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单词 ale
释义

alen.

Brit. /eɪl/, U.S. /eɪl/
Forms:

α. early Old English alu, Old English ala (rare), Old English alo (rare), Old English eala, Old English ealo, Old English–early Middle English eale, Old English–early Middle English ealu, late Old English–1500s hale, Middle English aale, Middle English al- (in compounds), Middle English alee, Middle English ayll, Middle English–1500s all, Middle English–1500s nale, Middle English–1600s aile, Middle English–1600s alle, Middle English– ale, 1500s aill, 1500s ayle, 1500s eal; English regional 1800s hale, 1800s– aayle (Berkshire); Scottish pre-1700 aeil, pre-1700 aeill, pre-1700 aell, pre-1700 aiel, pre-1700 aiell, pre-1700 ail, pre-1700 aile, pre-1700 aill, pre-1700 al, pre-1700 all, pre-1700 alle, pre-1700 ayill, pre-1700 ayl, pre-1700 ayle, pre-1700 ayll, pre-1700 aylle, pre-1700 eall, pre-1700 ealle, pre-1700 eill, pre-1700 ele, pre-1700 elle, pre-1700 hele, pre-1700 1700s– ale, 1800s– eel (Orkney and Shetland).

β. 1500s yel; English regional 1700s– yale, 1800s yaäle (northern), 1800s yell (northern), 1800s– yal (northern), 1800s– yall (northern); Scottish pre-1700 1700s yale, 1700s yeal, 1700s–1800s yell.

See also yill n.
Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Middle Dutch āle , ael a kind of beer containing a smaller amount of hops than usual, and hence sweeter in taste (Dutch aal , †ael , †eel ; in recent use as a loan < English), Old Saxon alo (only in the compound alofat : see ale fat n.), Early Runic alu (genitive plural aluþa , although not all scholars agree on interpretation of this word as meaning ‘beer’), Old Icelandic ǫl (Icelandic öl ), Old Swedish öl (Swedish öl ), Old Danish øl (Danish øl ), all in sense ‘beer’, further etymology uncertain and disputed. Compare Old Prussian alu mead, Latvian alus , Lithuanian alus beer, Old Church Slavonic olŭ (in an isolated attestation in a 13th cent. manuscript, glossing Hellenistic Greek σίκερα fermented liquor, intoxicating beverage: see cider n.), Old Russian ol″ any alcoholic drink except grape wine, Slovene (now archaic) ol beer; of uncertain relationship to the forms in Germanic languages. Perhaps compare also Ossetic æluton beer.Further etymology. In older dictionaries, classical Latin alūmen alum n.1 was frequently suggested as a cognate, but this is impossible on phonological grounds, as well as unlikely on semantic grounds, and would also require positing an otherwise unattested Indo-European base *alu- with an alleged sense ‘bitter’. H. Bjorvand ( Jrnl. Indo-European Stud. 35 (2007) 1–8) suggests that the Germanic nouns are ultimately < the same Indo-European base as alder n.1, the supposed original meaning being ‘the reddish-golden or pale beverage’, with reference to the colour of the drink. Forms with -þ- (see discussion below) would reflect the same dental suffix as seen e.g. in gold n.1; perhaps compare Ossetic æluton beer, in which -on probably reflects later suffixation. The Baltic and Slavonic could show cognates of the Germanic words without the dental suffix; alternatively, some etymologists have considered them early loans < Germanic. Compare also Finnish olut , Estonian õlu beer, and similar forms in other Finno-Ugric languages. These have usually been considered early loans < either Germanic or Baltic; the final t of the Finnish noun suggests borrowing from a form with dental suffixation (hence not from the ancestor of the attested Baltic forms), while the initial vowel would suggest very early borrowing, if from the ancestor of the Germanic forms. An alternative etymology sees the stem of the Germanic word as being ultimately related to Old English alan to nourish (see old adj.). Form history. In Old English the word is a strong neuter and, unlike its Germanic cognates (except for the Early Runic form aluþa ), preserves inflection according to the rare class of dental stems. Regular phonological development leads to loss of the dental suffix in the nominative and accusative singular (ealu , ealo , eala ), while it is preserved in the genitive and dative singular (ealoþ , ealaþ ); in the plural only the genitive plural ealeþa is attested. The isolated Northumbrian genitive singular form alðes is a mixed form showing both preservation of the dental consonant and generalization of the genitive ending -es of the a -stem declension. See further A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §637. Genitive and dative forms preserving the dental suffix are attested regularly in Old English and occasionally in early Middle English; compare:eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. lii. 268 Do healfne bollan ealoð to & swete mid hunige, do hwon buteran & pipores hwon & gehæte þæt ealu & do hwon sealtes to.OE (Northumbrian) Liturgical Texts (Durham Ritual) in A. H. Thompson & U. Lindelöf Rituale Ecclesiae Dunelmensis (1927) 116 Conuertere digneris materiam istam ceruise in suauitatem et hilaritatem seruis tuis : giwoende gimeoduma ðu aefne ðiss alðes on suoetnisse & bliðnisse esnum ðinum.OE tr. Theodulf of Orleans Capitula (Corpus Cambr.) xl. 393 Ne oferdrincað ge eow wines ne oðera ealeða in þæm bið fyrenlust.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1075 Man fordyde þær ealle þa Bryttas þe wæron æt þam brydealoð æt Norðwic.lOE Agreement between Abbot Ceolred & Wulfred (Sawyer 1440) in S. E. Kelly Charters of Peterborough Abbey (2009) 216 Fiftene mitta luhtres aloð, v mitta welsces aloð, fiftene sestras liðes.a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 13 Temperancia..is riht medeme mel; þe man þe hit meðeð riht þe suneð aleð gestninge. The root vowel in West Saxon ealu and ealoþ appears to show back mutation of early Old English *æ . Probably this is the result of a complex levelling process: *æ originally developed by double i-mutation in the genitive and dative singular before i in the inflectional ending. This mutated *æ was subsequently generalized to the nominative and accusative forms and there underwent back mutation to ea before the following back vowel. The resulting diphthong ea was then extended in its turn to the genitive and dative singular forms; moreover, genitive and dative singular forms such as ealoþ , ealaþ also show levelling (of a back vowel) in the unstressed syllable (as they do not show the effects of original i-mutation). Forms without back mutation (alu , aloð , etc.) are also occasionally attested in West Saxon and also in non-West Saxon sources. The form nale shows metanalysis (see N n.). The β. forms show the development of a palatal on-glide; compare yill n. The Early Runic word alu (or its Old English cognate) is apparently attested in an early Anglo-Saxon runic inscription (a stamp used on cremation urns at Spong Hill, Norfolk; probably pre-6th cent.: see R. I. Page Introd. Eng. Runes (ed. 2, 1999) 93, 108). However, it is not entirely certain that this word, found in magical and ritual uses, is etymologically identical to ale n.
