请输入您要查询的英文单词:

 

单词 corporate
释义

corporateadj.adv.n.

Brit. /ˈkɔːp(ə)rət/, U.S. /ˈkɔrp(ə)rət/
Forms: Middle English–1500s corporat, Middle English– corporate.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin corporātus, corporāre.
Etymology: < classical Latin corporātus, past participle of corporāre corporate v. Compare incorporate adj.1 and earlier corporate v.Compare Anglo-Norman and Law French corporat (early 15th cent. in corps corporat body corporate), Middle French, French corporé corporal, having a physical form (15th cent.), corpulent (late 18th cent.; compare Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French corporu in the same sense).
A. adj.
I. Senses relating to corporations.
1.
a. Law. Forming an entity legally authorized to act and be treated as a single individual; that has been constituted in law as a corporation (see corporation n. 5a). Chiefly in body corporate n., corporate town n., county corporate.In early use frequently as a postmodifier.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [adjective] > relating to a corporation or body corporate > forming a corporation
corporate1429
1429–30 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §30. m. 9 The saide parties so wronged..may have here generall actiouns of dette, ayeinst the saide commonaltes of the saide forest and hundredes..so take that the saide commonaltes been no commonaltes corporat.
1555 Charter in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) ii. 307 Any person or persons, bodie politique, or corporate, or incorporate.
1648 W. Sheppard Touch-stone Common Assurances ii. sig. B4 But such civill bodies as have absolute estate in their possessions, as Maior and Commonalty, Dean and Chapter, Colleges, and other Societies corporate may levy fines of the lands they hold in common.
1701 J. Swift Disc. Contests Nobles & Commons 16 The Nobles in Athens being not at this time a Corporate Assembly that I can gather; therefore the Resentments of the Commons were usually turned against particular Persons.
1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last of Barons I. i. i. 12 The powerful and corporate association they formed amongst themselves.
1938 Nation 6 Feb. 241 The establishment of a corporate state in the province of Quebec was only a matter of time.
2017 P. Musselthwaite Urban Dreams, Rural Commonw. i. 37 Agrall subverted these plans and frustrated his own aspirations to establish a corporate borough in Virginia.
b. figurative. Of an organism: made up of many individual parts or elements. Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1880 T. H. Huxley Crayfish 128 A city remains, notwithstanding the constant death-rate of its inhabitants; and such an organism as a crayfish is only a corporate unity, made up of innumerable partially independent individualities.
2.
a. Shared by members of a unified group of people; of a number of individuals taken or acting together; collective, common.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > association, fellowship, or companionship > a company or body of persons > [adjective] > common
corporatea1616
collective1650
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) ii. ii. 200 They answer in a ioynt and corporate voice. View more context for this quotation
1864 R. Brown Gospel Common Sense ii. 81 There is, we say, a moral unity of the race—a corporate responsibility of entire humanity, as well as a personal responsibility of each individual.
1909 Proc. 14th Ann. Meeting (Assoc. Colleges & Secondary Schools Southern States) 57 Here the youth is thrilled with the spirit that moves the crowd, that stirs to corporate action.
1958 K. Tynan Let. ?Dec. (1994) iii. 222 This gives them a feeling of corporate loyalty rather greater than one finds in most studios; it also tends to impart to them a sort of corporate docility.
1995 Daily Tel. 14 Feb. 36/3 Under Venables, who has to harness a host of exceptional talents for the corporate good, Le Tissier has to change his tack.
b. Belonging to or relating to a body corporate or legal corporation, as opposed to a private individual.See also corporate name n.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [adjective] > relating to a corporation or body corporate
corporational1656
corporative1733
corporate1753
1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. Ded. p. vi Your endeavours, in your private, as well as corporate capacity.
1770 in Examiner 4 May (1812) 286/2 Lord Denbigh..asked what made a Corporate-act? Mr. Townsend, laughing, answered, an act of the Corporation.
1839 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire (ed. 2) II. v. iv. 482 All county gaols, and seventeen of the largest prisons under corporate jurisdiction.
1875 K. E. Digby Introd. Hist. Law Real Prop. i. 4 The land ceased to be public land and became what we style corporate or private property.
1928 Yale Law Jrnl. 37 948 The doctrine of potential existence was never expressly relied upon in the earlier cases involving de facto corporate status.
1992 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 5 Sept. 566/2 Medical accountability and liability would be a corporate and not individual concern.
3.
a. Of or relating to a large company or business corporation.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [adjective]
corporate1879
1879 Cincinnati Commerc. 20 Jan. 3/4 Where there are thousands of stockholders who derive a living from the corporate earnings, they have to be regarded by the managers, and the expenses must be so arranged as to make the earnings as large as possible.
1909 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Corporations 1907–8 (U.S. Dept. Commerce & Labor) 8 Public opinion, now disturbed by a knowledge of the unfair and illegal methods of a comparatively few corporate managers, will thus have the facts as to all large concerns and be able to discriminate between the few evil doers and the great mass of fair and law-abiding companies.
1933 San Antonio (Texas) Light 28 Nov. b11/1 In the present process of revaluing the dollar, alert corporate executives may find a golden opportunity to improve the capital structure of their companies.
1965 Portsmouth (New Hampsh.) Herald 2 Nov. 6/1 The following courses will be offered: Marketing, corporate finance, data processing, insurance, retailing and business management.
1990 Amer. Rifleman Feb. 7/2 CBS has a hostile takeover defense—what is called in corporate law a ‘poison debt’ takeover defense.
1996 Prospect Mar. 48/2 This is just one example of the way the British system of corporate governance interacts with the structure of the capital markets to produce malign results.
2019 D. Thomas Fashionopolis v. 120 The finished samples would be shipped to corporate headquarters to be reviewed.
b. Designating the large companies and business organizations of a specified country or region considered collectively.Originally and frequently in corporate America.
In later use often with negative connotations of the pursuit of profit above all else.
