† costingn.¹

Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: costard n.¹

Etymology: Probably an alteration of costard n.¹, with suffix substitution (see -ing suffix³, and compare e.g. jenneting n.).

Obsolete.

In full summer costing. A variety of apple (perhaps an early-ripening costard). Cf. costard n.¹

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > apple > [noun] > eating-apple > types of

costardc1390

bitter-sweet1393

Queening?1435

richardine?1435

blaundrellc1440

pear apple1440

tuberc1440

quarrendenc1450

birtle1483

deusan1570

apple-john1572

Richard1572

lording1573

greening1577

queen apple1579

peeler1580

darling1584

doucin1584

golding1589

puffin1589

lady's longing1591

bitter-sweeting1597

pearmain1597

paradise apple1598

garden globe1600

gastlet1600

leather-coat1600

maligar1600

pome-paradise1601

French pippin1629

gillyflower1629

king apple1635

lady apple1651

golden pippin1654

goldling1655

puff1655

cardinal1658

green fillet1662

chestnut1664

cinnamon apple1664

fenouil1664

go-no-further1664

Westbury apple1664

seek-no-farther1670

nonsuch1676

calville1691

passe-pomme1691

fennel apple1699

queen1699

genet1706

fig-apple1707

oaken pin1707

nonpareil1726

costing1731

monstrous reinette1731

Newtown pippin1760

Ribston1782

Rhode Island greening1795

oslin1801

fall pippin1803

monstrous pippin1817

Newtown Spitzenburg1817

Gravenstein1821

Red Astrachan1822

Tolman sweet1822

grange apple1823

orange pippin1823

Baldwin1826

Sturmer Pippin1831

Newtowner1846

Northern Spy1847

Blenheim Orange1860

Cox1860

McIntosh Red1876

Worcester1877

raspberry apple1894

delicious1898

Laxton's Superb1920

Macoun1924

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > apple > eating-apple > types of

costardc1390

bitter-sweet1393

pippin?1435

pomewater?1435

Queening?1435

richardine?1435

blaundrellc1440

pear apple1440

tuberc1440

quarrendenc1450

birtle1483

sweeting1530

pomeroyal1534

renneta1568

deusan1570

apple-john1572

Richard1572

lording1573

russeting1573

greening1577

queen apple1579

peeler1580

reinette1582

darling1584

doucin1584

golding1589

puffin1589

lady's longing1591

bitter-sweeting1597

pearmain1597

paradise apple1598

garden globe1600

gastlet1600

leather-coat1600

maligar1600

pomeroy1600

short-start1600

jenneting1601

pome-paradise1601

russet coat1602

John apple1604

honey apple1611

honeymeal1611

musk apple1611

short-shank1611

spice apple1611

French pippin1629

king apple1635

lady apple1651

golden pippin1654

goldling1655

puff1655

cardinal1658

renneting1658

green fillet1662

chestnut1664

cinnamon apple1664

fenouil1664

go-no-further1664

reinetting1664

Westbury apple1664

seek-no-farther1670

nonsuch1676

white-wining1676

russet1686

calville1691

fennel apple1699

queen1699

genet1706

fig-apple1707

oaken pin1707

musk1708

nonpareil1726

costing1731

monstrous reinette1731

Newtown pippin1760

Ribston1782

Rhode Island greening1795

oslin1801

wine apple1802

fall pippin1803

monstrous pippin1817

Newtown Spitzenburg1817

Gravenstein1821

Red Astrachan1822

Tolman sweet1822

grange apple1823

orange pippin1823

Baldwin1826

wine-sap1826

Jonathan1831

Sturmer Pippin1831

rusty-coat1843

Newtowner1846

Northern Spy1847

Cornish gilliflowerc1850

Blenheim Orange1860

Cox1860

nutmeg pippin1860

McIntosh Red1876

Worcester1877

raspberry apple1894

delicious1898

Laxton's Superb1920

Melba apple1928

Melba1933

Mutsu1951

Newtown1953

discovery1964

1731 P. Miller Gardeners Kalendar 140 Apples; Codling, Margaret Apple, white Juneating, Stubbard's Apple, Summer Costing.

1736 Compl. Family-piece ii. iii. 309 Apples [July]... Stone Apple..Summer Costing.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2018).

costingn.²

Brit.

/ˈkɒstɪŋ/,

/ˈkɔːstɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈkɑstɪŋ/,

/ˈkɔstɪŋ/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: cost v., -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < cost v. + -ing suffix¹.

Estimation of the costs involved in manufacturing a product, providing a service, etc.; an instance of this. Also (usually in plural): such estimates of costs.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > [noun] > expenses > of production or manufacturing > estimation of

costing1863

1863 J. Watson Theory & Pract. Weaving viii. 297 The meaning of costing is to find, by calculation, what money it will cost the manufacturer to make a given piece of cloth.

1875 Jrnl. Gas Lighting 19 Oct. 587/1 He had listened with much pleasure to the remarks made by Mr. Stewart..as to the costings per 1000 feet of gas from coals giving different yields.