1. Any beer other than lager, stout, or porter; spec. beer brewed by top fermentation. Also: a type of this.In Old English apparently the usual word for alcoholic drink brewed from malt (the less common word bēor perhaps denoted a sweeter and stronger drink: see discussion at beer n.1); also used to gloss Latin cervesa, cervesia kind of beer (see cervisial adj.) and caelia kind of beer. However, it probably had a somewhat wider range of possible meanings than ‘beer’ and is occasionally attested referring to other types of alcoholic drink.With the introduction of regular use of hops into England from at least the 15th cent., ale came to designate beer brewed without hops, a distinction which lasted until the 18th cent., when it came to refer to a strong beer. In the 19th cent. ale was sometimes distinguished by its being brewed with malt that has not been roasted or burnt, and hence being paler in colour. The word is now most common (outside historical contexts) as a trade name, or (esp. in real ale, cask ale, etc.) referring to traditionally brewed beer (of any colour).brown, buttered, draught, pale, old, real, Scotch ale, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > ale > [noun]
aleeOE
cervoisec1487
strong barley water1625
Darbya1637
nappy1705
yill1787
nut-brown1828
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) ii. lxv. 292 Healde hine georne wiþ geswet eala, drince hluttor eala & on þæs hluttran ealað wyrte wylle geonge acrinde & drince.
OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 93 Ceruisa, celea, eala.
OE Ælfric Old Test. Summary: Judges (Laud) xiii. 4 in S. J. Crawford Old Eng. Version of Heptateuch (1922) 410 Ne he ealu ne drince næfre oþþe win [L. uinum ac siceram].
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12196 Ne mai hit na mon suggen on his tale of þan win and of þan ale.
c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) l. 14 (MED) Fil me a cuppe of ful god ale.
1389 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 63 (MED) And ye alderman schal hauen, eueriche day ye qwile ye general drynkkynge lestyt, ij galonis hale for is fees.
a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe (1940) i. 10 Sodenly þe berm wold fallyn down þat alle þe ale was lost euery brewyng.
1466 Expenses J. Paston's Funeral in Paston Lett. (1904) IV. 228 For vii. barels of bere, xviis. vid... For iiii. barells of alee, xiiis. iiiid.
1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) II. 660 Of wyne and aill takand thame sic ane fill.
1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth x. sig. Fii Ale is made of malte and water, and they the which do put any other thynge to ale then is rehersed, except yest, barme, or godesgood, doth sofystical theyr ale.
1594 H. Plat Jewell House 16 It is the Hoppe onelie which maketh the essential difference betweene Beere and Ale.
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII v. iii. 10 Do you looke for Ale, and Cakes heere, you rude Raskalls? View more context for this quotation
1676 E. Chamberlayne Angliæ Notitia: 1st Pt. (ed. 9) ii. 51 There are sold in London..many sorts of Ales, very different.
1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Malt Liquor Ale is more diuretick than Beer; that is, unhopp'd Liquor more than that which has Hops in it.
1770 J. Massie Reas. against Tax on Malt 8 A Pint of Ale or strong Beer, costs the Ale-seller, only Five Farthings.
1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering II. 45 Home-brewed ale of excellent quality.
1853 W. M. Thackeray Eng. Humourists v. 240 Then they sallied forth for Rochester on foot, and drank by the way three pots of ale.
1908 Westm. Gaz. 5 Feb. 12/1 His silk hat..had been ruined by the beer-boy spilling a pint of ale into it.
1977 K. E. Woodiwiss Shanna 311 A half-eaten leg of some smallish animal was pushed toward him along with a mug of warm ale.
2007 N.Y. Mag. 12 Mar. 128/2 English-style ‘cask-pulled’ ales, whose warmer temperature and carbonation give them a creamier, stronger taste.
2. A social gathering or festival at which ale drinking forms an important part of the celebrations. Frequently as the second element in compounds. Chiefly historical after 17th cent. Cf. aleing n. 1.Recorded earliest in Old English brydealo bridal n. (cf. also the later form bride ale n.).church, funeral-, midsummer, Whitsun ale, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > social event > social gathering > [noun] > others
aleOE
carola1300
dinnerc1425
love-feast1622
family party1735
aleingc1736
street meeting1820
sausage party1848
church social1862
funfest1904
mixer1916
love-in1967
potlatch1974
raft-up1977
crafternoon1978
geekfest1987
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1076 He þa lædde þæt wif to Norðwic, þær wæs þæt brydealo, þæt wæs manegra manna bealo.
1446 in E. Hobhouse Church-wardens' Accts. (1890) 82 It. reseyvyd with owr taverne ale.
1482 in J. P. Collier Househ. Bks. John Duke of Norfolk & Thomas Earl of Surrey (1844) 164 Paid to the wardons of the Chirch to the ale xij.d.
1583 G. Babington Very Fruitfull Expos. Commaundem. iv. 190 Gadding to this ale or [yt].
1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) ii. i. 138/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I The superfluous numbers of idle waks..church-ales, helpe-ales, and soule-ales, called also dirge-ales, with the heathenish rioting at bride-ales are well diminished.
1670 T. Blount Νομο-λεξικον: Law-dict. Drinklean,..an Ale provided to entertain the Lord, or his Steward.
1733 D. Neal Hist. Puritans II. 246 The Justices assembled at Bridgwater ordered That no Church Ale, Clerk Ale, or Bid Ale be suffered.
1779 Town & Country Mag. Apr. 205/1 Henry earl of Derby..issued orders against..frequenting ales, bear-baitings, and bull-baitings, on the Sunday.
1817 N. Drake Shakespeare & his Times I. i. vi. 177 It was no uncommon thing indeed to have four, six, or eight of these ales yearly.
1857 J. Toulmin Smith Parish (new ed.) 504 There was also an Ale called the Mary-Ale, held, it must be presumed, on one of the days consecrated to the Virgin Mary.
1879 Wild Life in S.C. 140 In this locality, Clerk's Ale, which used to be rather an event, is quite extinct.
1937 H. S. Bennett Life on Eng. Manor x. 266 The Glastonbury tenants..were forced to appear thrice a year at ales held by their lord.
1982 Morris Matters 5 23/2 Roy Dommett's article on Morris Ales suggests Victorian disapproval as a factor in the decline of the Ale.
2003 K. M. Phillips Medieval Maidens v. 189 May Day ales were held,..and..the use of May poles spread in the late fifteenth century.

Phrases

P1. to the ale: to the tavern or public house. Now rare (English regional (Gloucestershire)).
ΚΠ
c1275 Lutel Soth Serm. (Calig.) l. 77 in R. Morris Old Eng. Misc. (1872) 190 (MED) Robin wule Gilot leden to þen ale.
?a1300 Iacob & Iosep (Bodl.) (1916) 6 (MED) While men loueden meri song, gamen & feire tale; Nou hem is wel leuere gon to þe nale.
c1500 Debate Carpenter's Tools in Rev. Eng. Stud. (1987) 38 460 When þei haue wroght an oure or two Anon to þe ale þei wyll go.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) ii. v. 50 Thou hast not so much charity in thee as to goe to the Ale with a Christian. View more context for this quotation
1890 J. D. Robertson Gloss. Words County of Gloucester 101 ‘Where's Bill?..’ ‘He's gone to nale.’
†P2. at (the) ale: at a session of ale drinking; at a tavern or public house. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 407 Whan þey drynkeþ at þe ale, They telleþ meny a lewed tale.
c1390 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Vernon) (1867) A. Prol. l. 42 Feyneden hem for heore foode, fouȝten atte alle [c1400 Trin. Cambr. at þe ale; a1425 Univ. Oxf. at þe nale; c1450 Harl. 6041 at nale].
a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe i. 127 Þu sittyst at þe ale, ȝeuyng þe to glotonye.