ΚΠ
1941 Investig. Concentration Econ. Power: Final Rep. Exec. Secretary to Temporary National Econ. Comm. U.S. (77th Congr., 1st Sess.) xvi. 399 It would appear from these data that from a third to one-half of the earnings of corporate America are paid out to the other half or two-thirds of corporate America.
1974 J. J. Needham in Finance Apr. 5/1 Corporate America will not only be competing with Corporate Europe and Corporate Asia—some of the strongest competition will come from government in our own country.
1986 Times 21 Nov. 27/6 The restructuring of corporate Britain through merger and acquisition is by no means over.
2006 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 23 June e4/3 We really need corporate Jamaica to be a little more compassionate.
2019 Daily Express 18 Sept. 28/3 Everything from his sunglasses, white shirt and dark business suit to the black attaché case he carried screamed corporate America.
c. Characteristic of large business organizations or corporations, or of their culture, goals, or priorities. Chiefly with negative connotations.
ΚΠ
1957 Daily Tel. 31 Oct. (4 A.M. ed.) 13/4 He blamed ‘high profits and corporate greed’ for causing inflation.
1968 Moline (Illinois) Daily Disp. 26 Nov. 25/5 (advt.) Tired of the Corporate Grind?
1984 Daily Mail 5 Jan. 21/3 Audiences will be left ln no doubt that director Mike Nichols has cast Kerr-McGee as the faceless, corporate villains.
2004 Financial Times 27 Mar. (Weekend) 10/5 American Express purported to have this great service, but it was very corporate and dull.
2012 Daily Mirror 24 July 10/4 Politicians ready to criticise greedy corporate types remain scared of ridiculously overpaid sports stars, actors and musicians.
d. spec. depreciative. Of art, music, drama, etc.: lacking in originality, independence, or artistic integrity; blandly commercial. Cf. corporatized adj.See also corporate art n.
ΚΠ
1996 Observer 31 Mar. (Life Suppl.) 8/2 This gaff is so bland, so corporate, and these people—they've got no class.
2004 New Yorker 2 Aug. 17/3 The whole production feels too corporate and polite.
2020 @alexjellicoe 28 June in twitter.com (accessed 9 May 2021) Been watching #Glastonbury2020 and (unpopular opinion) it's all been a bit corporate until TONIGHT when they've aired the full #bowie set and all is forgiven [‘star-struck’ emoji].
II. Senses relating to the body; corporeal, physical, bodily, and related senses.
4. Having or provided with a bodily form; physical, corporeal. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > [adjective] > having
incarnate1395
corporal1471
corporatea1500
incarned1563
mud-walled1607
embodied1652
flesh and blood1824
a1500 in Leeds Stud. Eng. (2000) 31 37 The spirite of a man..as sone as hit is departid from the corporat body in erthe hit gothe streyght oþer to Hevyn oþer to Hell, oþer to Purgatory.
1548 J. Mardeley Shorte Resytal A. ivv Christ muste pronounciat Hys body for to be corporat And subiecte to mortalitye.
1557 T. North tr. A. de Guevara Diall Princes f. 29/1 The eternall creator..created al thinges, aswel celestiall, as terrestial, visible, as inuisible, corporate, as incorporate.
1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie 17 The First House in a Celestial Figure, which signifies the beginings of things, the life corporate, and manners of a Native, &c.
1866 H. Bushnell Vicarious Sacrifice iv. 514 He [sc. Christ]..is conceived to simply come into the corporate state of evil, and bear it with us.
5. Having a large, bulky body or build; corpulent, fat. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > bodily shape or physique > broad shape or physique > [adjective] > fat or plump
fatc893
frimOE
fullOE
overfatOE
greatOE
bald1297
roundc1300
encorsivea1340
fattishc1369
fleshyc1369
fleshlyc1374
repletea1398
largec1405
corsious1430
corpulentc1440
corsyc1440
fulsome1447
portlyc1487
corporate1509
foggy fata1529
corsive1530
foggish?1537
plump1545
fatty1552
fleshful1552
pubble1566
plum1570
pursy1576
well-fleshed1576
gross?1577
fog1582
forfatted1586
gulchy1598
bouksome1600
fat-fed1607
meatified1607
chuff1609
plumpya1616
bloat1638
blowze-like1647
obese1651
jollya1661
bloated1664
chubbed1674
pluffya1689
puffya1689
pussy1688
sappy1694
crummy1718
chubby1722
fodgel1724
well-padded1737
beefy1743
plumpish1753
pudsy1754
rotund1762
portable1770
lusty1777
roundabout1787
well-cushioned1802
plenitudinous1803
stout1804
embonpointc1806
roly-poly1808
adipose1810
roll-about1815
foggy1817
poddy1823
porky1828
hide-blown1834
tubby1835
stoutish1836
tubbish1836
superfatted1841
pottle-bodied1842
pincushiony1851
opulent1882
well-covered1884
well-upholstered1886
butterball1888
endomorphic1888
tisty-tosty1888
pachyntic1890
barrel-bodied1894
overweight1899
pussy-gutted1906
upholstered1924
1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. clxii His body is so great and corporate.
1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) iii. vi. 62 Leane men have more blod, corporat men have more fleshe.
?1570 tr. Shepardes Kalendar (rev. ed.) sig. I.iv Prymetyme is a temperate tyme to take medicines for them that be corporate and full of thycke humours, to purge them.
6. Inherent, ingrained in one's nature. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > [adjective]
propera1325
indwelling14..
resident1525
subsistenta1530
corporate1531
immanent1535
intrinsical?1545
integral1551
inexistent1553
internal1564
subjective1564
insident1583
inward1587
inherent1588
imminent1605
inhering1609
intern1612
subjectory1614
intimate1632
inhesive1639
intrinsic1642
implantate1650
medullary1651
implicit1658
inexisting1678
originala1682
indwelt1855
1531 H. Latimer Let. Dec. in J. Foxe Actes & Monuments (1563) 1325/2 It were to long to tel you what blyndnes I haue been in, and howe longe it were er I coulde forsake suche foly, it was so corporate in me.
