costardn.¹

Brit.

/ˈkɒstəd/,

/ˈkʌstəd/, U.S.

/ˈkɑstərd/

Forms: Middle English–1500s costerd, Middle English– costard, 1500s costarde, 1500s costerde.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin costardum; French costard.

Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin costardum (from c1260 in British sources; compare pomum costardum (from 1300 in British sources)), and its apparent etymon (ii) Anglo-Norman costard (adjective) designating a kind of apple (13th cent. or earlier in pome costarde ), probably < coste rib (see coast n.) + -ard -ard suffix, with allusion to the appearance of the apple. Compare costermonger n.It is unclear whether the following earlier quot. should be taken as showing the Middle English, the Latin, or the Anglo-Norman word in a Latin linguistic context:1292 Acct. Exchequer King's Remembrancer (P.R.O.: E101/353/3) m. 14 Item iij^c pom. costard prec. cent. xij d.

1. A large apple with prominent ribs or ridges, often described as having a pale green or red-flushed skin; a tree producing such an apple. The costard was seldom recorded as an extant apple variety after the mid 1850’s, but was reintroduced at the end of the 20th cent., at a time of revival of interest in traditional British apples.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > apple > [noun] > eating-apple > types of

costardc1390

bitter-sweet1393

Queening?1435

richardine?1435

blaundrellc1440

pear apple1440

tuberc1440

quarrendenc1450

birtle1483

deusan1570

apple-john1572

Richard1572

lording1573

greening1577

queen apple1579

peeler1580

darling1584

doucin1584

golding1589

puffin1589

lady's longing1591

bitter-sweeting1597

pearmain1597

paradise apple1598

garden globe1600

gastlet1600

leather-coat1600

maligar1600

pome-paradise1601

French pippin1629

gillyflower1629

king apple1635

lady apple1651

golden pippin1654

goldling1655

puff1655

cardinal1658

green fillet1662

chestnut1664

cinnamon apple1664

fenouil1664

go-no-further1664

Westbury apple1664

seek-no-farther1670

nonsuch1676

calville1691

passe-pomme1691

fennel apple1699

queen1699

genet1706

fig-apple1707

oaken pin1707

nonpareil1726

costing1731

monstrous reinette1731

Newtown pippin1760

Ribston1782

Rhode Island greening1795

oslin1801

fall pippin1803

monstrous pippin1817

Newtown Spitzenburg1817

Gravenstein1821

Red Astrachan1822

Tolman sweet1822

grange apple1823

orange pippin1823

Baldwin1826

Sturmer Pippin1831

Newtowner1846

Northern Spy1847

Blenheim Orange1860

Cox1860

McIntosh Red1876

Worcester1877

raspberry apple1894

delicious1898

Laxton's Superb1920

Macoun1924

the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > apple > eating-apple > types of