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 54 Whan þou art sett at þe nale..loke þin othis be non or smale.
1575 J. Awdely Fraternitye of Vacabondes (new ed.) sig. B.iijv Rince Pytcher is he that will drinke out his thrift at the ale or wine, and he oft times dronke.
1617 N. Assheton Jrnl. (1848) 1 Besse, John, wyffe, self, at ale.
1766 A. Nicol Poems Several Subj. 53 Bairns unborn 'bout them and me Will crack when at the ale, And laugh some day.
P3. in (one's) ale: while drinking ale; under the influence of ale; drunk. Cf. in one's cups at cup n. 10. historical and rare after 17th cent.
ΚΠ
c1450 C. d'Orleans Poems (1941) 104 For folk say short song is good in ale.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xii. 110 (MED) What, art thou in ayll?
1599 J. Danyell Let. 1 Dec. in Cal. MSS Marquis of Salisbury (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1902) (modernized text) IX. 404 Understanding by some of my country footmen in their ale that there are certain books [etc.].
1613 F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Coxcomb v. i, in Wks. (1750) IX. 223 This honest Weaver Being a little mellow in his Ale.
1645 W. Bagwell Distressed Merchant xvii. 35 He that will beleeve every tale, And make mad bargaines, when he's in his Ale.
1673 J. Phillips Maronides v. 121 O Jove of whom I never fail, To speak kind words, though in my Ale.
2001 A. Grey Never Bride (2010) ix. 155 I'll find you the next time you're walking past a narrow alley,..or so deep in your ale that you can't see straight.

Compounds

C1.
a. General attributive, as ale cellar, †ale cleve (cleve n.), ale cup, ale malt, ale pot, ale tub, ale tun, etc.
ΚΠ
OE Aldhelm Glosses (Corpus Cambr. 326) in A. S. Napier Old Eng. Glosses (1900) 152 Apothecis : ealuclyfum [OE Brussels 1650 winhusum].
OE Lacnunga (2001) I. lxviii. 56 Genim alomalt mid ðy wætere; gebreow mid gryt cumb fulne ealað mid ðy wætere; geclænsa; ðonne læt standan ane niht gesweted mid hunige.
1310 in H. T. Riley Memorials London (1868) 74 Aletonne [value 18d.].
1335 in H. T. Riley Memorials London (1868) 194 (MED) [In the said brewhouse..also one] alegiste.
1397 in W. H. Stevenson Rec. Borough Nottingham (1882) I. 340 Unum aleboth.
1440 in G. P. Scrope Hist. Castle Combe (1852) 230 A almesh dyeng fate.
1454 in J. A. Kingdon Arch. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1886) II. 355 (MED) Firste ij Aale standardes and iiij Cantelles of tymber for Wyn.
c1500 Blowbols Test. 9 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 92 He rensyd had many an ale picher.
a1529 J. Skelton Tunnyng of Elynour Rummyng in Certayne Bks. (?1545) sig. D The hennes..go to roust Streyght ouer the ale Ioust And donge whan it commes In the ale tunnes.
1583 G. Babington Very Fruitfull Expos. Commaundem. iv. 189 Idle, or tossing the alepot with their neighbours.
1589 Rythmes Martin Marre-Prelate 99 Then comes Sir Ieffries ale tub tapde by chaunce.
1620 T. Venner Via Recta ii. 39 Our common Ale-pot drunkards.
1682 T. D'Urfey Royalist i. i. 1 My heart shall never zink 'till the Spring's dry, and my good Landlords Ale-Tubs out.
1699 London Gaz. mmmdxiii/4 A small Ale-brewhouse.
1741 T. Wotton Eng. Baronetage I. lix. 487 An ale-cup, with a cover of silver gilt.
1773 ‘J. Wagstaffe’ Batchelor III. 171 Once I pursued this fiend into my ale cellar.
1826 J. Galt Last of Lairds (1896) II. 170 A miscellaneous assemblage of marrowless cups, cracked cream-pots, and ale-glasses.
1856 Rambles round Nottingham I. ii. 63 A huge disused ale tun, resting on its trestles.
1887 J. M. Strickland Life A. Strickland xi. 212 Lady Susan seated herself quietly on an ale-stool.
1903 R. Barr Over Border iii. vi. 244 Every man was a lurking enemy, and that innocent tavern a place of dungeons instead of ale-cellars.
1949 J. M. Phillips Amer. Silver ii. 30 The cider or ale tankard, with..a low flat cover, raised by a horizontal ram's horn or cupped thumbpiece.
1982 P. A. Karr Idylls of Queen xv. 143 De la Rowse dismissed Pinel with a wave of his ale cup.
2003 J. Buchan Crowded with Genius vii. 187 The money was borrowed from the two town banks and secured on the ale duty.
b. Objective. With participles, as ale-brewing, ale-drinking, etc.; with agent or verbal nouns, as ale brewer [earliest attested as a surname] , ale drinker, alemonger [earliest attested as a surname] , ale seller, ale selling, etc.
ΚΠ
OE Beowulf (2008) 1945 Ealodrincende oðer sædan, þæt hio leodbealewa læs gefremede.
1294–1307 in B. Thuresson Middle Eng. Occup. Terms (1950) 202 (MED) Joh. le Almongere..Theobald le Alemongere.
1311 in G. Fransson Middle Eng. Surnames (1935) 78 (MED) Cristin le Alebrewere.
c1430 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1844) I. 33/2 Of the maner of ale brewing be assise.
1456 in 5th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS: Pt. 1 (1876) App. 492 in Parl. Papers (C. 1432) XL. 1 Every ale brewer off the said towne off Rye shall answer, gader, and pay the Maltode [etc.].
?1518 Cocke Lorelles Bote sig. B.vv Potycaryes, ale brewers, and bakers.
1577 J. Aylmer Articles to be enquired Of sig. A.iii Whether any vittaling, typling, or ale selling be had and kept within the mansion house of any Person or Vicar.
1610 B. Rich New Descr. Irel. xvii. 70 This free Mart of Ale-selling in Dublyne, is prohibited to none.
1670 T. Blount Νομο-λεξικον: Law-dict. Trantery, so in some Mannors they call the Money arising by Amercements of Alesellers and Victuallers, for breaking the Assise of Bread and Ale.
1720 in T. Lewis Eng. Presbyterian Eloquence v. 30 A Crew of Ale-Swilling Singing Men.
1768 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued II. ii. 280 The speciallest species of ale-drinking..rhetoricians.