7. Of, relating to, or affecting the body; corporal. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > [adjective]
lichamlyc888
fleshlyc1175
outward?c1225
bodilyc1380
corporalc1400
personal?a1439
carnal1488
earthya1533
carrionc1540
corporatec1580
nervous1616
fleshy1630
somandric1716
physical1737
somatic1775
corporeal1795
psychosomatica1834
physico-mental1844
somal1900
c1580 in J. D. Marwick Extracts Rec. Burgh Edinb. (1869) I. 74 Vnder the payne of corporate pvnitioun to be imputt to thame fundin doand the contrair heirof.
1586 J. Ferne Blazon of Gentrie 289 Goods and Possessions be things onely accompaniyng the honor of the body of the owner, and therefore they be called corporate.
a1625 H. Finch Law (1627) 427 When the partie for not appearing should haue some great losse or corporate paine.
8. United into one body; combined. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > incorporation or inclusion > [adjective] > incorporated or included
inclusive1573
comprisedc1575
included1590
incorpsed1604
incorporated1715
unexcluded1780
corporate1850
in the mix1962
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or fact of uniting or being united > [adjective] > in one body or mass
concorporate?a1475
incorporatea1533
incorporated1599
corporate1850
1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas I. 123 Thou dost Four several functions corporate in one Discharge for me!
B. adv.
Into the body. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > [adverb]
lichamlyc900
fleshlyc1230
bodilyc1370
(to raise or rise) in flesh and fellc1375
after the fleshc1384
outwardc1390
in flesh and bonea1400
naturally1439
corporally1483
corporate1495
corporatelya1513
animally1535
carnally1539
in flesh and blood1598
physicallyc1600
fleshlily1614
body-wise1620
all over1633
in (the) flesh1651
corporeally1664
body-like1674
somatically1847
bodily-wise1869
1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) vi. xx. sig. niiiiv/1 In yonglynges meete taken corporat [a1398 BL Add. compat; L. incorporatus] nouryssheth & encreasyth the body.
C. n.
1. Business.
a. An incorporated association of workers in the same craft or trade, having the monopoly and control of their particular occupation within a borough or other place; a trade guild or City Company; = corporation n. 3a. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > group or body of
faitha1450
merchantyc1503
corporate1849
merchantry1862
1849 Sci. Amer. 9 June 299/4 In the old corporates, the journeyman's vote was equally potent with his employer's.
b. A large or powerful business organization or company. Cf. corporation n. 5b.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > business affairs > a business or company > [noun] > large or powerful company
monopoly1871
price leader1898
supergiant1910
corporate1945
giant1958
chaebol1972
1945 G. Terborgh Bogey of Econ. Maturity ix. 143 56 corporations offered evidence in the t.n.e.c. hearings... [Note] Included are corporates in mining and manufacturing, transportation and public utilities, trade, service, and construction.
1973 Jrnl. Commerce 6 Apr. 2/5 Sirmac will meet Friday night in New York to discuss whether the society has a future and what should be done with its standard for certification of corporates' asset protection and risk management programs.
1990 Games Rev. Jan. 19/1 The job is to break into a research installation of a rival corporate.
2020 Daily Express 31 Oct. 2/3 German corporates rely massively on wholesale financing offered from the City of London.
2. North American Finance. In plural. Securities or bonds issued by a private company (as opposed to those issued by a government, etc.). Cf. corporate bond n., government n. 11.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > stocks, shares, or bonds > [noun] > bond > types of bond
government securities1707
Sword-blade bond1707
long bond1720
government paper1774
indent1788
premium bond1820
active1835
preference bond1848
investment bond1853
mortgage bond1853
revenue bond1853
municipal bond1858
treasury-bond1858
sices1867
property bond1869
government1870
priority bond1884
municipal1888
income bonds1889
yearling1889
war baby1901
Liberty Bond1917
Liberty Loan1917
victory bond1917
corporate1922
performance bond1938
convertible1957
Eurobond1966
Euroconvertible1968
managed bond1972
muni1973
granny bond1976
bulldog bond1980
Euro1981
granny1981
strip1982
zero1982
1922 Rev. Econ. Statistics 4 279 (table) Security Issues..Corporate... [Note] Includes foreign corporates.
1968 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 76 813 The interest rate on long-term government bonds and on corporates ranged..around 1.10 per cent.
1989 Wall St. Computer Rev. June 36/1 Bond Yield Calculator also supports U.S. Treasury bonds, agency paper, corporates, zeros, Euros, U.K. and Japanese securities.
2016 National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (Canada) (Nexis) 9 Apr. fp7 So investors who diversify in both government bonds and corporates could win no matter how the rest of 2016 plays out.

Compounds

C1. As a modifier, forming adjectives with the sense ‘by means of a large or powerful business organization or company, corporately’ (cf. senses A. 3, C. 1b and corporately adv. 3), as in corporate-controlled, corporate-financed, corporate-owned, etc.Chiefly with past participles.
ΚΠ
1891 Hamilton (Victoria) Spectator 27 Oct. In attorney's salaries alone the corporate-owned railways in the United States expend $2,800,000 yearly.
1906 Ledger (Eldora, Iowa) 19 Apr. One of the most corporate controlled men in the Senate is for him. These corporations do not intend to waste their influence.
1953 Bakersfield Californian 17 Jan. A well-conceived and executed private photographic project, rivalling in many ways the product of a more extensive and corporate-financed expedition.
1991 Jrnl. Refugee Stud. 4 269 Its overall worth would be evaluated on the basis of corporate-oriented proficiency and cost–benefit calculations.
2018 W. Yang Souls Yellow Folk viii. 149 Disney remade the square as a gleaming, candy-colored monument to anodyne, family-friendly, corporate-sponsored mass entertainment.