costardc1390

bitter-sweet1393

pippin?1435

pomewater?1435

Queening?1435

richardine?1435

blaundrellc1440

pear apple1440

tuberc1440

quarrendenc1450

birtle1483

sweeting1530

pomeroyal1534

renneta1568

deusan1570

apple-john1572

Richard1572

lording1573

russeting1573

greening1577

queen apple1579

peeler1580

reinette1582

darling1584

doucin1584

golding1589

puffin1589

lady's longing1591

bitter-sweeting1597

pearmain1597

paradise apple1598

garden globe1600

gastlet1600

leather-coat1600

maligar1600

pomeroy1600

short-start1600

jenneting1601

pome-paradise1601

russet coat1602

John apple1604

honey apple1611

honeymeal1611

musk apple1611

short-shank1611

spice apple1611

French pippin1629

king apple1635

lady apple1651

golden pippin1654

goldling1655

puff1655

cardinal1658

renneting1658

green fillet1662

chestnut1664

cinnamon apple1664

fenouil1664

go-no-further1664

reinetting1664

Westbury apple1664

seek-no-farther1670

nonsuch1676

white-wining1676

russet1686

calville1691

fennel apple1699

queen1699

genet1706

fig-apple1707

oaken pin1707

musk1708

nonpareil1726

costing1731

monstrous reinette1731

Newtown pippin1760

Ribston1782

Rhode Island greening1795

oslin1801

wine apple1802

fall pippin1803

monstrous pippin1817

Newtown Spitzenburg1817

Gravenstein1821

Red Astrachan1822

Tolman sweet1822

grange apple1823

orange pippin1823

Baldwin1826

wine-sap1826

Jonathan1831

Sturmer Pippin1831

rusty-coat1843

Newtowner1846

Northern Spy1847

Cornish gilliflowerc1850

Blenheim Orange1860

Cox1860

nutmeg pippin1860

McIntosh Red1876

Worcester1877

raspberry apple1894

delicious1898

Laxton's Superb1920

Melba apple1928

Melba1933

Mutsu1951

Newtown1953

discovery1964

c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) l. 96 (MED) Þe costardes comeliche in cuþþes þei cayre.

?1435 ( J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 642 The ffruytes which more comvne be–Quenynges, peches, costardes and wardouns.

a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 47 Take Costardys, Perys, & pare hem clene & pike out þe core.

1519 in G. Parsloe Wardens' Accts. Worshipful Company Founders City of London (1964) 54 Gret costerd with peyores & wyn.

1564 T. Becon Displayeng Popishe Masse f. lii^v, in Wks. iii Ye..make marchaundise of the Sacramente, as the costardemonger dothe of hys costardes and of hys other frutes.

1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden ix. 27 A good Pippin will grow large, and a Costard tree: stead them on the North side of your other Apples.

1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xxii. 196 Some [apples] consist more of aire then water,..others more of water then wind, as your Costards and Pome-waters, called Hydrotica.

1676 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 11 628 All sorts of English Apples, as Pear-mains, Pippins, Russetens, Costards.

1716 H. Stevenson Young Gard'ner's Director 11 The Names of the best sorts of Apples..Costards, Lordings, Pearmains, [etc.]

1786 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 948/1 Upon the Costard I grafted the Broadin or Garden Apple.

1851 R. Hogg Brit. Pomol. 62 The true Costard is now rarely to be met with. Modern authors make the Costard synonymous with the Catshead; but this is evidently an error.

1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xviii. 419 In the year 1345 some fruit is called costard at Letherhead, and is sold at an exceptionally high rate.

1887 Cheshire Observer 5 Mar. 5/3 Messrs James Dickson and Sons have an unsurpassed collection of Apples: Waltham Abbey Seedling, Costard Apple, Reinette du Canada.

1927 Virginia Law Reg. 13 502 A costermonger..is a cove who sells costard apples on London streets.

1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. ix. 330 The costard, a very large apple, was popular from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries.

2003 Farmers Guardian 10 Oct. 66 Some Costards..appeared three years ago which caused much excitement. We couldn't believe our eyes.

†2.

a. humorous or in contemptuous use. A person's head. Cf. coconut n. 1b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > [noun]

nolleOE

headOE

topa1225

copc1264

scalpa1300

chiefc1330

crownc1330

jowla1400

poll?a1400

testea1400

ball in the hoodc1400

palleta1425

noddle?1507

costard?1515

nab?1536

neck1560

coxcomb1567

sconce1567

now1568

headpiece1579

mazer1581

mazardc1595

cockcomb1602

costrel1604

cranion1611

pasha1616

noddle pate1622

block1635

cranium1647

sallet1652

poundrel1664

nob1699

crany?1730

knowledge box1755

noodle1762

noggin1769

napper1785

garret1796

pimple1811

knowledge-casket1822

coco1828

cobbra1832

coconut1834

top-piece1838

nut1841

barnet1857

twopenny1859

chump1864

topknot1869

conk1870

masthead1884

filbert1886

bonce1889

crumpet1891

dome1891

roof1897

beanc1905

belfry1907

hat rack1907

melon1907

box1908

lemon1923

loaf1925

pound1933

sconec1945

nana1966

?1515 Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. Bi I wyll rappe you on the costarde with my horne.

a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. v. sig. F.ij I knocke your costarde if ye offer to strike me.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King Lear (1623) iv. v. 240 Ice try whither your Costard [1608 coster], or my Ballow be the harder.