1769 W. Buchan Domest. Med. i. 98 There are few great ale-drinkers who are not phthisical.
1786 W. Cowper Let. 16 Dec. (1981) II. 619 A Shoemaker and an Alemonger have proposed themselves as joint-candidates to succeed us.
1824 T. Carlyle Let. 27 Sept. in Coll. Lett. T. & J. W. Carlyle (1970) III. 158 Jolly ale-drinking, beef-eating people.
1833 T. P. Thompson Exercises (1842) II. 490 If the ale-dealers keep any of the razors for their own use.
1865 Meliora 8 190 Common ale-selling had proved a common nuisance.
1946 C. Beaton Diary in Self Portrait with Friends (1979) xvi. 188 The ale-drinking Thespian.
1979 Homes & Gardens June 83/1 Often these declare their purpose at a glance, with wheel-engraved patterns of the ale brewer's hop leaves and barley.
1998 Grocer 22 Aug. 63/3 It [sc. a wheat beer] will appeal to more serious ale drinkers who would hate to appear trendy.
2009 P. Glennie & N. Thrift Shaping Day iv. 129 Tapsters (that is to say, the retail alemongers) were only to buy beer from the brewers in the latter part of the day.
c. Instrumental, as ale-blown, ale-born, ale-fed, ale-washed, etc.
ΚΠ
1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. F3 Elderton consumed his ale-crammed nose to nothing.
?1593 H. Chettle Kind-harts Dreame sig. C2 Where the one in a sweaking treble, the other in an ale-blowen base carrowle out such adultrous ribaudry.
1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iii. vi. 79 Alewasht wits.
1788 Eng. Lyceum 3 275 Sure breeze the ale drench'd Briton brags.
1836 T. P. Thompson Let. 23 July in Lett. to Constituents 92 That ale-born business the Restoration.
1856 H. A. Olcott Torchlight xxv. 303 His stout ale-filled body, conspicuously supported itself on the arm of her seat.
1905 C. C. Westover Romance of Gentle Will iii. 39 Shakespeare shuddered and half expected to see some ale-blown knight of the road ride forth.
1997 J. V. Jones Master & Fool i. 26 The cat lay dead on the ale-washed floor.
2008 Times (Nexis) 19 Apr. 30 Ale-fed suckling pig with black pudding and twice-baked goats' cheese souffle.
d. attributive, with the sense ‘made of or with ale’, as ale-sop, ale stain, etc.
ΚΠ
a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 742 Hec offa, a ale-sope.
a1529 J. Skelton Colyn Cloute (?1545) sig. B.vv Suche logyke men wyll chop And in theyr fury hop When the good ale sop Dothe daunce in theyr fore top.
1791 Mrs. Frazer Pract. of Cookery 16 They may be dressed..with a beef stock, instead of an ale sauce.
1835 Granville Wykeham I. xix. 306 I beg to propose..that the said master Prynne be allowed an extra ale-sop..for his labour of love.
1857 J. Sullivan Cumberland & Westmorland 169 The ale-posset continues to appear at the village tavern on what is called the Powsowdy night.
1884 ‘S. Tytler’ Beauty & Beast II. xviii. 54 Ale-stains were not so easily rubbed out.
1994 C. Coulter Nightingale Legacy (1995) iv A huge white apron that had more ale stains on it than surely this one day could bring.
C2.
ale barrel n. a barrel in which ale is stored or sold; spec. one having a capacity of 36 (formerly 32 or 34) gallons (or formerly ale gallons).
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > the scientific measurement of volume > measure(s) of capacity > [noun] > liquid measure of capacity > specific units of liquid measure > barrel or cask as unit > specific
ale barrel1736
1425 Indenture between Robert & Thomas Elyngham in Middle Eng. Dict. at Ale xij platers, j chargeour, iij ale barell.
1614 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husbandry i. 98 Let their [sc. pigs'] drinke be the washing of Hoggesheads, or Ale Barrels.
1736 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer II. xi. 73 The Ale Barrel of thirty-two Gallons.
1828 T. Carlyle Burns in Edinb. Rev. Dec. 273 Computing excise dues upon tallow, and gauging alebarrels!
1872 Pop. Sci. June 249/2 That part of the brewery where returned empty ale barrels were washed and steamed before being refilled.
1954 G. B. Hughes Living Crafts x. 99 Under Henry VIII the London ale barrel was standardized at thirty-two beer gallons, [and] the country ale and beer barrel at thirty-four gallons.
2000 Independent (Nexis) 11 Aug. 17 This is life through the bottom of a beer glass, with the dregs of an ale barrel swimming around before your unbelieving eyes.
ale bowl n. now chiefly historical a drinking vessel for ale.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > drinking vessel > [noun] > vessel for specific liquor
ale bowl1420
caudle cup1610
stein1855
sack-pot1857
champagne saucer1861
chirper1862
bombilla1866
krug1866
handle1956
1420 Inventory in Lincoln Chapter Acc. Bk. A. 2. 30 f. 69 4 ale bolles..2d.
c1500 Blowbols Test. 29 in W. C. Hazlitt Remains Early Pop. Poetry Eng. (1864) I. 93 And after ward their toke hym many a throw Of good ale bolys that he had i-blowe.
1582 R. Madox Diary 9 Apr. in E. S. Donno Elizabethan in 1582 (1976) 104 We fownd hym more heedful of the berol and the ale bowle then of his business.
1698 J. Horsman Plain Disc. how to Walk after Lord's Supper 99 A Man that thinks to quench his thirst by sucking the Ale bowl.
1857 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Aug. 236/1 The variety of drinking-cups were in measure and fashion almost endless... Ale-bowls, wassail-bowls, parcel-gilt goblets, court-dishes, tankards, and cans.
1911 L. P. Solsness Utgard 111 As merry as larks over their ale-bowls and punch-glasses.
2000 K. Stokker Keeping Christmas Notes 314/1 On most farms [in districts of Norway] they were served beer from a large ale bowl that went from mouth to mouth.
ale brue n. [apparently < ale n. + brew n.1 (compare the forms of brew v.); compare earlier aleberry n.] now historical and rare = aleberry n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > ale > [noun] > ale with sugar and bread
aleberry1440
ale brue1542
ale-meat1699
1542 A. Borde Compend. Regyment Helth xii. sig. Giiv Ale brues, caudelles and colesses for weke men and feble stomackes..is suffered.
1641 T. Sherwood Charitable Pestmaster 4 Give him nothing inwardly, except it be a warme Caudle, or Ale-brue, or Broth.
1886 J. Bickerdyke Curiosities of Ale & Beer xiv. 383 A very ancient composition was ale-brue, called later ale-berry.
1938 Times 20 Dec. 11/4 On such a morning it was not for ‘weke men and feble stomackes’ alone that ale brue was a commendable cup.
ale-dagger n. historical after 16th cent. a dagger taken to a public house, for use in the event of a fight breaking out.
ΚΠ
1589 J. Lyly Pappe with Hatchet Ded. 3 He that drinkes with cutters, must not be without his ale dagger.
1589 ‘Pasquill of England’ Countercuffe sig. Aiij Pasquill met him..with..a swapping Ale-dagger at his back.