1917 L. R. Dicksee Fund. Manufacturing Costs 7 They drop all attempt at accurate costing.

1955 Times 10 June 3/1 There would be only one set of costings for all the minerals and merchandize carried by rail.

2001 Carillon (Steinbach, Manitoba) 26 Nov. b10/1 He misunderstood the method used for calculating the costing of culverts.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

costingadj.

Brit.

/ˈkɒstɪŋ/,

/ˈkɔːstɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈkɑstɪŋ/,

/ˈkɔstɪŋ/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: cost v., -ing suffix².

Etymology: < cost v. + -ing suffix².

Now somewhat rare.

Spiritually or mentally exhausting.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] > causing weariness or exhaustion > other spec.

crushing1577

breathing1684

punishing1833

winding1842

gruelling1852

costing1900

1900 F. von Hügel Let. 7 July (1927) 85 I have had to express myself on paper to W.W. about these matters, and have found it difficult and costing.

1930 G. Greene Two Witnesses ii. xii. 145 The life of religion is so real because it is so costing, so costing because it is so real.

1934 Scotsman 2 Feb. 13/1 Leadership was very costing. It was not easily won, nor easily kept.

Derivatives

ˈcostingly adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adverb] > causing weariness or exhaustion

travailouslya1382

wearisomelyc1735

fatiguingly1807

wearingly1870

exhaustingly1882

tiringly1894

costingly1926

gruellingly1973

1926 F. von Hügel Ess. & Addr. 2nd Ser. iv. 103 Such misuse will..be best—at least, be not too costingly—avoided by the deliberate recognition of the danger.

1970 Times 24 Jan. 8/4 Chastity can manifest itself in many ways—most frequently and maybe most costingly in marriage.

2011 D. B. Stevick Jesus & His Own vii. 287 A paraclete allies herself or himself with another, caringly and perhaps costingly.

ˈcostingness n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [noun] > quality of being that which causes

wearifulness1838

costingness1901

1901 F. von Hügel Let. 18–20 Dec. (1927) 103 The inevitable costingness of the struggle..has absorbed my strength.

1962 Friend 9 Mar. 280/1 He would remind the Meeting of the costingness of pacificism, which was not peace at any price but love at all cost.

2011 A. Nichols Poet as Believer v. 108 Claudel's concern at this station is with the inadequate prizing of salvation through lack of real assent to its costingness to God.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹1731