1691 J. Ray S. & E. Country Words in Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 93 Costard, the Head. It is a kind of opprobrious word, used by way of Contempt.

1723 J. Williams Richmond Wells iii. 42 Have at ye—There's something for your Costard.

1817 W. Scott Rob Roy I. xii. 276 It's hard I should get raps over the costard, and only pay you back in make-believes?

1880 T. E. Webb tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust i. xi. 56 Each other's costards let 'em split.

1928 A. Bennett Vanguard xix. 121 What he ought to have is one over the costard himself.

b. Perhaps: a cap (cap n.¹ 4a). Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1625 J. Fletcher Womans Prize iii. v, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ooooo4^v/2 Ile make a close-stool of your Velvet costard.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	costard
释义	costardn.¹ Brit. /ˈkɒstəd/, /ˈkʌstəd/, U.S. /ˈkɑstərd/ Forms: Middle English–1500s costerd, Middle English– costard, 1500s costarde, 1500s costerde. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin costardum; French costard. Etymology: < (i) post-classical Latin costardum (from c1260 in British sources; compare pomum costardum (from 1300 in British sources)), and its apparent etymon (ii) Anglo-Norman costard (adjective) designating a kind of apple (13th cent. or earlier in pome costarde ), probably < coste rib (see coast n.) + -ard -ard suffix, with allusion to the appearance of the apple. Compare costermonger n.It is unclear whether the following earlier quot. should be taken as showing the Middle English, the Latin, or the Anglo-Norman word in a Latin linguistic context:1292 Acct. Exchequer King's Remembrancer (P.R.O.: E101/353/3) m. 14 Item iij^c pom. costard prec. cent. xij d. 1. A large apple with prominent ribs or ridges, often described as having a pale green or red-flushed skin; a tree producing such an apple. The costard was seldom recorded as an extant apple variety after the mid 1850’s, but was reintroduced at the end of the 20th cent., at a time of revival of interest in traditional British apples. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > fruit or a fruit > apple > [noun] > eating-apple > types of costardc1390 bitter-sweet1393 Queening?1435 richardine?1435 blaundrellc1440 pear apple1440 tuberc1440 quarrendenc1450 birtle1483 deusan1570 apple-john1572 Richard1572 lording1573 greening1577 queen apple1579 peeler1580 darling1584 doucin1584 golding1589 puffin1589 lady's longing1591 bitter-sweeting1597 pearmain1597 paradise apple1598 garden globe1600 gastlet1600 leather-coat1600 maligar1600 pome-paradise1601 French pippin1629 gillyflower1629 king apple1635 lady apple1651 golden pippin1654 goldling1655 puff1655 cardinal1658 green fillet1662 chestnut1664 cinnamon apple1664 fenouil1664 go-no-further1664 Westbury apple1664 seek-no-farther1670 nonsuch1676 calville1691 passe-pomme1691 fennel apple1699 queen1699 genet1706 fig-apple1707 oaken pin1707 nonpareil1726 costing1731 monstrous reinette1731 Newtown pippin1760 Ribston1782 Rhode Island greening1795 oslin1801 fall pippin1803 monstrous pippin1817 Newtown Spitzenburg1817 Gravenstein1821 Red Astrachan1822 Tolman sweet1822 grange apple1823 orange pippin1823 Baldwin1826 Sturmer Pippin1831 Newtowner1846 Northern Spy1847 Blenheim Orange1860 Cox1860 McIntosh Red1876 Worcester1877 raspberry apple1894 delicious1898 Laxton's Superb1920 Macoun1924 the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular types of fruit > [noun] > apple > eating-apple > types of costardc1390 bitter-sweet1393 pippin?1435 pomewater?1435 Queening?1435 richardine?1435 blaundrellc1440 pear apple1440 tuberc1440 