1893 Notes & Queries 8 July 32/2 Since..there were daggers of a particular kind noted for their use in drunken frays, how is it ‘mere slang or raillery’ to call them ale-daggers?
2004 M. Morton Cupboard Love (ed. 2) 23 In the sixteenth century an ale-dagger was a knife worn in anticipation of a drunken brawl.
† ale-dame n. Obsolete rare = alewife n.1
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > providing or serving drink > [noun] > inn or tavern keeping > innkeeper
tappera1000
tapsterc1000
wifeOE
taverner1340
gannekerc1380
tippler1396
alewifec1400
vintnerc1430
alehouse-keeperc1440
ale-taker1454
innholder1463
cellarman1547
ale draper?1593
pint pot1598
ale-man1600
nick-pot1602
tavern-keeper1611
beer-monger1622
kaniker1630
ordinary keeper1644
padrone1670
tap-lash?1680
ale-dame1694
public house keeper1704
bar-keeper1712
publican1728
tavern-man1755
Boniface1795
knight of the spigot1821
licensed victualler1824
thermopolite1832
bar-keep1846
saloon-keeper1849
posadero1851
Wirt1858
bung1860
changer1876
patron1878
bar-tender1883
soda-jerker1883
bar steward1888
pub-keeper1913
1694 W. Westmacott Θεολοβοτονολογια 230 These things are not so much as thought on by our Ale-dames.
† ale fat n. [cognate with or formed similarly to Old Saxon alofat , Old Swedish, Swedish ölfat , Danish ølfad < the Germanic base of ale n. + the Germanic base of fat n.1] Obsolete (historical in later use) = ale vat n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > vat or vessel for brewing or fermenting
ale fateOE
sesterc1000
bruthen-leadc1275
kimnel1335
tine1337
gyle-fat1341
yeast-fat1367
brew-lead1369
coomb?a1400
gyle-tunc1425
brewing-lead1444
brewing vessel1462
work lead1471
lead1504
brewing copper1551
gyle-tub1568
kier1573
batch1697
ale vat1701
working tun1703
tun1713
brewing tub1766
flat1791
round1806
beck1828
gyle1836
tun-tub1842
stone-square1882
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. lxvii. 142 Gif ealo awerd sie genim þa elehtran, lege..under þæt ealofæt, do mid halig wætre þa wyrt on þæt eala.
a1325 (c1280) Southern Passion (Pepys 2344) (1927) l. 1962 God ȝeue þat some of ham miȝte in þe ale-ffat a-drenche!
1596 in Unton Inventories (1841) 13 One yelfate, one cooler.
1694 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 18 130 His Brains worked like Birme in an Ale-Fat.
1841 Edinb. Med. & Surg. Jrnl. 56 322 The lepers had..a large wooden vessel for washing or making wine, a laver, two ale fats, and two bathing fats.
ale firkin n. a small cask for ale, typically of a quarter of the capacity of an ale barrel (see ale barrel n.), (now) approx. 40.9 litres.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > the scientific measurement of volume > measure(s) of capacity > [noun] > liquid measure of capacity > specific units of liquid measure > barrel or cask as unit > firkin
firkin1465
ale firkin1683
1683 Chamberlayne's Present State Eng. (new ed.) iii. xi. 56 The Ale Firkin to contain eight Gallons, Kilderkin sixteen, and the Barrel thirty two.
1736 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer II. xi. 73 The Ale Firkin of eight Gallons.
1800 S. T. Coleridge Sibylline Leaves II. 223 They snatch'd him from the sickle and the plough To gauge ale-firkins.
1966 Arizona (Phoenix) Republic 29 May The mead bowl and ale firkin pass around more rapidly and the fun and fighting become deafening.
2010 N. Leask R. Burns & Pastoral viii. 252 Gaugers imposed a national ‘standard’ of weights and measures in assessing the taxable contents of casks and ale-firkins.
ale gallon n. now historical a measure of capacity for beer and ale, equal to 282 cubic inches (fractionally more than an imperial gallon), approx. 4.6 litres.
ΚΠ
1605 Articles for Alehouskeepers in Henry Whithed's Lett. Bk. (1976) 37 That they draw out their drinck by the ale quart and not by Jugges or Cupps and sell the best after the rate of iijd the ale gallon.
1671 J. Brown Descr. & Use Trianguler-quadrant xii. 305 Which Product divided by 282, gives Ale Gallons; or by 231, gives Wine Gallons, as before.
1760 J. Smeaton Experimental Enq. iii. 69 An hogshead consisting of 63 ale gallons.
1807 T. Young Course Lect. Nat. Philos. I. x. 111 A wine gallon contains 231 cubic inches; an ale gallon is the content of 10 yards of a cylindrical inch pipe.
1871 C. Davies Metric Syst. iii. 116 By this statute the ale gallon was expressly declared to be the eighth part of the measure of the bushel.
1988 H. A. Klein Sci. Measurem. ii. 33 The old magnitude of the corn gallon, 282 cubic inches, became the magnitude of the new ale gallon, which was used as the measure for malt liquor.
ale grains n. now rare = ale grounds n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > malting > [noun] > malt > refuse malt
draffc1275
malt-culms?c1450
malt-dustc1450
ale grounds1577
grain1583
ale grains1630
culmings1688
malt-culmingsa1728
malt tails1743
tail-dust1764
1630 J. Taylor Wks. i. 147/2 A messe of warme Ale-graines from a Brewhouse.
1800 S. Taylor Angling in all its Branches ii. 190 Bait the places in which you intend to fish the next day with ale-grains, blood, and broken worms, incorporated with clay.
1907 Jrnl. Inst. Brewing 13 499 In London, brewers got practically the same price for porter grains as for ale grains.
ale grounds n. now rare refuse malt left after brewing ale.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > malting > [noun] > malt > refuse malt
draffc1275
malt-culms?c1450
malt-dustc1450
ale grounds1577
grain1583
ale grains1630
culmings1688
malt-culmingsa1728
malt tails1743
tail-dust1764
1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry iii. f. 133 Take a quarte of good Alegroundes, and seethe them.
1608 Closet for Ladies & Gentlewomen 112 Take a quantitie of Herb-grace, a quantitie of leuened bread well crummed,..and boyle these in good ale grounds.
1799 J. Andree Some Few Cases & Observ. Fistula 26 The poultice made of stale porter or ale grounds and oatmeal is also a good application.
1844 Penny Mag. 30 Mar. 128/2 A mixture of alegrounds, salt, and other substances is also employed.
1948 H. Clark Mill on Mad River i. ii. 44 Workmen dipped their black burnishing stones into the ale grounds and turned the brass into glory.
ale kilderkin n. now rare a cask for ale, typically of half the capacity of an ale barrel (see ale barrel n.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > [noun] > specific quantity of
cue1603
cee1605
jug?1635
gun1674
ale kilderkin1704
swank1726
nip1736
pint1742
pt.1850
yard of ale1872
square1882
half1888
butcher1889
rabbit1895
rigger1911
sleever1936
tank1936
middy1941
tallboy1956
tube1969
tinnie1974
1704 Exact Abridgm. All Statutes 105 The Cooper shall not inhance the Prices of his Vessels..for an Ale-barrel 16 d. and an Ale-Kilderkin 9 d.
