cryo-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: 1800s– cryo-, 1800s– kryo- (now rare).

Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek κρύος.

Etymology: Combining form of ancient Greek κρύος frost, icy cold < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek κρύσταλλος crystal n. and classical Latin crusta crust n.Earliest attested c1800 in cryolite n., followed in the early 19th cent. by cryophorus n., the earliest formation independent of foreign-language models. Most formations date from the second half of the 19th cent. or later.

a. Forming words with the senses ‘of ice, frost, or extreme cold’, ‘associated with or producing very low temperatures’. In later use often short for cryogenic or cryonic.

ΚΠ

1875 F. Guthrie in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 49 12 It is an essential element in the existence of these compounds that they can only exist in the solid state below 0° C. Hence I propose to call them for the present ‘cryohydrates’.

1943 Q. Rev. Biol. 18 181/2 Kol distinguishes two types of cryoenvironments, the silicotroph and the calcitroph types.

1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xv. 491 It is on the floating sea-ice..that the most plentiful cryovegetation (of a sort) is commonly developed.

1969 New Scientist 30 Jan. 229/2 A permanent cryolesion is made after a trial of local cooling in different areas of the brain.

1994 Sci. Amer. Mar. 94/2 The cryoengineers have not lagged. There are many tankers afloat to carry liquid methane across the seas.

1997 J. Hatfield & G. Burt Unauthorized X-Cycl. 159 Scully..attempted to reconstruct the history-altering chemical compound on the cryolab's computers.

(a) spec. Denoting subjects or techniques concerned with or involving very low temperatures.Some of the more established compounds of this type are entered separately at sense 1b(b). See also cryobiology n., cryotherapy n., etc.

ΚΠ

1885 Chem. News 11 Dec. 297/1 Application of Cryoscopy to the Determination of Molecular Weights.—F. M. Raoult.

1958 Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 4 232 About a third of the laboratory was devoted to problems of cryophysics.

1963 New Scientist 19 Dec. 724 The first experiments in ‘cryochemistry’ were performed by Sir James Dewar at the Royal Institution..in 1885.

1971 Nature 28 May 226/1 Development work in cryotechnology includes the improvement of both insulation and cryogenic instrumentation.

2006 New Scientist 20 May 62/2 (advt.) This state of the art facility opened in 2003 and houses..a fully equipped cryo-preparation laboratory.

(b)

cryo-electron microscopy n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪəʊᵻlɛktrɒn mʌɪˈkrɒskəpi/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊəˌlɛktrɑn maɪˈkrɑskəpi/

/ˌkraɪoʊiˌlɛktrɑn maɪˈkrɑskəpi/

ΚΠ

1968 Science Mar. 1399/1 (advt.) Training: biochemistry, cryoelectron microscopy, immunochemistry, physiology.

1985 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 181 123 Unstained microtubules embedded in amorphous ice have been studied by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction.

2006 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 10 Jan. 29 Some of the most breathtaking images of these agents [sc. viruses] have been taken with X-rays or a method called Cryo-electron microscopy.

cryoenzymology n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪəʊɛnzᵻˈmɒlədʒi/

/ˌkrʌɪəʊɛnzʌɪˈmɒlədʒi/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊˌɛnzəˈmɑlədʒi/

ΚΠ

1964 Cryobiology 1 149/1 The reader is referred to the two other reports on other aspects of the cryoenzymology of the 140 tumors studied.

2005 D. Mustafi & M. W. Makinen in S. S. Eaton et al. Biomedical EPR: Pt. B iv. 124 Cryoenzymology entails establishing..conditions in the 0° C to −90° C range under which transient intermediates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be more readily detected.

cryomicroscopy n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)mʌɪˈkrɒskəpi/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊmaɪˈkrɑskəpi/

ΚΠ

1974 Cryobiology 11 551/1 Peculiarities of phase transitions in marrow cell suspensions..have been studied by methods of differential thermal analysis, low temperature electrometry and cryomicroscopy.