quarrendenc1450 birtle1483 sweeting1530 pomeroyal1534 renneta1568 deusan1570 apple-john1572 Richard1572 lording1573 russeting1573 greening1577 queen apple1579 peeler1580 reinette1582 darling1584 doucin1584 golding1589 puffin1589 lady's longing1591 bitter-sweeting1597 pearmain1597 paradise apple1598 garden globe1600 gastlet1600 leather-coat1600 maligar1600 pomeroy1600 short-start1600 jenneting1601 pome-paradise1601 russet coat1602 John apple1604 honey apple1611 honeymeal1611 musk apple1611 short-shank1611 spice apple1611 French pippin1629 king apple1635 lady apple1651 golden pippin1654 goldling1655 puff1655 cardinal1658 renneting1658 green fillet1662 chestnut1664 cinnamon apple1664 fenouil1664 go-no-further1664 reinetting1664 Westbury apple1664 seek-no-farther1670 nonsuch1676 white-wining1676 russet1686 calville1691 fennel apple1699 queen1699 genet1706 fig-apple1707 oaken pin1707 musk1708 nonpareil1726 costing1731 monstrous reinette1731 Newtown pippin1760 Ribston1782 Rhode Island greening1795 oslin1801 wine apple1802 fall pippin1803 monstrous pippin1817 Newtown Spitzenburg1817 Gravenstein1821 Red Astrachan1822 Tolman sweet1822 grange apple1823 orange pippin1823 Baldwin1826 wine-sap1826 Jonathan1831 Sturmer Pippin1831 rusty-coat1843 Newtowner1846 Northern Spy1847 Cornish gilliflowerc1850 Blenheim Orange1860 Cox1860 nutmeg pippin1860 McIntosh Red1876 Worcester1877 raspberry apple1894 delicious1898 Laxton's Superb1920 Melba apple1928 Melba1933 Mutsu1951 Newtown1953 discovery1964 c1390 Pistel of Swete Susan (Vernon) l. 96 (MED) Þe costardes comeliche in cuþþes þei cayre. ?1435 ( J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 642 The ffruytes which more comvne be–Quenynges, peches, costardes and wardouns. a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 47 Take Costardys, Perys, & pare hem clene & pike out þe core. 1519 in G. Parsloe Wardens' Accts. Worshipful Company Founders City of London (1964) 54 Gret costerd with peyores & wyn. 1564 T. Becon Displayeng Popishe Masse f. lii^v, in Wks. iii Ye..make marchaundise of the Sacramente, as the costardemonger dothe of hys costardes and of hys other frutes. 1618 W. Lawson New Orchard & Garden ix. 27 A good Pippin will grow large, and a Costard tree: stead them on the North side of your other Apples. 1655 T. Moffett & C. Bennet Healths Improvem. xxii. 196 Some [apples] consist more of aire then water,..others more of water then wind, as your Costards and Pome-waters, called Hydrotica. 1676 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 11 628 All sorts of English Apples, as Pear-mains, Pippins, Russetens, Costards. 1716 H. Stevenson Young Gard'ner's Director 11 The Names of the best sorts of Apples..Costards, Lordings, Pearmains, [etc.] 1786 Gentleman's Mag. Nov. 948/1 Upon the Costard I grafted the Broadin or Garden Apple. 1851 R. Hogg Brit. Pomol. 62 The true Costard is now rarely to be met with. Modern authors make the Costard synonymous with the Catshead; but this is evidently an error. 1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. xviii. 419 In the year 1345 some fruit is called costard at Letherhead, and is sold at an exceptionally high rate. 1887 Cheshire Observer 5 Mar. 5/3 Messrs James Dickson and Sons have an unsurpassed collection of Apples: Waltham Abbey Seedling, Costard Apple, Reinette du Canada. 1927 Virginia Law Reg. 13 502 A costermonger..is a cove who sells costard apples on London streets. 1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. ix. 330 The costard, a very large apple, was popular from the thirteenth to the seventeenth centuries. 