1736 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer II. xi. 73 The Ale Kilderkin of sixteen [Gallons].
1837 Gentleman's Mag. Aug. 80/1 Now I am like unto some tipsy vat, that..hath leaped in its intoxication upon a brace of ale-kilderkins.
1985 R. E. Zupko Dict. Weights & Meas. for Brit. Isles 210 The Irish ale kilderkin..contained..20 Irish gal of 217.6 cu inches each and equal to 2 Irish ale firkins.
ale-man n. now historical the owner or landlord of a public house or tavern; cf. alewife n.1
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > providing or serving drink > [noun] > inn or tavern keeping > innkeeper
tappera1000
tapsterc1000
wifeOE
taverner1340
gannekerc1380
tippler1396
alewifec1400
vintnerc1430
alehouse-keeperc1440
ale-taker1454
innholder1463
cellarman1547
ale draper?1593
pint pot1598
ale-man1600
nick-pot1602
tavern-keeper1611
beer-monger1622
kaniker1630
ordinary keeper1644
padrone1670
tap-lash?1680
ale-dame1694
public house keeper1704
bar-keeper1712
publican1728
tavern-man1755
Boniface1795
knight of the spigot1821
licensed victualler1824
thermopolite1832
bar-keep1846
saloon-keeper1849
posadero1851
Wirt1858
bung1860
changer1876
patron1878
bar-tender1883
soda-jerker1883
bar steward1888
pub-keeper1913
society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of provisions > seller of liquor
wine-tavernerc950
vinter1297
wine-drawer1415
vintnerc1430
vintenerc1450
ale-taker1454
merchant vintner1532
winer1532
ale-man1600
gaugerc1610
brandy-man1723
purl-man1797
haberdasher1821
gin-shopper1831
liquor-seller1855
diddle-cove1858
curate1882
off-licensee1892
1600 A. Munday et al. First Pt. True Hist. Sir I. Old-castle sig. C3v Harp. Cal forth him that keepes the Alehouse there..Ale man Who calls there?
1661 F. Philipps Ligeancia Lugens 11 The people will be double charged by the Brewers and Ale-men.
1770 A. Brice Mobiad i. 5 This War..Sets Ale-men, Alms-men, Aldermen, in Band, Tight by each other, brotherly, to stand.
1863 Chambers's Jrnl. 21 Nov. 334/2 Such was the prejudice against the hop, that an ale-man actually received damages in an action brought against his brewer for ‘putting a certain weed called a hop’ into it.
1994 A. Lamb in Holiday of Love (2005) 289 Across the room, the burly ale-man climbed a ladder and disappeared through a hole in the ceiling.
† ale-meat n. Obsolete rare = aleberry n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > ale > [noun] > ale with sugar and bread
aleberry1440
ale brue1542
ale-meat1699
1699 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 21 403 The Diet..was of Mutton-Broth, Ale-Meat, Poacht-Eggs.
ale passion n. historical after 16th cent. a severe headache or other after-effects caused by drinking an excess of alcohol; a hangover.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [noun] > effects of excessive drinking
ale passion1593
pot verdugo1616
barley-mood1790
katzenjammer1849
Monday head1892
swollen head1898
hangover1904
the morning after (the night before)1909
morning-after1937
whitey1993
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > pain in specific parts > [noun] > in head > other pains in head
Bordeaux hammer1576
ale passion1593
clavus1807
brain freeze1986
1593 Bacchus Bountie in Harl. Misc. (1809) II. 271 A passing preseruatiue against the ale-passion, or paine in the pate.
1932 R. Macaulay Shadow Flies i. xvii. 153 He repented him of his night's excess; this morning he suffered from the ale-passion, a heavy head and an uneasy throat.
2002 L. Sands What she Wants (2011) x The castle's inhabitants were still sleeping off their drink. She imagined most of them would be suffering the ale passion when they woke.
† ale pock n. [ < ale n. + pock n.1] Obsolete a sore on the skin attributed to drinking ale.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > eruption > [noun] > spot of > pimple > caused by drinking
carbuncle?c1425
ale pock1547
grog-blossom1796
rum-bud1805
1547 A. Borde Breuiary of Helthe i. f. 25v It is a lytle whyte whelke or wheale in the face named as I do thynke an ale pocke.
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. xxii. xxii. 128 Sauce-fleame, ale-pockes, and such like ulcers in the face.
1657 A. B. tr. J. Buxtorf Jewish Synagogue iv. 78 The face being washed, great curiosity must be used in the drying of it; for he who does not take care thereof, shall have his face so blossomed with budding Ale pocks.
ale score n. now historical and rare the amount owed by a drinker at a public house or tavern; the record of this, esp. as chalked up on a door or slate (cf. score n. 10a).
ΚΠ
1602 S. Rowlands Greenes Ghost sig. C4 They lie not aboue two moneths in one place, for longer the alescore is not able to hold out,..the poore man..will rather grow desperate.
?1750 Serious Thoughts Publick Disorders 19 The Interest made by the Owners [of public houses]..depends generally upon the Influence they have over poor Voters, on account of the Ale-Scores they owe.
1816 Q. Rev. 15 454 The ale-scores of a village landlady.
1875 J. H. Nodal & G. Milner Gloss. Lancs. Dial.: Pt. I 220 Hast paid thi ale-score at th' Blue Bell yet?
1905 A. T. Quiller-Couch Shakespeare's Christmas & Other Stories 80 She..shut home the door behind her, and cast her eye over the ale-scores on the back of it.
1948 T. S. Ashton Industr. Revol. (1962) ii. 55 Ale scores were run up at the tavern.
ale shot n. †(a) = scot-ale n. (obsolete (historical in later use)); (b) = ale score n. (now historical (chiefly English regional (northern) in later use)).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun] > things on or for which payment due
scot-alec1155
shot-ale1275
filst-alea1300
ale shotc1450
share acre1641
c1450 in R. L. Greene Early Eng. Carols (1935) 307 (MED) Jacke wol pay for my scoth A Sonday atte the ale-schoch.
1626 H. Spelman Glossarium 506 Quasi dictum à scot, i. pecunia, et ale, i. cervisia: quod inverso vocabulo alii an aleshot nuncupant.
1685 R. Brady tr. M. Paris in Compl. Hist. Eng. 143 No Forester or Bedell for the time to come shall make any Ale-Shots,..nor shall make any Gathering or Imposition whatsoever.
1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Ale-shot, a Reckoning, or Part to be paid at an Ale-House.
1830 Sheffield Independent & Yorks. & Derbyshire Advertiser 2 Jan. He did not think there was anything due to the plaintiffs more than would pay the ale shots they had left unpaid.
1845 H. Martineau Forest & Game-law Tales I. 176 We have seen too much of this practice of ale-shot and corn-sheaves before.
1875 J. H. Nodal & G. Milner Gloss. Lancs. Dial.: Pt. I (at cited word) He's an aleshot at th' back o' th' door yon, th length o' my arm.