2000 Science 15 Dec. 2149/1 We have analyzed the structure of the reconstituted cap-filament complex by electron cryomicroscopy of a frozen hydrated sample.

(a) spec. Denoting apparatus, containers, etc., by or in which very low temperatures can be maintained.Some of the more established compounds of this type are treated separately at sense 1c(b). See also cryostat n.

ΚΠ

1900 Communications Physical Lab. Univ. Leiden No. 51. 3 Cryostat (boiling-glass and boiling-case) for measurements with liquefied gases (especially with liquid oxygen).

1963 New Scientist 11 Apr. 99 The cold ‘window’ is called a cryopanel, and is generally maintained at a temperature close to absolute zero.

1968 P. M. McGrady Youth Doctors ii. 29 Businessmen have already begun to sell ‘Cryo-capsules’..for the prospective longevous sleeper.

1987 Atlantic Mar. 28/1 The Soviets had..all the cryo equipment, waveguides, and other gear shipped to a castle near the Czech-USSR border.

1994 J. Lovell & J. Kluger Lost Moon iv. 93 ‘We'd like you to stir up your cryo tanks.’ ‘O.K.,’ Lovell said. ‘Stand by.’

2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 15 Mar. (Styles section) 10/2 In the kitchen, we found cryo-bags of vegetables that could stay there for months.

(b)

cryochamber n.

Brit.

/ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˌtʃeɪmbə/

U.S.

/ˈkraɪoʊˌtʃeɪmbər/

ΚΠ

1970 Vacuum 20 373/2 The testgas..is admitted through valve V₂..and a pipe directly to the cryochamber.

1987 Plant Physiol. 85 332/1 The two leaflet halves were quench frozen in liquid nitrogen slush and transferred, under vacuum, to the cryochamber.

cryocooler n.

Brit.

/ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˌkuːlə/

U.S.

/ˈkraɪoʊˌkulər/

ΚΠ

1970 Proc. Third Internat. Cryogenic Engin. Conf. 25–27 May 1970 13/2 There would seem to be a need to define the distinction between cryocooler and cryorefrigerator... On the whole, a cooler is smaller than a refrigerator, and moreover it usually has no moving parts.

2004 Energy Optimization News (Nexis) Apr. All cryocoolers lose efficiency as they approach absolute zero.

cryotube n.

Brit.

/ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)tjuːb/

/ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)tʃuːb/

U.S.

/ˈkraɪoʊˌt(j)ub/

/ˈkraɪəˌt(j)ub/

ΚΠ

1978 Acta Leidensia 46 46 No failures were found with bacteria-associated strains when at least 105 amoebae were frozen in 0.2 ml/vial (polypropylene cryotubes).

1997 P. Cornwell Unnatural Exposure xv. 344 I pulled out seven cryotubes so old that instead of plastic, they were made of glass.

cryobank n.

Brit.

/ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)baŋk/

U.S.

/ˈkraɪoʊˌbæŋk/

/ˈkraɪəˌbæŋk/

a store or stock of biological material kept at extremely low temperatures; esp. a sperm bank.

ΚΠ

1973 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 67 346 Strains [of the parasite]..are kept in culture at this unit or in cryobanks at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

1992 Times of India 30 July 3/2 The proposed gene bank is to have..a cryo bank for storage of seeds in liquid nitrogen.

1999 Washingtonian May 66/2 More and more single women are becoming cryobank customers.

cryocautery n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˈkɔːt(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊˈkɔdəri/

/ˌkraɪoʊˈkɑdəri/

Surgery a surgical instrument that freezes tissue; the use of such an instrument, esp. for the destruction of abnormal tissue (cf. cryoablation n.).

ΚΠ

1913 Proc. 3rd Internat. Congr. Refrigeration III. iv. 9 At the upper end..the tube remains open, to permit the addition to the mixture of fresh quantities of solid CO₂, at the same time that CO₂ is released under the influence of the heating produced by contact with the part to be treated and the cryocautery.