C2.
corporate anorexia n. Business slang excessive reduction in the workforce size, running costs, etc., of a business; poor performance caused by this. In quot. 1978 (in the fuller form corporate anorexia nervosa) with reference to underinvestment and reduced production in the mining industry as a whole.
ΚΠ
1978 Times 10 Apr. 20/8 The mining industry needs to shake off its corporate anorexia nervosa and develop new financing methods and even institutions.
1986 Toronto Star (Nexis) 30 Aug. (Life section) 1 Combine the complexity of modern life, natural human insecurity and the current mood of ‘corporate anorexia—cutting staff out of fear of getting fat,’ and you create paranoia.
2014 Age (Melbourne) (Nexis) 10 Sept. (Money section) 2 This emphasis on cost cutting has become a staple but..it could end up suffering from corporate anorexia.
corporate art n. art works purchased by a business company or corporation, typically to project the desired corporate image to employees, investors, and clients, or to improve public relations.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of
chimney-piecea1616
master1694
study1722
studio1785
old master1824
homage1901
art mobilier1921
multimedia1962
multiple1968
installation1969
corporate art1971
1971 Gastonia (N. Carolina) Gaz. 22 July 4 a/4 Corporate Art is the stuff you buy down at the office supply place. It runs to huge splashes of orange paint on canvas backgrounds.
1990 Sunday Express 11 Feb. (Mag.) 15/1 Corporate art in Britain is..the big growth area of the art-buying market, with everyone from computer companies to toy manufacturers getting in on the act.
2015 Financial Times 1 Aug. (Weekend) 14/2 Sotheby's sold $75m of corporate art in 2014.
corporate bank n. (a) (originally) a bank having stock or capital owned by a number of people jointly (now rare); (b) (in later use) a bank providing financial services to business corporations and corporate clients.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > [noun] > bank > other types of bank
merchant bank1620
land-bank1696
private bank1696
paper bankc1720
national bank1736
bank of circulation1767
bank of deposit1767
corporate bank1780
state bank1791
branch bank1796
reserve bank1816
investment bank1824
bank of issue1831
commercial bank1838
red dog1838
wild cat1838
central bank1841
national bank1864
investment house1878
issue house1878
clearing-bank1883
issuing house1890
member bank1914
custodian1915
merchant banker1924
Swiss bank1949
development bank1950
Transcash1982
telephone bank1985
bancassurer1991
1780 V. A. Let. 25 Apr. in Outl. Plan for Bank in Ireland (?1780) iii. 8 A Corporate Bank..unites all Advantages, without being liable to any of the Disadvantages a National One would be subject to.
1833 W. M. Gouge Short Hist. Paper Money & Banking x. 49 Our corporate Banks do no good to compensate for the evils they occasion..by the uncertainty they give to trade, and by the advantages they confer on some men over others.
1969 Economist 20 Sept. 25/1 (advt.) As a full-service corporate bank, we're..prepared to help you set up and administer pension and profit-sharing plans for your American employees.
1991 J. R. Gregory & J. G. Wiechmann Marketing Corporate Image (1995) ii. 50 When Morgan began mounting a major effort in private banking, they felt they were being hurt by their strong image as a corporate bank.
2006 Cara (Aer Lingus) Apr. (verso front cover) (advt.) Being Ireland's premier corporate bank, no one can match our knowledge, expertise or commitment in delivering a genuine value-added partnership to your business.
corporate banker n. a person or company engaged in corporate banking: (a) (originally) one who owns or runs a corporate bank (now rare); (b) (in later use) one who provides financial services to business corporations and corporate clients.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > [noun] > one conducting banking business > manager, director, or proprietor of bank > types of banker
merchant banker1652
private banker1711
actuary1816
corporate banker1841
investment banker1880
clearer1883
clearing-banker1885
bankster1931
1841 Globe (Washington, D.C.) 19 Feb. When..a sovereign State creates an incorporation for banking purposes, was this corporate banker to be exempted from the liabilities to which the private banker of the State must unquestionably be made subject?
1973 Financial Times 7 June (Appointments section) 15/1 Corporate Banker. We are seeking a man..to play a major role in the development of our corporate banking relationships in the United Kingdom... The prime requirement is a knowledge of U.K. business and finance.
1988 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 24 June (Late ed.) (Business section) 43 ANZ acts as corporate banker for more than one third of the country's top 100 companies.
2005 G. De Laurentis Strategy & Organization Corporate Banking iv. 111 Several banks use average portfolios of 110-120 clients per corporate banker.
corporate banking n. (a) (originally) the operations of a bank having stock or capital owned by a number of people jointly (now rare); (b) (in later use) the business of providing financial services to business corporations and corporate clients.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > financial dealings > banking > [noun] > types of
private banking1757
merchant banking1772
corporate banking1811
commercial banking1819
investment banking1883
wild cat1896
electronic banking1957
Eurobanking1961
telephone banking1966
telebanking1974
1811 National Intelligencer (Washington) 23 May Let us examine into the state of these British restrictions... They have confined all corporate banking to one company for England, Scotland and Wales and to one other for Ireland.
1969 Economist 20 Sept. 25/1 (advt.) Morgan Guaranty: specialists in corporate banking... Ninety-eight of the top 100 United States corporations are Morgan-Guaranty clients.
1985 Financial Times 15 Jan. 6/6 The Royal Bank of Scotland has taken a big step into corporate banking... The..bank's proposal..would equip it with a big merchant banking arm in the City.