1988 Garden Hist. 16 21 Everyone had to pay the first ale shot of eighteen pence,..though liqueur drinkers were excused from paying later ale shots.
† ale silver n. Obsolete (a) Scottish money paid for ale (rare); (b) a tax paid annually to the Lord Mayor of London by sellers of ale in the city (historical after 18th cent.).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > [noun]
silverc825
feec870
pennieseOE
wortheOE
mintOE
scata1122
spense?c1225
spendinga1290
sumc1300
gooda1325
moneya1325
cattlec1330
muckc1330
reasona1382
pecunyc1400
gilt1497
argentc1500
gelta1529
Mammon1539
ale silver1541
scruff1559
the sinews of war1560
sterling1565
lour1567
will-do-all1583
shell1591
trasha1592
quinyie1596
brass1597
pecuniary1604
dust1607
nomisma1614
countera1616
cross and pilea1625
gingerbreada1625
rhinoa1628
cash1646
grig1657
spanker1663
cole1673
goree1699
mopus1699
quid1699
ribbin1699
bustle1763
necessary1772
stuff1775
needfula1777
iron1785
(the) Spanish1788
pecuniar1793
kelter1807
dibs1812
steven1812
pewter1814
brad1819
pogue1819
rent1823
stumpy1828
posh1830
L. S. D.1835
rivetc1835
tin1836
mint sauce1839
nobbins1846
ochre1846
dingbat1848
dough1848
cheese1850
California1851
mali1851
ducat1853
pay dirt1853
boodle?1856
dinero1856
scad1856
the shiny1856
spondulicks1857
rust1858
soap1860
sugar1862
coin1874
filthy1876
wampum1876
ooftish1877
shekel1883
oil1885
oof1885
mon1888
Jack1890
sploshc1890
bees and honey1892
spending-brass1896
stiff1897
mazuma1900
mazoom1901
cabbage1903
lettuce1903
Oscar Asche1905
jingle1906
doubloons1908
kale1912
scratch1914
green1917
oscar1917
snow1925
poke1926
oodle1930
potatos1931
bread1935
moolah1936
acker1939
moo1941
lolly1943
loot1943
poppy1943
mazoola1944
dosh1953
bickies1966
lovely jubbly1990
scrilla1994
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > payment for privilege > [noun] > of practising a trade > of making or selling specific things
tolsester1232
malting-silver1298
malt-penny1334
shongablea1400
malt-silvera1472
malt money1600
ale silver1663
1541 in J. Stuart Extracts Council Reg. Aberdeen (1844) I. 175 The said Agnes resauit fra my wife ayll to sall on Lammes evyn last bypast,..to hefe payit her quhow sone it had bene sallyt, quhilk ayle siluer the said Agnes refuisyt to deliuer to my said wife and me.
1632 in R. S. Charnock Verba Nominalia (1866) 175 Ale Silver, Smoke Silver, Tything-money, Maribous-money, and Maribous of themselves.
1663 F. Philipps Antiq. Præ-emption & Pourveyance for King iii. 183 The Lord Maiors of London who doe take..yearly a payment or Tribute called Ale-silver.
1708 E. Hatton New View London II. 475/2 (table) Ale-Silver. 46[l.] 00[s.] 00[d.]
1803 J. P. Malcolm Londinium Redivivum III. 45 Besides those [expenses], there were pensions, rents, the priests commons, ale silver, [etc.].
ale stand n. now chiefly historical the bar of a public house or tavern; (also) a stall or booth selling ale and other drinks.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > drinking > drinking place > [noun] > tap-room or bar
tapstryc1460
ale stand1588
tap1725
bar-room1797
taproom1807
estaminet1814
saloon1841
sample room1865
cantina1892
mahogany1896
beverage room1936
spit and sawdust1937
1588 ‘M. Marprelate’ Oh read ouer D. Iohn Bridges: Epist. 42 Whereby he might..visit the alestond.
1598 Mucedorus sig. D4 Ile to her ale stand & drink so long as I can stand.
1820 W. Scott Abbot I. xv. 343 My knaves..are too busy at the ale-stand, to leave their revelry for the empty breath of a bugle horn.
1873 Janesville (Wisconsin) Gaz. 13 Sept. The farmers and citizens of Janesville who so handsomely patronized my two ale stands on the fair grounds.
1947 Long Beach (Calif.) Press-Telegram 23 Sept. a-10/7 There were dancing girls, ale stands, and many strolling minstrels.
2008 J. Winfield My Name is Will xxxvii A voice pierced through the general noise..coming from the ale stand. ‘Mistress Anne Whateley, we have need of thy tapping arm!’
ale-taker n. now rare (historical after 15th cent.) a purveyor (purveyor n. 1a) of ale.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > providing or serving drink > [noun] > inn or tavern keeping > innkeeper
tappera1000
tapsterc1000
wifeOE
taverner1340
gannekerc1380
tippler1396
alewifec1400
vintnerc1430
alehouse-keeperc1440
ale-taker1454
innholder1463
cellarman1547
ale draper?1593
pint pot1598
ale-man1600
nick-pot1602
tavern-keeper1611
beer-monger1622
kaniker1630
ordinary keeper1644
padrone1670
tap-lash?1680
ale-dame1694
public house keeper1704
bar-keeper1712
publican1728
tavern-man1755
Boniface1795
knight of the spigot1821
licensed victualler1824
thermopolite1832
bar-keep1846
saloon-keeper1849
posadero1851
Wirt1858
bung1860
changer1876
patron1878
bar-tender1883
soda-jerker1883
bar steward1888
pub-keeper1913
society > trade and finance > selling > seller > sellers of specific things > [noun] > seller of provisions > seller of liquor
wine-tavernerc950
vinter1297
wine-drawer1415
vintnerc1430
vintenerc1450
ale-taker1454
merchant vintner1532
winer1532
ale-man1600
gaugerc1610
brandy-man1723
purl-man1797
haberdasher1821
gin-shopper1831
liquor-seller1855
diddle-cove1858
curate1882
off-licensee1892
1454 in H. Nicolas Proc. & Ordinances Privy Council (1837) VI. 227 The ale takers: Richard Joskyn [etc.].
a1483 Liber Niger in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (1790) 79 Office of ale-takers, hathe one yoman discreete and much temperate, to make trewe and good pourveyaunce of ale and beere.
1860 R. F. Williams Domest. Mem. Royal Family I. viii. 244 There were thirteen persons employed in the bakehouse, eight in the pantry, the same number in the cellar, with three aletakers.
1959 A. R. Myers Househ. Edward IV 23 When the groom of the ale-takers was out of court in the king's service, he was to receive 1½d. a day.
ale tap n. [ < ale n. + tap n.1] a tap from which ale is drawn; (formerly also) †a place where ale is available on tap, a taproom, a bar (obsolete).
ΚΠ
a1529 J. Skelton Colyn Cloute (?1545) sig. C.iv Doctour daupatus And bacheler bacheleratus..Taketh his pyllyon and his cap At the good ale tap.