1989 J. A. B. Collier & J. M. Longmore Oxf. Handbk. Clin. Specialties (ed. 2) i. 30 Intravaginal lesions should be destroyed with diathermy, cryocautery or laser.

2001 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 26 Oct. 14 Today, most doctors prefer to use surgical methods to destroy the lesions such as laser, cryocautery..or electrocautery.

cryofixation n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)fɪkˈseɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊfɪkˈseɪʃ(ə)n/

fixation of biological specimens by rapid freezing at very low temperature, using nitrogen or other liquid cryogen.

ΚΠ

1959 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 30 2038 (title) Cryofixation and supplementary low-temperature preparation techniques applied to the study of tissue ultrastructure.

1983 Proc. Royal Soc. 1982–3 B. 217 21 The low molecular mass cryoprotective substances commonly used to improve cryofixation are not entirely satisfactory.

2004 Histol. & Histopathol. 19 951 The method has been designed in order to permit rapid cryofixation of intact cell monolayers for subsequent x-ray microanalysis.

cryometer n.

Brit.

/krʌɪˈɒmᵻtə/

U.S.

/kraɪˈɑmədər/

an instrument for measuring very low temperatures.Whether this is the meaning in quot. 1821 is uncertain. The word does not occur again in the book cited, and most subsequent 19th-cent. uses seem to reflect uses of German Kryometer (1838 or earlier).

ΚΠ

1821 A. Ure Dict. Chem. (U.S. ed.) p. vii The article Caloric, as well as..its correlative subjects, Temperature, Thermometer, Evaporation, Congelation, Cryometer, Dew, and Climate.

1845 Chem. Gaz. 3 171 (heading) Pleischl's kryometer.

1880 W. Thomson in Proc. Royal Soc. Edinb. 10 532 The sulphurous acid steam thermometer might more properly be called a cryometer than a thermometer, because it is not very convenient, except for measuring temperatures lower than the atmospheric temperature.

1908 Jrnl. Proc. & Addr. Ninth Ann. Conf. (Assoc. Amer. Universities) 28 The development of the kryometer by which low temperatures are measured to one ten-thousandth of a degree.

1988 Oecologia 76 269/1 The osmotic pressure of the extracts was measure with a cryometer by freezing-point determination.

cryopedology n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pᵻˈdɒlədʒi/

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pɛˈdɒlədʒi/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊpəˈdɑlədʒi/

the branch of science concerned with the action of frost and freezing water on the structure and properties of the ground.

ΚΠ

1946 K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 244 639 Cryopedology, the science of intensive frost action and permanently frozen ground including studies of the processes and their occurrence and also the engineering devices which may be invented to avoid or overcome difficulties induced by them.

1980 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (Nexis) 7 May Another NCNA item on the new techniques being used in China in glaciology and cryopedology mentioned ‘satellite remote-sensing pictures’.

1993 Geomorphology 6 198/1 His [sc. Kirk Bryan's] paper on cryopedology..created a terminology and classification of such processes and products which is now widely used.

cryophyte n.

Brit.

/ˈkrʌɪəfʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˈkraɪəˌfaɪt/

Botany a plant or alga which can withstand very cold or freezing conditions, esp. one growing in snow or ice.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [noun] > that grow in cold environments or at high altitude

alpestral1706

Alpine1800

microtherm1874

hekistotherm1875

cryophyte1909

1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants xxxvii. 154 Closely allied to plankton, but of a subsidiary..nature, is the glacial community forming the cryophyte-formation, which is composed of microphytes that are periodically exposed to ice-cold water.

1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xv. 490 It is perhaps best to refer to the plants growing on snow or ice as ‘cryophytes’.

2001 Global & Planetary Change 31 277/2 The high proportion of cold-resistant cryophytes..and the absence of any boreal elements suggest extremely low temperatures and poor winter snow cover.

cryoplanation n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pləˈneɪʃn/

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pleɪˈneɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊpləˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

/ˌkraɪoʊˌpleɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/

Geomorphology the levelling and lowering of the land surface as a result of the disintegration of rock and soil by frost and ice and the removal of material loosened by such action.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > movement of material > [noun] > by wind, water, or ice

transportation1830

deflation1893

altiplanation1915

cryoplanation1946

1946 K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 244 640 Cryoplanation, land reduction by the processes of intensive frost-action... Includes the work of rivers and streams in transporting materials delivered by the above process.