2010 South Afr. 6 Apr. 15/1 For the first three months I was a teller but as part of their management trainee programme I eventually graduated to corporate banking.
corporate bond n. a security or bond issued by a private company (as opposed to one issued by a government, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > stocks, shares, or bonds > [noun] > types of
redeemables1720
government bond1737
corporate bond1810
trustee security1859
international1863
foreigners1883
most active list1885
gilt-edge1900
actual1908
heavies1922
toxic waste1922
gilt-edged1930
prior charge1930
short1932
gilt1936
performer1939
tap1948
energy security1960
fallen angel1963
medium1968
physicals1974
underperformer1975
taplet1982
1810 ‘Mercator’ Liverpool & its Docks 32 If their aim to constitute the Docks a Corporation, acting under a common seal, and granting bonds unredeemable, be accomplished, one of the first uses of this common seal will be..to change every Corporate bond on the Dock Estate for simple unredeemable Dock bonds only.
1989 P. Lynch One up on Wall St. 202 Funded debt usually takes the form of regular corporate bonds with long maturities.
2002 Business Week 18 Feb. 33/1 ‘Credit derivatives’ act as insurance for a company that invests in a corporate bond or loan. If the debt goes bad, the company that issued the derivative pays the debtholder.
corporate citizen n. a company or corporation viewed as a citizen of a place or a member of society, (now) esp. when considered in terms of its engagement with the duties and responsibilities which contribute to the good of that society.
ΚΠ
1883 N.-Y. Times 6 Jan. 5/3 The law is plain and needs only enforcement, as the Western Union is not a corporate citizen of Pennsylvania, but of New-York.
1955 Economist 2 July 15/2 The best companies try to live within the community not a peculiar and insulated life but the normal one of the corporate citizen.
2014 E. D. Hess Learn or Die xi. 187 Casey wanted to build a business where employees could take pride in working for a company that acts as an outstanding corporate citizen.
corporate citizenship n. the position or status of a company or corporation viewed as a citizen of a place or a member of society, (now) esp. when considered in terms of its engagement with the duties and responsibilities which contribute to the good of that society.
ΚΠ
1873 F. Gilbert Railway Law in Illinois 42 Corporate citizenship... A corporate person, as well as a private individual, has a citizenship. Many cases at law have turned upon this point: what determines the local habitation of a joint stock company?
1948 Chicago Defender 5 June His company..must hire the best possible person for the particular job without regard to race, creed, or colour. It's ‘good business’ as well as good ‘corporate citizenship’.
2020 Daily News (Tanzania) (Nexis) 30 June Responsible corporate citizenship through sustainable practices is an important element of what we do... It guides all aspects of our investment, expansion, growth and service delivery.
corporate culture n. the ethos of a particular company, or that of large businesses in general; the approach a company takes towards the treatment and working environment of its employees.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [noun] > of a locality, institution, or ethos
meridian1590
genius loci1605
genius1741
ethos1842
culture1940
corporate culture1961
1961 Heights (Boston Coll., Mass.) 14 Apr. 4/1 This attitude is then carried over into their post-college lives, causing a certain withdrawal from work and a refusal to become involved with the modern corporate culture of big business, big government, and big education.
1977 Harvard Business Rev. (Nexis) Sept. 158 Cooper brought a view from a very different corporate culture to GEC headquarters, even though GEC and Philips are to some extent competitors in the same industry.
1999 Independent on Sunday 7 Feb. (Smart Moves section) 3/1 A 360-degree feedback—the system where employees are not just given feedback from their manager, but also from peers and people they manage—is taking root in corporate culture.
2013 New Yorker 24 June 73/1 College-educated, middle-class American women who have rejected cities, consumerism, and corporate culture in favor of very old-fashioned house- and family-keeping.
corporate espionage n. spying directed towards discovering the secrets of a rival corporation, company, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > secret observation, spying > [noun] > industrial spying
industrial espionage1892
corporate espionage1904
corporate spying1959
1904 Proc. 30th Ann. Convent. Amer. Bankers' Assoc. 115 If..their institutions require..a dose of corporate espionage to preserve the vigor of their blood, you are welcome to this mess.
1955 Business Lawyer 11 19 The idea is that cumulative voting may enable competing organizations to infiltrate boards of directors and thus engage in spying from within... This theory might be called the Corporate Espionage Theory.
2007 T. Friend Third Domain viii. 242 Secrecy is typical behavior for any new biotech company. This is a viciously competitive arena full of corporate espionage and intrigue.
corporate hospitality n. hospitality provided by companies with a view to promoting business; spec. the entertaining of clients by companies, esp. at sporting or other public events.
ΚΠ
1952 Daily Tel. 1 Jan. 7/5 The further sum not exceeding £5,000 for corporate hospitality is for use ‘at discretion of the chairman’.
1996 Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo) 28 Apr. 14/5 Since the mid-Eighties, as corporate hospitality has boomed, the amateur rugby player has also realised the market value of his celebrity.
2010 S. Thirsk Not quite White (2011) 461 She has a real flair for corporate hospitality.
corporate identity n. (a) U.S. status as a legally distinct incorporated company; (b) originally U.S. a company's public image, esp. the set of attributes by which a company and its products are identified by consumers, such as its name, logo, coordinated packaging, or advertising slogan.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > advertising > business of advertising > [noun] > public relations > public image
corporate identity1830
image1908
1830 J. Story in C. Sumner Rep. Circuit Court U.S. 1st Circuit (1836) I. 62 There was no corporate identity. Neither was merged in the other... We must treat the case, then, as one of distinct corporations.
1957 Wall St. Jrnl. 5 Apr. 1/4 We've never had any corporate identity. Our name doesn't mean a specific industry to most people... We have..thousands of products and there's nothing visual that associates most of them with our corporate name.
1998 N.Y. Times 7 May c24/3 A company's corporate identity should be managed, preserved and extended with the same care given to other assets.
2002 Washington Post (Electronic ed.) 26 June The two lawmakers testified before a House Ways and Means subcommittee on their competing plans to stop the flood of companies shifting their corporate identity overseas.
2017 Caterer 10 Feb. 10/3 Hilton has announced a new corporate identity and logo by dropping the word Worldwide from its title.
corporate image n. originally U.S. a company's public image; the way in which a business organization is presented to or perceived by its employees, investors, and the public.
