly1765

evenwise1866

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as or like

alsoOE

asa1225

the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as if

alsoOE

as though1297

likec1400

and?a1475

OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxii. 26 Witodlice mid us wærun seofun gebroþru; & se forma fette wif & forðferde & læfde hys breþer his wif butan bearne; & se oðer ealswa & se þrydda oþ ðone seofoþan.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1128 Þær..ealle him geauen gersume & on Scotlande ealswa.

?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 19 Habban an dæl on hys muþe..þanne eftsona oðer dæl ealla swa.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 5 (MED) Al þat folc eode..to munte oliueti and in al swa.

a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 15 Ȝif þu me puttest in þet eȝe, ic þin alswa.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5922 Caradoc wes dæd..& al-swa Mauric his sune.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 6528 (MED) He..bileuede him þere al niȝt & is ost al so.

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 477 (MED) Tak þou þanne my gode stede..& eke my scheld al-so.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark iv. 16 And also [a1425 L.V. in lijk maner; L. similiter] these ben that ben sown on a stoon.

c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 29 And so it semeth al so to me.

a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) ix. 1600 And uthir gentillis..Off his kyn and his [house] alswa.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job ii. 1 When the seruauntes of God came & stode before the Lorde, Sathan came also amonge them, and stode before him.

c1600 Wriothesley's Chron. Eng. (1875) I. 8 This yeare allso..Te Deum was sungen.

3. Expressing amplification: as a further point, item, or circumstance tending in the same direction; further, in addition, besides, as well, too. Cf. eke adv., too adv. 1.not only..but also: see but conj. 11b(b), only adv. 3.

ΚΠ

α.

OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 278 Hui man cweþ on leden and ealswa on englisc: huig, hu færst ðu.

?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 41 And nim eftsona wermodes sæd and seoþ hyt on watere and menge þærto wyn and drince hyt þanne. Eallswa nim þro pipercorn oþþer fif and hete hyt.

a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 10 (MED) Bring us out of wa, of sinne, of sorhe, of sich al-swoa.

a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 19 (MED) In his hous oure lord et and ysmered was also Of Marie.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1620 (MED) Eche a strete was..strawed wiþ floures..and also daunces disgisi redi diȝt were.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) John viii. 19 Ȝe schulden knowe also my fadir [c1384 E.V. Perauenture and ȝe schulden wite my father; 1526 Tindale, Ye shuld have knowen my father also].

1427–8 in J. B. Heath Some Acct. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1869) 5 Alsoe the cres-table on the seide north syde of the halle was maad and layd on.

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. vii. sig. a.v^v Arthur wan alle the north scotland... Also Walys a parte of it helde ayenst Arthur.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xx. 246 Oure lantarnes take with vs alsway.

a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 13 By his father and mothers also consent.

1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 37 Grante me alsua, o heauenlie father, thy grace.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 420 Not in words onely, but in woes also .

c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 53 Thay not onlie relaxit him, bot also the Lord Hereis.

1611 Bible (King James) Mark i. 38 Let vs goe into y^e next townes, that I may preach there also .

1611 Bible (King James) John xii. 18 For this cause the people also met him.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 491 His Spirit..shall write To guide them in all truth, and also arme With spiritual Armour.

1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 55. ⁋5 Some Forces are also posted at Taloir.

1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 13 A very handy ingenious Fellow, who was a Cooper by Trade but was also a general Mechanick; for he was dexterous at making Wheels.

1787 J. Wesley Let. Aug. (1931) VIII. 6 He considered that their design, while it would destroy the slave trade, would also strike at the root of the shocking abomination of slavery.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 213 The declaration of Charles dispensed only with penal laws. The declaration of James dispensed also with all religious tests.

1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. i. 2 Great attention has been paid to the history of legislation, also to that of religion.

1916 P. Grainger Let. 12 Feb. in All-round Man (1994) 18 Oh, my own Mumsey It is dull lacking letters from you, but it is also glorious being in Canada.