1976 Quaternary Res. 6 105/1 In Alaska, sharp cryoplanation terraces do not occur outside the present zones of continuous and discontinuous permafrost.

2000 A. R. Orme Physical Geogr. N. Amer. xiii. 259 The entire topic of cryoplanation has been controversial throughout its history..and remains so today.

cryoplankton n.

Brit.

/ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˈplaŋ(k)tən/

/ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˌplaŋ(k)tən/

U.S.

/ˌkraɪoʊˈplæŋkt(ə)n/

/ˈkraɪoʊˌplæŋkt(ə)n/

small and microscopic organisms (esp. algae) that inhabit snow and ice; cf. cryophyte n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > plankton > [noun] > types of

brit1838

limnoplankton1893

zooplankton1897

meroplankton1899

potamoplankton1899

pseudoplankton1899

cryoplankton1902

hypoplankton1902

microplankton1903

haloplankton1909

holoplankton1909

meroplankton1909

nanoplankton1912

neuston1928

aeroplankton1932

staph1933

astroplankton1954

picoplankton1978

1902 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 461 Cryoplankton.

1904 G. S. West Treat. Brit. Freshwater Algae 5 There is a snow-flora, consisting principally of Algæ which pass their entire existence on the snow and ice. This collection of Algæ..is known as the ‘Cryoplankton’.