ΚΠ
1958 Challenge Feb. 22/1 What has been done to create in the public consciousness corporate images as institutional personalities rather than as mere large-scale producers of desirable goods?
1990 Meridian (Midland Group) Spring 63/2 The new wardrobe reflects our corporate image, while combining the comfort and style that enable our staff to look and feel professional at work.
2016 Financial Times 21 Nov. (People Section) 1/5 Using a social media campaign to rehabilitate a corporate image is risky and unpredictable.
corporate man n. originally and chiefly U.S. a man who subordinates his individuality and personal life to the company or organization for which he works; cf. organization man n., company man n. (b) at company n. Compounds 4a.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > worker according to manner of working > [noun] > subordinating personal life
company man1873
subbotnik1920
organization man1956
org-man1961
corporate man1971
1971 Tucson (Arizona) Daily Citizen 17 July 5/3 No wonder then that corporate man and his corporate wife are a little distrustful.
1986 N.Y. Times Mag. 8 June vi. 66/3 The corporate man's tie suggests power, authority and unflappable decorum.
2015 Sunday Times 31 May 5/4 He enjoyed the advantages of being the one-club corporate man.
corporate name n. the legal name under which a corporation conducts its business.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > trade or proprietary name
corporate name1710
firm1744
trade name1890
proprietary name1898
proprietary term1915
brand-name1922
nameplate1972
banner1976
1710 A. Lechmere Bewdley Case 1 It was founded upon the pretended Surrender of the former Charter, which was untrue in regard the Corporate Name of Bewdley was Bailiff and Burgesses, and the surrender was made in the Name of Bailiff, Recorder, and Burgesses.
1855 Act 19 & 20 Vict. c. 17 §24 in Enactments Parl. conc. Univ. Oxf. & Cambr. (1869) 248 The College, if a corporation, shall be assessed for the same in its corporate name.
1989 S. A. Fox Keys to Incorporating vii. 32 Every corporation will have perpetual duration and succession in its corporate name and the same powers as an individual to do all things necessary or convenient to carry out its business and affairs.
corporate raider n. originally U.S. an investor who buys a large number of shares in a corporation and uses the resulting shareholder voting rights to push through changes intended to increase their value, typically with a view to selling them at a profit.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > dealer in stocks and shares > type of
profit taker1552
bull1714
bear1718
fund-monger1734
lame duck1806
stag1845
taker-in1852
cornerer1869
wrecker1876
corner-man1881
market-rigger1881
boursocrat1882
offeror1882
ribbon clerk1882
inflater1884
manipulator1888
underwriter1889
kangaroo1896
piker1898
share pusher1898
specialist1900
tailer1900
writer1906
placee1953
corporate raider1955
tippee1961
raider1972
bottom fisher1974
white knight1978
greenmailer1984
1955 Los Angeles Times 22 Apr. iii. 8/2 He has characterized Wolfson's group as ‘corporate raiders’ whose only interest in Ward's is its huge cash funds, which he states they would then use to acquire other companies for their own purposes.
1967 Congress. Rec. 18 Jan. 858/1 The corporate raider may thus act under a cloak of secrecy while obtaining the shares needed to put him on the road to a successful capture of the company.
1986 Times 19 Nov. 27/2 It rose 10p to 174p on speculation that one of the big Australian corporate raiders was trying to build a stake.
2002 Wired July 91/2 Venerable companies that had become fat and lazy were easy prey for corporate raiders.
corporate raiding n. originally U.S. the practice of buying a large number of shares in a corporation and using the resulting shareholder voting rights to push through changes intended to increase their value, typically with a view to selling them at a profit.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > specific operations or arrangements > share-buying activities
subscribing1762
flyer1846
bearing1849
stagging1851
take-up1865
bear covering1881
straddle1883
portfolio investment1929
short covering1930
support buying1932
foreign portfolio investment1951
corporate raiding1957
leveraged1957
tender offer1964
buy-in1968
management buyout1977
bought deal1981
greenmail1983
MBO1986
bimbo1991
1957 Managem. Rev. (N.Y.) Dec. 19 The second type of raider is one who uses and pyramids the assets of one publicly owned corporation to take over another... That is the second form of corporate raiding.
2018 Globe & Mail (Toronto) (Nexis) 4 Aug. (Ontario ed.) 3 Germany, concerned about Chinese corporate raiding, enacted legislation providing Berlin new powers to block foreign acquisitions.
corporate-speak n. frequently depreciative a form of language considered characteristic of businesspeople, esp. in containing jargon or in being obfuscatory, banal, or clichéd; cf. business-speak n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > a language > register > [noun] > jargon > used by other groups
indenture Englisha1568
water language1702
jockeyism1802
slum1812
Polari1846
stable-language1856
scientificism1860
water-slang1860
Oxfordish1863
galley-slang1867
pitmatic1885
commercialese1910
legalese1911
academese1917
Hollywoodese1920
businessese1921
Hollywoodism1925
trade unionese1927
advertisingese1929
officese1935
sociologese1940
Whitehallese1940
Newspeak1949
patter1949
Pentagonese1950
educationese1958
computerese1960
managementese1961
spacespeak1963
computer-speak1968
techno-jargon1972
business-speak1973
Eurospeak1975
Euro-jargon1976
technospeak1976
doctorspeak1977
corporate-speak1978
medspeak1979
mellowspeak1979
technobabble1981
teenspeak1982
management-speak1986
codespeak1987
1978 Economist 5 Aug. 20/2 Quango appointees are apparently the corporate-speak successors to the lords of the royal bedchamber.
2015 Wall St. Jrnl. 25 July d7/3 ‘We try to simplify the collateral that goes to the table,’ said Mr. Koziol, using corporate-speak to refer to the menus and drink lists that diners are handed.
corporate spy n. a person engaged in corporate espionage.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > secret observation, spying > [noun] > industrial spying > person engaged in
scout1883
industrial spy1892
corporate spy1959
1959 Mirror News (Los Angeles) 12 Mar. ii. 6/6 Corporate spies have sharpened their techniques in recent years... A few years ago a spy could march into a plant posing as a fire inspector.