n.²1863

adj.1900

单词	costing
释义	† costingn.¹ Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: costard n.¹ Etymology: Probably an alteration of costard n.¹, with suffix substitution (see -ing suffix³, and compare e.g. jenneting n.). Obsolete. In full summer costing. A variety of apple (perhaps an early-ripening costard). Cf. costard n.¹ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > apple > [noun] > eating-apple > types of costardc1390 bitter-sweet1393 Queening?1435 richardine?1435 blaundrellc1440 pear apple1440 tuberc1440 quarrendenc1450 birtle1483 deusan1570 apple-john1572 Richard1572 lording1573 greening1577 queen apple1579 peeler1580 darling1584 doucin1584 golding1589 puffin1589 lady's longing1591 bitter-sweeting1597 pearmain1597 paradise apple1598 garden globe1600 gastlet1600 leather-coat1600 maligar1600 pome-paradise1601 French pippin1629 gillyflower1629 king apple1635 lady apple1651 golden pippin1654 goldling1655 puff1655 cardinal1658 green fillet1662 chestnut1664 cinnamon apple1664 fenouil1664 go-no-further1664 Westbury apple1664 seek-no-farther1670 nonsuch1676 calville1691 passe-pomme1691 fennel apple1699 queen1699 genet1706 fig-apple1707 oaken pin1707 nonpareil1726 costing1731 monstrous reinette1731 Newtown pippin1760 Ribston1782 Rhode Island greening1795 oslin1801 fall pippin1803 monstrous pippin1817 Newtown Spitzenburg1817 Gravenstein1821 Red Astrachan1822 Tolman sweet1822 grange apple1823 orange pippin1823 Baldwin1826 Sturmer Pippin1831 Newtowner1846 Northern Spy1847 Blenheim Orange1860 Cox1860 McIntosh Red1876 Worcester1877 raspberry apple1894 delicious1898 Laxton's Superb1920 Macoun1924 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > apple > eating-apple > types of costardc1390 bitter-sweet1393 pippin?1435 pomewater?1435 Queening?1435 richardine?1435 blaundrellc1440 pear apple1440 tuberc1440 quarrendenc1450 birtle1483 sweeting1530 pomeroyal1534 renneta1568 deusan1570 apple-john1572 Richard1572 lording1573 russeting1573 greening1577 queen apple1579 peeler1580 reinette1582 darling1584 doucin1584 golding1589 puffin1589 lady's longing1591 bitter-sweeting1597 pearmain1597 paradise apple1598 garden globe1600 gastlet1600 leather-coat1600 maligar1600 pomeroy1600 short-start1600 jenneting1601 pome-paradise1601 russet coat1602 John apple1604 honey apple1611 honeymeal1611 musk apple1611 short-shank1611 spice apple1611 French pippin1629 king apple1635 lady apple1651 golden pippin1654 goldling1655 puff1655 cardinal1658 renneting1658 green fillet1662 chestnut1664 cinnamon apple1664 fenouil1664 go-no-further1664 reinetting1664 Westbury apple1664 seek-no-farther1670 nonsuch1676 white-wining1676 russet1686 calville1691 fennel apple1699 queen1699 genet1706 fig-apple1707 oaken pin1707 musk1708 nonpareil1726 costing1731 monstrous reinette1731 Newtown pippin1760 Ribston1782 Rhode Island greening1795 oslin1801 wine apple1802 fall pippin1803 monstrous pippin1817 Newtown Spitzenburg1817 Gravenstein1821 Red Astrachan1822 Tolman sweet1822 grange apple1823 orange pippin1823 Baldwin1826 wine-sap1826 Jonathan1831 Sturmer Pippin1831 rusty-coat1843 Newtowner1846 Northern Spy1847 Cornish gilliflowerc1850 Blenheim Orange1860 Cox1860 nutmeg pippin1860 McIntosh Red1876 Worcester1877 raspberry apple1894 delicious1898 Laxton's Superb1920 Melba apple1928 Melba1933 Mutsu1951 Newtown1953 discovery1964 1731 P. Miller Gardeners Kalendar 140 Apples; Codling, Margaret Apple, white Juneating, Stubbard's Apple, Summer Costing. 1736 Compl. Family-piece ii. iii. 309 Apples [July]... Stone Apple..Summer Costing. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online September 2018). costingn.² Brit. /ˈkɒstɪŋ/, /ˈkɔːstɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈkɑstɪŋ/, /ˈkɔstɪŋ/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: cost v., -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < cost v. + -ing suffix¹. Estimation of the costs involved in manufacturing a product, providing a service, etc.; an instance of this. Also (usually in plural): such estimates of costs. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > expenditure > [noun] > expenses > of production or manufacturing > estimation of costing1863 1863 J. Watson Theory & Pract. Weaving viii. 297 The meaning of costing is to find, by calculation, what money it will cost the manufacturer to make a given piece of cloth. 1875 Jrnl. Gas Lighting 19 Oct. 587/1 He had listened with much pleasure to the remarks made by Mr. Stewart..as to the costings per 1000 feet of gas from coals giving different yields. 1917 L. R. Dicksee Fund. Manufacturing Costs 7 They drop all attempt at accurate costing. 1955 Times 10 June 3/1 There would be only one set of costings for all the minerals and merchandize carried by rail. 2001 Carillon (Steinbach, Manitoba) 26 Nov. b10/1 He misunderstood the method used for calculating the costing of culverts. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). costingadj. Brit. /ˈkɒstɪŋ/, /ˈkɔːstɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈkɑstɪŋ/, /ˈkɔstɪŋ/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: cost v., -ing suffix². Etymology: < cost v. + -ing suffix². Now somewhat rare. Spiritually or mentally exhausting. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adjective] > causing weariness or exhaustion > other spec. crushing1577 breathing1684 punishing1833 winding1842 gruelling1852 costing1900 1900 F. von Hügel Let. 7 July (1927) 85 I have had to express myself on paper to W.W. about these matters, and have found it difficult and costing. 1930 G. Greene Two Witnesses ii. xii. 145 The life of religion is so real because it is so costing, so costing because it is so real. 1934 Scotsman 2 Feb. 13/1 Leadership was very costing. It was not easily won, nor easily kept. Derivatives ˈcostingly adv. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [adverb] > causing weariness or exhaustion travailouslya1382 wearisomelyc1735 fatiguingly1807 wearingly1870 exhaustingly1882 tiringly1894 costingly1926 gruellingly1973 1926 F. von Hügel Ess. & Addr. 2nd Ser. iv. 103 Such misuse will..be best—at least, be not too costingly—avoided by the deliberate recognition of the danger. 1970 Times 24 Jan. 8/4 Chastity can manifest itself in many ways—most frequently and maybe most costingly in marriage. 2011 D. B. Stevick Jesus & His Own vii. 287 A paraclete allies herself or himself with another, caringly and perhaps costingly. ˈcostingness n. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > weariness or exhaustion > [noun] > quality of being that which causes wearifulness1838 costingness1901 1901 F. von Hügel Let. 18–20 Dec. (1927) 103 The inevitable costingness of the struggle..has absorbed my strength. 1962 Friend 9 Mar. 280/1 He would remind the Meeting of the costingness of pacificism, which was not peace at any price but love at all cost. 2011 A. Nichols Poet as Believer v. 108 Claudel's concern at this station is with the inadequate prizing of salvation through lack of real assent to its costingness to God. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1731n.²1863adj.1900
随便看	swallowtailed kingfisher swallowtailed kite swallowtailed moth swallowtailed roller swallowtailed sheldrake swallowtailed willow swallowtails swallowthroated swallowtick swallowwarbler swallowwinged swallowwoodpecker swallowwort swallowworts swalm swalming swalper swalter swaltish swaly swam swami swamies swamis swamp

† costingn.1

costingn.2

costingadj.

Derivatives

† costingn.¹

costingn.²