1995 G. A. J. Scott Canada's Vegetation ii. 54 Antarctica has only 4% of its territory ice free. Reddish, yellow, and green patches of cryoplankton (ice algae)..can be found in summer.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	cryo-
释义	cryo-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: 1800s– cryo-, 1800s– kryo- (now rare). Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek κρύος. Etymology: Combining form of ancient Greek κρύος frost, icy cold < the same Indo-European base as ancient Greek κρύσταλλος crystal n. and classical Latin crusta crust n.Earliest attested c1800 in cryolite n., followed in the early 19th cent. by cryophorus n., the earliest formation independent of foreign-language models. Most formations date from the second half of the 19th cent. or later. 1. a. Forming words with the senses ‘of ice, frost, or extreme cold’, ‘associated with or producing very low temperatures’. In later use often short for cryogenic or cryonic. ΚΠ 1875 F. Guthrie in London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 49 12 It is an essential element in the existence of these compounds that they can only exist in the solid state below 0° C. Hence I propose to call them for the present ‘cryohydrates’. 1943 Q. Rev. Biol. 18 181/2 Kol distinguishes two types of cryoenvironments, the silicotroph and the calcitroph types. 1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xv. 491 It is on the floating sea-ice..that the most plentiful cryovegetation (of a sort) is commonly developed. 1969 New Scientist 30 Jan. 229/2 A permanent cryolesion is made after a trial of local cooling in different areas of the brain. 1994 Sci. Amer. Mar. 94/2 The cryoengineers have not lagged. There are many tankers afloat to carry liquid methane across the seas. 1997 J. Hatfield & G. Burt Unauthorized X-Cycl. 159 Scully..attempted to reconstruct the history-altering chemical compound on the cryolab's computers. b. (a) spec. Denoting subjects or techniques concerned with or involving very low temperatures.Some of the more established compounds of this type are entered separately at sense 1b(b). See also cryobiology n., cryotherapy n., etc. ΚΠ 1885 Chem. News 11 Dec. 297/1 Application of Cryoscopy to the Determination of Molecular Weights.—F. M. Raoult. 1958 Biogr. Mem. Fellows Royal Soc. 4 232 About a third of the laboratory was devoted to problems of cryophysics. 1963 New Scientist 19 Dec. 724 The first experiments in ‘cryochemistry’ were performed by Sir James Dewar at the Royal Institution..in 1885. 1971 Nature 28 May 226/1 Development work in cryotechnology includes the improvement of both insulation and cryogenic instrumentation. 2006 New Scientist 20 May 62/2 (advt.) This state of the art facility opened in 2003 and houses..a fully equipped cryo-preparation laboratory. (b) cryo-electron microscopy n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪəʊᵻlɛktrɒn mʌɪˈkrɒskəpi/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊəˌlɛktrɑn maɪˈkrɑskəpi/ , /ˌkraɪoʊiˌlɛktrɑn maɪˈkrɑskəpi/ ΚΠ 1968 Science Mar. 1399/1 (advt.) Training: biochemistry, cryoelectron microscopy, immunochemistry, physiology. 1985 Jrnl. Molecular Biol. 181 123 Unstained microtubules embedded in amorphous ice have been studied by cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction. 2006 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 10 Jan. 29 Some of the most breathtaking images of these agents [sc. viruses] have been taken with X-rays or a method called Cryo-electron microscopy. cryoenzymology n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪəʊɛnzᵻˈmɒlədʒi/ , /ˌkrʌɪəʊɛnzʌɪˈmɒlədʒi/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊˌɛnzəˈmɑlədʒi/ ΚΠ 1964 Cryobiology 1 149/1 The reader is referred to the two other reports on other aspects of the cryoenzymology of the 140 tumors studied. 2005 D. Mustafi & M. W. Makinen in S. S. Eaton et al. Biomedical EPR: Pt. B iv. 124 Cryoenzymology entails establishing..conditions in the 0° C to −90° C range under which transient intermediates of enzyme-catalyzed reactions can be more readily detected. cryomicroscopy n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)mʌɪˈkrɒskəpi/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊmaɪˈkrɑskəpi/ ΚΠ 1974 Cryobiology 11 551/1 Peculiarities of phase transitions in marrow cell suspensions..have been studied by methods of differential thermal analysis, low temperature electrometry and cryomicroscopy. 2000 Science 15 Dec. 2149/1 We have analyzed the structure of the reconstituted cap-filament complex by electron cryomicroscopy of a frozen hydrated sample. c. (a) spec. Denoting apparatus, containers, etc., by or in which very low temperatures can be maintained.Some of the more established compounds of this type are treated separately at sense 1c(b). See also cryostat n. ΚΠ 1900 Communications Physical Lab. Univ. Leiden No. 51. 3 Cryostat (boiling-glass and boiling-case) for measurements with liquefied gases (especially with liquid oxygen). 