2009 W. Allsopp Unauthorised Access (e-book ed.) If you are trying to protect your company or organization, put yourself in the mind of a corporate spy: What information would be useful to you?
corporate spying n. spying directed towards discovering the secrets of a rival corporation, company, etc.; (now also) secret or unauthorized gathering of information on customers by technology firms via smartphones, virtual assistants, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > secret observation, spying > [noun] > industrial spying
industrial espionage1892
corporate espionage1904
corporate spying1959
1959 Mirror News (Los Angeles) 12 Mar. ii. 6/5 Corporate spying is not universally practiced, but it runs rampant in some industries.
2011 M. Ratner & M. Ratner Kunstler Hello No 71 Corporate spying involves many of the same tactics employed by the government, including: rummaging through trash; tapping telephones; monitoring Internet activity; and using infiltrators.
2020 Etownian (Elizabethtown Coll., Pa.) (Nexis) 6 Feb. (Campus Life section) 1 Snickers creates a musical commercial poking fun at some of the issues of today like stupid baby names and corporate spying through our home technology.
corporate state n. a state governed by representatives of corporations of the employers and employees in each trade, profession, or industry; (also in extended use) any state run according to corporatist principles; cf. corporative state; more loosely, a society or system that is governed or controlled by corporations, a corporatocracy.Originally and chiefly with reference to Fascist Italy 1925–43, and attested earliest in an account of a speech by Mussolini.
[Compare Italian Stato Corporativo (see corporative adj.).]
ΚΠ
1926 Manch. Guardian 25 May (City ed.) 7/1 In our corporate State all classes have their place, all classes find recognition, all classes receive protection.
1976 New Yorker 3 May 89/1 Marcos has said that he wants to encourage trade unionism, but..it appears in some ways to be moving toward the creation of a syndicalist state not unlike Mussolini's Fascist corporate state.
1994 T. Byrne Local Govt. in Brit. (ed. 6) iv. 106 The joint boards have been criticized for creating public confusion, for fragmenting what should be a coherent approach to urban problems, and for diminishing accountability and democracy by further manifesting the ‘corporate state’ (or corporatism—not to be confused with corporate management).
2000 T. Robbins Fierce Invalids 336 It's hardly headline news that the corporate state and its media are using the latest gadget-com and gimmick-tech to dumb us down.
2012 Sunday Express 4 Nov. 36/4 Businesses dragooned into trade associations which would represent, service and regulate them all at the same time. Shades of Mussolini's corporate state!
corporate tax n. (a) a tax on ownership of land or property payable to the municipal corporation within whose jurisdiction it is located (obsolete); (b) a direct tax on the profits of companies and business organizations.Cf. earlier corporation tax n. at corporation n. Compounds 3.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > local or municipal taxes or dues > [noun] > other local or municipal dues or taxes
shot and lotlOE
burghal-pennyc1177
scot1227
scat1577
turnsilver1578
rogue money1585
town charge1592
marshalsea1657
by-law1691
tensership1701
statute money1792
corporate tax1824
UBR1985
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > tax > types of tax > [noun] > tax on businesses
corporate tax1863
profits tax1903
turnover tax1920
payroll tax1924
S.E.T.1966
imputation1971
1824 R. Carlile Let. 21 Sept. in Republican 8 Oct. 438 I see a man who is subject to a bad magistracy, and to the bad influence of priests, to those who levy and expend parochial, county and corporate taxes.
1863 Civilian & Tel. (Cumberland, Maryland) 16 July Tax. The corporate tax for the present year is 30cts on the $100.
1989 S. A. Fox Keys to Incorporating 148 If a corporation sells its assets at a gain of $100,000, a 34% corporate tax will be imposed on the gain, leaving the corporation with after-tax proceeds of $66,000.
2021 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 28 May (Business section) 2 It is understood that a deal on a global overhaul of corporate tax is also ‘doable’ next week despite lingering British concerns over the taxation of US tech giants.
corporate town n. (also town corporate) now historical a town possessing a municipal corporation, an incorporated town.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > town as opposed to country > town > [noun] > borough
burrows-townc1175
mayor-town1375
boroughc1380
borough-town1382
burghc1425
corporate town1478
royal burgh1591
county borough1708
municipality1790
Royal Borough1805
county1888
1478 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Jan. 1478 §27. m. 5 And if it happen in cite, burgh or toune corporat, then afore the maire..or other chief governour there.
1574 T. Tymme tr. J. de Serres Three Partes Comm. Ciuill Warres Fraunce iii. vi. 263 To be free also from making an accompt of such money as he hath taken out of Cities, or corporat Townes.
1606 R. Bowyer Diary 3 Dec. in Parl. Diary (1931) 200 No Scottish man should be made Bayliff etc. of any Towne Corporate or Citty.
1765 Maryland Gaz. 1 Aug. The Colonies..are in the very same Situation as the Inhabitants of Leeds, Halifax, Birmingham, Manchester, and several other corporate Towns.
1825 J. R. McCulloch Princ. Polit. Econ. i. 33 The citizens of corporate towns.
1986 Financial Times 12 Apr. (Weekend Suppl.) xii/1 Southwold in the north, made a town corporate by Henry VII, is elegant, charming, a model of what one would wish every British coastal town to be.
2008 Times Lit. Suppl. 27 June 31/1 Miller addresses these themes through the study of developments in the larger English corporate towns, between the Restoration and the general election of 1722.
corporate welfare n. chiefly depreciative (originally Canadian) government support or subsidy of private business (esp. of large companies or business organizations) through tax incentives, grants, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > grants and allowances > [noun] > subsidy by a state > to merchants or manufacturers
bounty1719
corporate welfare1970
1970 Record-Gaz. (Peace River, Alberta) 18 Nov. 1/6 GCOS [= Great Canadian Oil Sands Ltd.] made $150,000,000 last year and the government gave the company another $2,000,000 this year. ‘I call that corporate welfare,’ Mr. Notley said.