1991 C. James Brrm! Brrm! (1992) i. 11 Two of the girls who worked with him behind the counter were quite pretty also.

2008 Daily Tel. 17 Oct. 12/3 Also, for people who cannot take triptans this could be an important breakthrough.

β. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 218 Sir Hugh Bigote als with þe erle fled he.c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1377 Þe bourȝ watȝ so brod & so bigge alce.c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 882 The sorwe of Dorigen he tolde hym als [v.r. alse].a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot Poems (1914) 3 (MED) Þare was crakked many a crowne of wild Scottes and alls of tame.1467 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 8/1 For himself & als as procuratour for his dochter.1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 88 With astrologe and vther instrument, With compas, calk, and als with quadrent.1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 61 Sixe temples he made, in Cambre & Logres als.1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ix. sig. H7^v Als Vna earnd her traueill to renew.c1603 King James VI & I Chorus Ven. in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign James I 3 With viols, gitterne, cistiers als.1647 H. More Philos. Poems 268 Als see whose lovely friendship you decline.

B. n.

An instance of the word ‘also’; an additional consideration, item, person, etc.

ΚΠ

1709 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions 77 With Eke's and Also's tack thy Strain.

1827 J. Mitchell Sketches on Agric. 51 The covenants corresponded, and was amply stuffed with ‘therefores’ and ‘alsos’.

1879 All Year Round 2 Aug. 161/2 To which might have come more ‘furthers’ and ‘ands’ and ‘alsos’ yet.

1893 Methodist Mag. Mar. 256 Happy is he who early determines not to put God among the ‘alsos’, but to make Him the keystone of the arch.

1909 L. C. Hale Actress vii. 130 Also that she must be insured..and above all the alsos was the charge for and the menace of the inventory.

1978 H. Harries-Delisle in J. H. Greenberg et al. Universals Human Lang. IV. 559 The idea of afterthought is even more stressed if we insert an also.