1963 New Scientist 11 Apr. 99 The cold ‘window’ is called a cryopanel, and is generally maintained at a temperature close to absolute zero. 1968 P. M. McGrady Youth Doctors ii. 29 Businessmen have already begun to sell ‘Cryo-capsules’..for the prospective longevous sleeper. 1987 Atlantic Mar. 28/1 The Soviets had..all the cryo equipment, waveguides, and other gear shipped to a castle near the Czech-USSR border. 1994 J. Lovell & J. Kluger Lost Moon iv. 93 ‘We'd like you to stir up your cryo tanks.’ ‘O.K.,’ Lovell said. ‘Stand by.’ 2009 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 15 Mar. (Styles section) 10/2 In the kitchen, we found cryo-bags of vegetables that could stay there for months. (b) cryochamber n. Brit. /ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˌtʃeɪmbə/ , U.S. /ˈkraɪoʊˌtʃeɪmbər/ ΚΠ 1970 Vacuum 20 373/2 The testgas..is admitted through valve V₂..and a pipe directly to the cryochamber. 1987 Plant Physiol. 85 332/1 The two leaflet halves were quench frozen in liquid nitrogen slush and transferred, under vacuum, to the cryochamber. cryocooler n. Brit. /ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˌkuːlə/ , U.S. /ˈkraɪoʊˌkulər/ ΚΠ 1970 Proc. Third Internat. Cryogenic Engin. Conf. 25–27 May 1970 13/2 There would seem to be a need to define the distinction between cryocooler and cryorefrigerator... On the whole, a cooler is smaller than a refrigerator, and moreover it usually has no moving parts. 2004 Energy Optimization News (Nexis) Apr. All cryocoolers lose efficiency as they approach absolute zero. cryotube n. Brit. /ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)tjuːb/ , /ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)tʃuːb/ , U.S. /ˈkraɪoʊˌt(j)ub/ , /ˈkraɪəˌt(j)ub/ ΚΠ 1978 Acta Leidensia 46 46 No failures were found with bacteria-associated strains when at least 105 amoebae were frozen in 0.2 ml/vial (polypropylene cryotubes). 1997 P. Cornwell Unnatural Exposure xv. 344 I pulled out seven cryotubes so old that instead of plastic, they were made of glass. 2. cryobank n. Brit. /ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)baŋk/ , U.S. /ˈkraɪoʊˌbæŋk/ , /ˈkraɪəˌbæŋk/ a store or stock of biological material kept at extremely low temperatures; esp. a sperm bank. ΚΠ 1973 Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. & Hygiene 67 346 Strains [of the parasite]..are kept in culture at this unit or in cryobanks at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. 1992 Times of India 30 July 3/2 The proposed gene bank is to have..a cryo bank for storage of seeds in liquid nitrogen. 1999 Washingtonian May 66/2 More and more single women are becoming cryobank customers. cryocautery n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˈkɔːt(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊˈkɔdəri/ , /ˌkraɪoʊˈkɑdəri/ Surgery a surgical instrument that freezes tissue; the use of such an instrument, esp. for the destruction of abnormal tissue (cf. cryoablation n.). ΚΠ 1913 Proc. 3rd Internat. Congr. Refrigeration III. iv. 9 At the upper end..the tube remains open, to permit the addition to the mixture of fresh quantities of solid CO₂, at the same time that CO₂ is released under the influence of the heating produced by contact with the part to be treated and the cryocautery. 1989 J. A. B. Collier & J. M. Longmore Oxf. Handbk. Clin. Specialties (ed. 2) i. 30 Intravaginal lesions should be destroyed with diathermy, cryocautery or laser. 2001 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 26 Oct. 14 Today, most doctors prefer to use surgical methods to destroy the lesions such as laser, cryocautery..or electrocautery. cryofixation n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)fɪkˈseɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊfɪkˈseɪʃ(ə)n/ fixation of biological specimens by rapid freezing at very low temperature, using nitrogen or other liquid cryogen. ΚΠ 1959 Jrnl. Appl. Physics 30 2038 (title) Cryofixation and supplementary low-temperature preparation techniques applied to the study of tissue ultrastructure. 1983 Proc. Royal Soc. 1982–3 B. 217 21 The low molecular mass cryoprotective substances commonly used to improve cryofixation are not entirely satisfactory. 2004 Histol. & Histopathol. 19 951 The method has been designed in order to permit rapid cryofixation of intact cell monolayers for subsequent x-ray microanalysis. cryometer n. Brit. /krʌɪˈɒmᵻtə/ , U.S. /kraɪˈɑmədər/ an instrument for measuring very low temperatures.Whether this is the meaning in quot. 1821 is uncertain. The word does not occur again in the book cited, and most subsequent 19th-cent. uses seem to reflect uses of German Kryometer (1838 or earlier). ΚΠ 1821 A. Ure Dict. Chem. (U.S. ed.) p. vii The article Caloric, as well as..its correlative subjects, Temperature, Thermometer, Evaporation, Congelation, Cryometer, Dew, and Climate. 1845 Chem. Gaz. 3 171 (heading) Pleischl's kryometer. 