2003 Farmers Guardian 10 Oct. 66 Some Costards..appeared three years ago which caused much excitement. We couldn't believe our eyes. †2. a. humorous or in contemptuous use. A person's head. Cf. coconut n. 1b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > [noun] nolleOE headOE topa1225 copc1264 scalpa1300 chiefc1330 crownc1330 jowla1400 poll?a1400 testea1400 ball in the hoodc1400 palleta1425 noddle?1507 costard?1515 nab?1536 neck1560 coxcomb1567 sconce1567 now1568 headpiece1579 mazer1581 mazardc1595 cockcomb1602 costrel1604 cranion1611 pasha1616 noddle pate1622 block1635 cranium1647 sallet1652 poundrel1664 nob1699 crany?1730 knowledge box1755 noodle1762 noggin1769 napper1785 garret1796 pimple1811 knowledge-casket1822 coco1828 cobbra1832 coconut1834 top-piece1838 nut1841 barnet1857 twopenny1859 chump1864 topknot1869 conk1870 masthead1884 filbert1886 bonce1889 crumpet1891 dome1891 roof1897 beanc1905 belfry1907 hat rack1907 melon1907 box1908 lemon1923 loaf1925 pound1933 sconec1945 nana1966 ?1515 Hyckescorner (de Worde) sig. Bi I wyll rappe you on the costarde with my horne. a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. v. sig. F.ij I knocke your costarde if ye offer to strike me. a1616 W. Shakespeare King Lear (1623) iv. v. 240 Ice try whither your Costard [1608 coster], or my Ballow be the harder. 1691 J. Ray S. & E. Country Words in Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) 93 Costard, the Head. It is a kind of opprobrious word, used by way of Contempt. 1723 J. Williams Richmond Wells iii. 42 Have at ye—There's something for your Costard. 1817 W. Scott Rob Roy I. xii. 276 It's hard I should get raps over the costard, and only pay you back in make-believes? 1880 T. E. Webb tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust i. xi. 56 Each other's costards let 'em split. 1928 A. Bennett Vanguard xix. 121 What he ought to have is one over the costard himself. b. Perhaps: a cap (cap n.¹ 4a). Obsolete. ΚΠ a1625 J. Fletcher Womans Prize iii. v, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ooooo4^v/2 Ile make a close-stool of your Velvet costard. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † costardn.² Forms: 1500s costerd, 1700s costard. Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: costret n. Etymology: Probably an alteration (after nouns in -ard suffix) of costret n. Obsolete. rare. = costrel n.¹ Cf. costret n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > containers for drink > [noun] > carrying flask costret1313 costrelc1380 ferrera1483 costard1503 canteen1744 flask1814 pilgrim's bottle1842 vatje1850 society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > vessel > flask, flagon, or bottle > [noun] costret1313 flacketc1320 costrelc1380 ampullaa1398 flagon1470 costard1503 1503 Will of Martin Ferrer (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/13) f. 210 Vnum ciphum vocat[um] costerd. a1715 J. Urry MS Additions in J. Ray Coll. Eng. Words (ed. 2) (MS Bodl. Rawl. 656) f. 93 A small sort of a barrell or if I may so say a wooden bottle is in Herefordsh. cald a Costard. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2016; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < n.¹c1390n.²1503
随便看	to bring to mind to bring to mischance to bring to mould to bring to naught to bring to nought to bring to one's bow to bring to one's state to bring to one's wit's end to bring to pass to bring to pot to bring to proof to bring to purpose to bring to reason to bring to remembrance to bring to rights to bring to stall to bring to state to bring to terms to bring to the bullring to bring to the earth to bring to the gangway to bring to the ground to bring to the halberds to bring to the hammer to bring to the ladder

costardn.1

† costardn.2

costardn.¹

† costardn.²