2000 L. Gray-Rosendale Rethinking Basic Writing ii. 113 Malika attaches an also to her next claim.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	also
释义	alsoadv.n. Brit. /ˈɔːlsəʊ/, /ˈɒlsəʊ/, U.S. /ˈɔlsoʊ/, /ˈɑlsoʊ/ Forms: α. Old English allsua (Northumbrian), Old English ealaswa, Old English ealleswa, Old English–early Middle English eallswa, Old English–early Middle English ealswa, late Old English ællswa, late Old English healswa, late Old English–1500s alswa (northern in later use), early Middle English alsha (transmission error), early Middle English alswoa, early Middle English eallaswa, early Middle English elswa, early Middle English–1500s alsua (northern in later use), Middle English alleso, Middle English allswa (northern in later use), Middle English alsqua (northern), Middle English alssqua (northern), Middle English alssua (northern), Middle English alsswa (northern in later use), Middle English alsuo, Middle English alsway (northern), Middle English alswo, Middle English alzuo (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s alsoo, Middle English–1600s alsoe, Middle English–1600s alsso, Middle English–1700s allso, Middle English– also, late Middle English alsa (northern), late Middle English alsoy, late Middle English halaso, late Middle English halleso, 1500s–1600s allsoe; Scottish pre-1700 allis, pre-1700 allso, pre-1700 allssua, pre-1700 allsua, pre-1700 allswa, pre-1700 alsa, pre-1700 alsoe, pre-1700 alssa, pre-1700 alsso, pre-1700 alssua, pre-1700 alsswa, pre-1700 alsua, pre-1700 alsuay, pre-1700 alswa, pre-1700 alsway, pre-1700 1700s– also. β. In later use chiefly northern early Middle English alsse, Middle English alce, Middle English alse, Middle English–1500s alls, Middle English–1600s als; Scottish pre-1700 alls, pre-1700 als, pre-1700 alse. γ. south-west midlands early Middle English asswa, early Middle English asswo, early Middle English aswa. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian alsa , alse , asa , ase , als , as , is , Old Dutch alsō , alsoo , alse (Middle Dutch also , alsoo , alse , als , Dutch alzoo , alzo , als ), Old Saxon alsō (Middle Low German alsō , alse , als ), Old High German alsō (Middle High German alsō , alse , als , German also , als ) < the Germanic base of all adv. + the Germanic base of so adv. and conj. Compare as adv. and conj. and see further discussion at that entry.This word originated as an intensification of so adv. and conj. (compare although conj., alone adj., altogether adj.), and in Old English was used in all the main historical senses of the adverb and conjunction, appearing in correlative constructions expressing comparison, most commonly as an antecedent adverb in a main clause (e.g. eallswa beorht swa gold ) but also as a relative conjunction in the subordinate clause (e.g. eallswa beorht eallswa gold ), and outside such constructions as a simple uncorrelated demonstrative adverb (see Old English examples at branch A.). During the course of the Middle English period, however, first as a relative, and subsequently also as an antecedent, it was progressively reduced to as , which is now the only form used in the relative function and shares with so adv. and conj. that of antecedent (i.e. ‘as good as this’, ‘not so good as that’): for uses of the word in these senses in correlative constructions and discussion of the forms involved, see as adv., as conj. Uses as an uncorrelated demonstrative, regardless of form, are given here. Since around 1500, unreduced, disyllabic forms of this word have been restricted to the senses given at this entry, and do not occur in those listed at as adv. and conj. after this date. Conversely, full reduction to as does not seem to have occurred in the senses covered here, although partially reduced forms without final -o (compare β. forms) are occasionally attested in Middle English and persist in sense A. 3 until the 17th cent., especially in texts from Scotland the north of England and in poetic contexts where prosody favours the use of a monosyllable (compare e.g. eke adv.). The γ. forms are attested (rarely) only in the Cleopatra manuscript of Ancrene Riwle (compare quot. ?c1225 at sense A. 1a) and the Caligula manuscript of Laȝamon's Brut. In early use (until the 16th cent.) frequently written as two words. (Word division in Old English and Middle English examples below often reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.) A. adv. †1. a. Expressing identity: wholly so, exactly so; in this or that very manner. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > [adverb] > in this way > in this very manner alsoOE so1598 OE Monasteriales Indicia (1996) xxxvi. 28 Ðonne þu micelan rode abban wylle, þonne lege þu þinne finger ofer þinne swyðran finger and rær up þinne þuman. Litelere rode tacen is ealswa, rær up þone litlan finger. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1127 Se ilce Heanri dide þone king to understandene þet he hæfde læten his abbotrice for þet micele unsibbe þet wæs on þet land,..oc hit ne wæs na ðe ma eallswa. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 109 Alswo hure helende is almihtin god, and nis non oðer bute he. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 167 (MED) As..basme wit þet deade licome þet is þer wið ismiret from rotunge. Al swa deð meidenhad meidenes..flesch wið ute wemmunge halt. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 16 Aswa ȝe schule don hwenne me hald hire vp ed þe messe. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Nero) (1952) 11 Et alle þe oþre tiden also biginnen & also enden. a1325 Judas Iscariot (Corpus Cambr.) l. 138 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 697 He..also endede hys lyf. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 6 Alzuo [c1450 Bk. Vices & Virtues þus] þe tekþ þis uerste heste. a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) iii. 592 Hys land callid was Hunia; Hunys his Men [was] callyd alsua. b. Expressing consequence: therefore, then. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [adverb] soothlyc825 welleOE then971 alsoOE thusc1175 followinglya1382 suinglya1382 hereuponc1385 effectuallya1398 thereforea1400 therewithc1450 pursuantly1530 consequently?1531 thereupon1534 hence?1535 accordingly1555 presently1580 by consequence1581 hereat1586 eventually1614 porismatically1646 consequentially1656 resultatively1657 pursuant1659 consecutivelya1691 in consequence1775 resultingly1840 propter hoc1844 resultantly1864 OE tr. Vindicta Salvatoris (Cambr. Univ. Libr.) in J. E. Cross Two Old Eng. Apocrypha (1996) 257 Ac ic secge to soðon, þæt on þam ylcan lychaman þe he myd bebyrged wæs, on þam ylcan he eft aras bynnan twam dagum, eall swa ic to soðon wat þæt he ys se soða God. a1225 (?OE) MS Vesp. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 241 (MED) ‘Hwer scule we win finden?’ Al swa se he cweð, ‘Ego sum uitis uera.’ a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 867 Ðat hird he folge[d] als to ðan. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xiv. ii. 689 Also [L. itaque] þe erþe is ysette in þe myddil space of þe worlde. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 9700 (MED) Qua has na pes, he has als [c1460 Laud as] noght. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Matt. xxii. 28 Also [c1384 E.V. Therefore, L. ergo] in the risyng aȝen to lijf, whos wijf..schal sche be? †2. Expressing likeness: in the very manner of something else; in like manner, in the same way, likewise, similarly. Obsolete.In later use passing into sense A. 3. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > identity > [adverb] alsoOE after onec1385 alikea1393 of the same1399 in likec1400 accordinglyc1449 in like casea1459 after one rate1509 like1529 numericallyc1600 identically1625 undistinguishably1671 formally1682 just the same1874 the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [adverb] ylikeeOE alsoOE with likec1175 swilk12.. in (also on and without preposition) like mannerc1330 in semblable case(s, in case(s semblable1390 item1398 in likec1400 semblably1420 in like wise1422 likelya1425 likewisec1443 alikewisec1450 ylikedealc1450 in like casea1459 ylikewise1460 otherwaysc1485 semblable1490 sic-like1513 like1529 seemably1535 likeways1551 agreeably1561 fellowlikea1569 alliably1593 likewisely1605 in specie1632 similarly1657 resemblingly1661 kindredly1765 evenwise1866 the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as or like alsoOE asa1225 the world > relative properties > relationship > similarity > [conjunction] > as if alsoOE as though1297 likec1400 and?a1475 OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxii. 26 Witodlice mid us wærun seofun gebroþru; & se forma fette wif & forðferde & læfde hys breþer his wif butan bearne; & se oðer ealswa & se þrydda oþ ðone seofoþan. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1128 Þær..ealle him geauen gersume & on Scotlande ealswa. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 19 Habban an dæl on hys muþe..þanne eftsona oðer dæl ealla swa. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 5 (MED) Al þat folc eode..to munte oliueti and in al swa. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1868) 1st Ser. 15 Ȝif þu me puttest in þet eȝe, ic þin alswa. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 5922 Caradoc wes dæd..& al-swa Mauric his sune. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 6528 (MED) He..bileuede him þere al niȝt & is ost al so. c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) l. 477 (MED) Tak þou þanne my gode stede..& eke my scheld al-so. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark iv. 16 And also [a1425 L.V. in lijk maner; L. similiter] these ben that ben sown on a stoon. c1475 (?c1400) Apol. Lollard Doctr. (1842) 29 And so it semeth al so to me. a1530 (c1425) Andrew of Wyntoun Oryg. Cron. Scotl. (Royal) ix. 1600 And uthir gentillis..Off his kyn and his [house] alswa. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Job ii. 1 When the seruauntes of God came & stode before the Lorde, Sathan came also amonge them, and stode before him. c1600 Wriothesley's Chron. Eng. (1875) I. 8 This yeare allso..Te Deum was sungen. 3. Expressing amplification: as a further point, item, or circumstance tending in the same direction; further, in addition, besides, as well, too. Cf. eke adv., too adv. 1.not only..but also: see but conj. 11b(b), only adv. 3. ΚΠ α. OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 278 Hui man cweþ on leden and ealswa on englisc: huig, hu færst ðu. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 41 And nim eftsona wermodes sæd and seoþ hyt on watere and menge þærto wyn and drince hyt þanne. Eallswa nim þro pipercorn oþþer fif and hete hyt. a1275 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 10 (MED) Bring us out of wa, of sinne, of sorhe, of sich al-swoa. a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 19 (MED) In his hous oure lord et and ysmered was also Of Marie. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 1620 (MED) Eche a strete was..strawed wiþ floures..and also daunces disgisi redi diȝt were. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) John viii. 19 Ȝe schulden knowe also my fadir [c1384 E.V. Perauenture and ȝe schulden wite my father; 1526 Tindale, Ye shuld have knowen my father also]. 1427–8 in J. B. Heath Some Acct. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1869) 5 Alsoe the cres-table on the seide north syde of the halle was maad and layd on. 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. vii. sig. a.v^v Arthur wan alle the north scotland... Also Walys a parte of it helde ayenst Arthur. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xx. 246 Oure lantarnes take with vs alsway. a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 13 By his father and mothers also consent. 1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Cathechisme or Schort Instr. 37 Grante me alsua, o heauenlie father, thy grace. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 420 Not in words onely, but in woes also . View more context for this quotation c1600 Hist. & Life James VI (1825) 53 Thay not onlie relaxit him, bot also the Lord Hereis. 1611 Bible (King James) Mark i. 38 Let vs goe into y^e next townes, that I may preach there also . View more context for this quotation 1611 Bible (King James) John xii. 18 For this cause the people also met him. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 491 His Spirit..shall write To guide them in all truth, and also arme With spiritual Armour. View more context for this quotation 1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 55. ⁋5 Some Forces are also posted at Taloir. 1719 D. Defoe Farther Adventures Robinson Crusoe 13 A very handy ingenious Fellow, who was a Cooper by Trade but was also a general Mechanick; for he was dexterous at making Wheels. 1787 J. Wesley Let. Aug. (1931) VIII. 6 He considered that their design, while it would destroy the slave trade, would also strike at the root of the shocking abomination of slavery. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. 213 The declaration of Charles dispensed only with penal laws. The declaration of James dispensed also with all religious tests. 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. i. 2 Great attention has been paid to the history of legislation, also to that of religion. 1916 P. Grainger Let. 12 Feb. in All-round Man (1994) 18 Oh, my own Mumsey It is dull lacking letters from you, but it is also glorious being in Canada. 1991 C. James Brrm! Brrm! (1992) i. 11 Two of the girls who worked with him behind the counter were quite pretty also. 2008 Daily Tel. 17 Oct. 12/3 Also, for people who cannot take triptans this could be an important breakthrough. β. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 218 Sir Hugh Bigote als with þe erle fled he.c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) l. 1377 Þe bourȝ watȝ so brod & so bigge alce.c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 882 The sorwe of Dorigen he tolde hym als [v.r. alse].a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot Poems (1914) 3 (MED) Þare was crakked many a crowne of wild Scottes and alls of tame.1467 in T. Thomson Acts Lords Auditors (1839) 8/1 For himself & als as procuratour for his dochter.1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 88 With astrologe and vther instrument, With compas, calk, and als with quadrent.1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 61 Sixe temples he made, in Cambre & Logres als.1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ix. sig. H7^v Als Vna earnd her traueill to renew.c1603 King James VI & I Chorus Ven. in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign James I 3 With viols, gitterne, cistiers als.1647 H. More Philos. Poems 268 Als see whose lovely friendship you decline. B. n. An instance of the word ‘also’; an additional consideration, item, person, etc. ΚΠ 1709 M. Prior Poems Several Occasions 77 With Eke's and Also's tack thy Strain. 1827 J. Mitchell Sketches on Agric. 51 The covenants corresponded, and was amply stuffed with ‘therefores’ and ‘alsos’. 1879 All Year Round 2 Aug. 161/2 To which might have come more ‘furthers’ and ‘ands’ and ‘alsos’ yet. 1893 Methodist Mag. Mar. 256 Happy is he who early determines not to put God among the ‘alsos’, but to make Him the keystone of the arch. 1909 L. C. Hale Actress vii. 130 Also that she must be insured..and above all the alsos was the charge for and the menace of the inventory. 1978 H. Harries-Delisle in J. H. Greenberg et al. Universals Human Lang. IV. 559 The idea of afterthought is even more stressed if we insert an also. 2000 L. Gray-Rosendale Rethinking Basic Writing ii. 113 Malika attaches an also to her next claim. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adv.n.OE
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