1880 W. Thomson in Proc. Royal Soc. Edinb. 10 532 The sulphurous acid steam thermometer might more properly be called a cryometer than a thermometer, because it is not very convenient, except for measuring temperatures lower than the atmospheric temperature. 1908 Jrnl. Proc. & Addr. Ninth Ann. Conf. (Assoc. Amer. Universities) 28 The development of the kryometer by which low temperatures are measured to one ten-thousandth of a degree. 1988 Oecologia 76 269/1 The osmotic pressure of the extracts was measure with a cryometer by freezing-point determination. cryopedology n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pᵻˈdɒlədʒi/ , /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pɛˈdɒlədʒi/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊpəˈdɑlədʒi/ the branch of science concerned with the action of frost and freezing water on the structure and properties of the ground. ΚΠ 1946 K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 244 639 Cryopedology, the science of intensive frost action and permanently frozen ground including studies of the processes and their occurrence and also the engineering devices which may be invented to avoid or overcome difficulties induced by them. 1980 BBC Summary of World Broadcasts (Nexis) 7 May Another NCNA item on the new techniques being used in China in glaciology and cryopedology mentioned ‘satellite remote-sensing pictures’. 1993 Geomorphology 6 198/1 His [sc. Kirk Bryan's] paper on cryopedology..created a terminology and classification of such processes and products which is now widely used. cryophyte n. Brit. /ˈkrʌɪəfʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˈkraɪəˌfaɪt/ Botany a plant or alga which can withstand very cold or freezing conditions, esp. one growing in snow or ice. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [noun] > that grow in cold environments or at high altitude alpestral1706 Alpine1800 microtherm1874 hekistotherm1875 cryophyte1909 1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants xxxvii. 154 Closely allied to plankton, but of a subsidiary..nature, is the glacial community forming the cryophyte-formation, which is composed of microphytes that are periodically exposed to ice-cold water. 1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xv. 490 It is perhaps best to refer to the plants growing on snow or ice as ‘cryophytes’. 2001 Global & Planetary Change 31 277/2 The high proportion of cold-resistant cryophytes..and the absence of any boreal elements suggest extremely low temperatures and poor winter snow cover. cryoplanation n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pləˈneɪʃn/ , /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)pleɪˈneɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊpləˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ , /ˌkraɪoʊˌpleɪˈneɪʃ(ə)n/ Geomorphology the levelling and lowering of the land surface as a result of the disintegration of rock and soil by frost and ice and the removal of material loosened by such action. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > formation of features > movement of material > [noun] > by wind, water, or ice transportation1830 deflation1893 altiplanation1915 cryoplanation1946 1946 K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 244 640 Cryoplanation, land reduction by the processes of intensive frost-action... Includes the work of rivers and streams in transporting materials delivered by the above process. 1976 Quaternary Res. 6 105/1 In Alaska, sharp cryoplanation terraces do not occur outside the present zones of continuous and discontinuous permafrost. 2000 A. R. Orme Physical Geogr. N. Amer. xiii. 259 The entire topic of cryoplanation has been controversial throughout its history..and remains so today. cryoplankton n. Brit. /ˌkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˈplaŋ(k)tən/ , /ˈkrʌɪə(ʊ)ˌplaŋ(k)tən/ , U.S. /ˌkraɪoʊˈplæŋkt(ə)n/ , /ˈkraɪoʊˌplæŋkt(ə)n/ small and microscopic organisms (esp. algae) that inhabit snow and ice; cf. cryophyte n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > plankton > [noun] > types of brit1838 limnoplankton1893 zooplankton1897 meroplankton1899 potamoplankton1899 pseudoplankton1899 cryoplankton1902 hypoplankton1902 microplankton1903 haloplankton1909 holoplankton1909 meroplankton1909 nanoplankton1912 neuston1928 aeroplankton1932 staph1933 astroplankton1954 picoplankton1978 1902 Jrnl. Royal Microsc. Soc. 461 Cryoplankton. 1904 G. S. West Treat. Brit. Freshwater Algae 5 There is a snow-flora, consisting principally of Algæ which pass their entire existence on the snow and ice. This collection of Algæ..is known as the ‘Cryoplankton’. 1995 G. A. J. Scott Canada's Vegetation ii. 54 Antarctica has only 4% of its territory ice free. Reddish, yellow, and green patches of cryoplankton (ice algae)..can be found in summer. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form1821
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