1997 New Yorker 17 Feb. 34/1 Press conferences reflected a growing sense among politicians that some of the more spectacular benefits—less politely known as ‘corporate welfare’—have become an embarrassment in this budget-fussy era and need to be scaled back.
2021 Cairns Post (Austral.) (Nexis) 26 Mar. 32 Corporate taxation is especially in need of reform. After all, can we really afford such generous corporate welfare when Australia's debt will soar to almost one trillion dollars..by 2024?
corporate welfare bum n. Canadian colloquial (depreciative) a business or business executive perceived to be exploiting tax loopholes or benefiting unduly from government subsidies or tax breaks (cf. corporate welfare n.).Popularized by Canadian labour lawyer and politician David Lewis: see quots. 19721, 19722.
ΚΠ
1972 Winnipeg Free Press 23 Aug. (Final ed.) 1/1 Charges made by federal NDP Leader David Lewis, that oil companies were ‘corporate welfare bums..coddled by our so-called free enterprise government’.
1972 D. Lewis (title) Louder voices: corporate welfare bums.
2003 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 16 Sept. b2 [The CEO's] effort to pry open the public purse probably will succeed. Just don't call him a corporate welfare bum. Spinners never like to be spun.
2015 Sherbrooke (Quebec) Record (Nexis) 22 May (Editorial section) a6 The humongous profits made by the corporate welfare bums of the fossil industry result in a degradation of the quality of the environment, health problems and losses of territory that are assumed by society.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

corporatev.

Brit. /ˈkɔːpəreɪt/, U.S. /ˈkɔrpəˌreɪt/
Forms: Middle English corporat, Middle English– corporate.
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin corporāt-, corporāre.
Etymology: < classical Latin corporāt-, past participial stem (see -ate suffix3) of corporāre to form into a body, to provide with a body, to form (a corporate society) < corpor- , corpus body (see corpus n.).Compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French corporer to constitute (a city) as a corporation (end of the 14th cent. in Anglo-Norman), to embody (1st half of the 15th cent.). In Middle English prefixed and unprefixed forms of the past participle are attested (see y- prefix).
Now rare.
1.
a. transitive. To combine or unite (material things) into a single mass or uniform substance; to mix or blend thoroughly (one or more things) with another or others; to incorporate; to assimilate. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > give substance to [verb (transitive)] > embody
corporatea1398
bodyc1449
embody1548
incorporate1623
substantiate1645
bodify1685
to body forth1759
to body out1826
encarnalize1847
insubstantiate1865
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or fact of uniting or being united > unite [verb (transitive)] > in one mass or body
corporatea1398
corpore1398
incorporate1544
concorporate1552
concert1598
accorporate1623
corporify1667
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. vi. xx. 321 At þe laste..þe mete is icorporat and iturned into þe kende of þe body.
1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique i. xii. 58 Corporated with the flouer of frankincense & aloes.
1697 J. Pechey Plain Introd. Art Physick 190 Two are always prescribed, that when one is taken out, the other should be put in: It is corporated with some Juice.
1892 W. W. Greener Breech-loader 161 These 3 ingredients must be thoroughly corporated.
b. transitive. To unify or give a united purpose to (the will, conscience, etc., of a social group). Obsolete.
ΚΠ
1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 5 Mar. 1/1 In ‘public spirit’ London is notoriously and disastrously deficient. The great thing needful is to corporate its conscience.
2. transitive. To constitute (a city, organization, etc.) as a legal corporation. Cf. incorporate v. 3. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [verb (transitive)] > combine into a corporation
incorporatec1460
corporate1461
1461–2 Rolls of Parl.: Edward IV (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1461 §15. m. 5 Any licence or graunte made to any persone..to incorporat or corporat, or to founde..any chauntre.
1531 Act 23 Hen. VIII c. 19 All and singuler politike bodies spirituall in anie maner of wise corporated.
1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 446 This Hospitall was..erected, corporated, and endowed..by Queene Mary.
1697 W. Wake Authority Christian Princes ii. 21 (marginal note) Families multiplying into Villages, and thence into Cities, Corporated at last under Princes, as Trustees, to preserve their Rights in Peace.
3. intransitive. To unite, to join with or together.Some later examples may be spelling or typographical errors for cooperate.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or fact of uniting or being united > unite [verb (intransitive)] > into one mass or body
concorporate1601
corporate1647
1647 H. More Philos. Poems iii. ii. xix Though she [sc. the Soul] corporate with no World yet.
1857 G. Meredith Farina 57 At the threshold..a number of the chief burgesses of Cologne had corporated spontaneously to condole with him.
1903 Official Gaz. (U.S. Patent Office) 1 Dec. 1286/1 A series of independently-movable matrices supported in the die-case and each furnished with centering means corporating with the centering-plunger.
2021 Balochistan Times (Nexis) 29 Jan. Djibouti and Pakistan would corporate together in the energy, health, and education sectors.

Derivatives

ˈcorporating adj. rare incorporating, mixing or combining thoroughly.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being mixed or blended > [adjective] > that mixes or blends > mixing in one mass or body
corporating1881
1881 W. W. Greener Gun & its Devel. 307 According to these chronicles, corporating mills, stamping mills, corning mills and solar stoves for drying the powder, were in use.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2021).
<
adj.adv.n.1429v.a1398
随便看

 

英语词典包含1132095条英英释义在线翻译词条,基本涵盖了全部常用单词的英英翻译及用法,是英语学习的有利工具。

 

Copyright © 2004-2022 Newdu.com All Rights Reserved
更新时间:2025/2/24 13:55:29