1637 T. Morton New Eng. Canaan i. xx. 56 The good ale tap..is the very loadstone of the lande by which our English beggers steere theire Course.
1777 Old Poor Robin sig. C8v The Ale-Tap is frozen fast up.
1831 Cambrian Q. Mag. July 284 He was..the constant occupier of the chimney corner at the ale tap Tafarndy.
1916 E. C. Booth Fondie ii. vii. 246 All day long..the ale-taps in the Mersham cellars splashed unceasing.
2009 Daily Star (Nexis) 14 July 15 A young teenage barmaid, who mischievously turns the ale taps off.
† ale-toast n. Obsolete (a piece of) toast dipped in ale; (figurative) a drunkard.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [noun] > one who drinks to excess
houndOE
drinkerc1200
keach-cup?c1225
gulchcupa1250
bollerc1320
taverner1340
ale stake?1515
wine-bibber1535
bibber1536
swill-bowl1542
malt-wormc1550
rinse-pitcher1552
bibblera1556
ale knight1556
tosspot1568
ring-pigger1570
troll-the-bowl1575
malt-bug1577
gossip-pint-pot1580
black pot1582
alehouse knight1583
worrier1584
suck-spigot1585
bezzle1592
bezzlera1593
cup-leech1593
soaker1593
carouser1596
barley-cap1598
swiller1598
rob-pot1599
Philistine1600
sponge1600
wine-knight1601
fill-knaga1605
reel-pot1604
faithful1609
fill-pot1609
bouser1611
spigot-sucker1611
suck-pint1611
whip-can1611
bib-all-night1612
afternoon man1615
potling1616
Bacchanalian1617
bombard1617
pot-shot1617
potisuge1620
trougha1625
tumbrila1625
borachioa1627
pot-leech1630
kill-pota1637
biberon1637
bang-pitcher1639
son of Bacchusc1640
shuffler1642
suck-bottlea1652
swill-pot1653
poter1657
potatora1660
old soaker1665
fuddle cap1666
old toast1668
bubber1669
toper1673
ale-toast1691
Bacchant1699
fuddler1699
swill-belly1699
tickle-pitcher1699
whetter1709
draughtsmanc1720
bender1728
drammer1740
dram-drinker1744
drammist1756
rum-bud1805
siper1805
Bacchanal1812
boozera1819
rum-sucker1819
soak1820
imp of the spigot1821
polyposist1821
wineskin1821
sack-guzzler1823
sitfast1828
swill-flagon1829
cup-man1834
swiper1836
Lushington1851
lushing-man1859
bloat1860
pottle pot1860
tipsificator1873
tipsifier1873
pegger1874
swizzler1876
bibulant1883
toss-cup1883
lusher1895
stew-bum1902
shicker1906
stiff1907
souse1915
booze-hound1926
stumblebum1932
tanker1932
lush-hound1935
lushy1944
lush-head1945
binge drinker1946
pisshead1946
hophead1948
1691 T. Shadwell Scowrers i. i. 3 Every night thou clearest the streets of..idle Rascals, and of all Ale-tosts and sops in Brandy.
1877 F. Enoch Songs of Land & Sea 134 Then when the tapster yawned and the moon was going down, Old Tim had still a relish for the ale-toast warm and brown.
† ale tunning n. Obsolete rare brewing of ale.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun]
yilingc1440
brewing1467
brewc1510
ale tunning1624
brewage1776
brewery1796
1624 Skelton's Ghost in Skelton's Elynour Rummin (new ed.) sig. A2 Elynor Rumming, With her good Ale tunning.
ale vat n. [ < ale n. + vat n.1; compare earlier ale fat n.] a vat in which ale is brewed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > vat or vessel for brewing or fermenting
ale fateOE
sesterc1000
bruthen-leadc1275
kimnel1335
tine1337
gyle-fat1341
yeast-fat1367
brew-lead1369
coomb?a1400
gyle-tunc1425
brewing-lead1444
brewing vessel1462
work lead1471
lead1504
brewing copper1551
gyle-tub1568
kier1573
batch1697
ale vat1701
working tun1703
tun1713
brewing tub1766
flat1791
round1806
beck1828
gyle1836
tun-tub1842
stone-square1882
1701 W. Kennett Cowell's Interpreter (new ed.) at Alfetum As we still say, the Ale-fat, or Ale-vat, or Brewing-Vessel.
1750 M. Maurice Social Relig. Exemplify'd (ed. 2) vii. 121 Frequent Invitations to new Ale Vats, which they never refuse.
1817 Edinb. Monthly Mag. Apr. 24/2 Ye might as weel think to keep a ale-vat working wantin barm.
1905 E. Hull Early Christian Irel. iii. 29 Dermot sought to take refuge in the ale-vat from the flames.
2010 Pittsburgh (Pa.) Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 15 Sept. pl-5 Guinness Oak came from the 100-year-old ale vats at the Guinness brewery in Ireland, which had been dismantled by the company.
ale wort n. [ < ale n. + wort n.2] wort (wort n.2 1) used in making ale.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > wort
worteOE
groutc1000
gylec1440
sweet-wort1567
ney-beer1574
boorn1623
malt-wort1630
ale wort1658
lautermash1901
1658 T. Collins Choice Exper. Physick & Chirurgery 87 Take seven gallons of good middle ale wort and put it into a pan.
1737 H. Bracken Farriery Improved xxvi. 383 Give the Horse..two Quarts of warm Ale-Wort.
1842 J. Aiton Clerical Econ. 254 You must lade the ale-wort into the tun-tub.
1921 G. D. Hiscox Henley's 20th Cent. Formulas (new ed.) 46/2 Ordinary ale-wort (preferably pale), sufficient to produce 1 barrel, is slowly boiled with about 3 handfuls of hops.
2010 Western Morning News (Plymouth) (Nexis) 18 Dec. 8 Pressed Cornish apples fermented with ale wort and macerated blackberries.
ale yeast n. yeast produced in the brewing of ale.Now frequently contrasted with lager yeast, which is bottom-fermenting as opposed to top-fermenting (see yeast n. 1a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > drink > manufacture of alcoholic drink > brewing > [noun] > yeast
yeastc1000
ale yeasta1450
neaving1681
beer-yeast1857
gravel1882
hop-yeast1884
pitching yeast1885
bee1923
a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 44 (MED) Take whete floure, Ale ȝest, Safroun, & Salt.
1587 T. Dawson Good Huswifes Iewell f. 35 Make a hoale in the middest of the flower with your hand, and put a spoonefull of Ale yeast thereon.
1691 W. Yworth New Art of making Wines iii. 38 Cowslip-Wine..put in 4 quarts of pickt Cowslips, gently bruised, with 2 spoonfuls of Ale-yest.
1736 Compl. Family-piece i. ii. 143 Take..a Pint of good Ale Yeast.
1856 G. Dodd Food of London v. 192 Ale-yeast is good, but too small in quantity for London requirements.
1996 L. W. Janson Brew Chem 101 i. 25 Homebrewers often talk about top, warm-temperature ale yeast and bottom, cold-temperature lager yeast.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.eOE
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