constraintn.

Brit.

/kənˈstreɪnt/, U.S.

/kənˈstreɪnt/

Forms: Middle English constreynt(e, constreint, Middle English constrent, 1500s constraynt(e, 1500s– constraint.

Etymology: < Old French constreinte, feminine noun, < constreint past participle: see constraint adj.

a. The exercise of force to determine or confine action; coercion, compulsion.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun]

needeOE

distressc1384

force1387

stressc1390

artingc1400

coactionc1400

constrainauncec1400

compulsion1462

enforcement1477

coercion1495

forcement1524

enforcing1531

strain1532

constraint1533

coercement1592

constrainment1593

duress1596

compulse1616

obligement1641

cogency1702

coercive control1827

steamrolling1879

compression1880

1533 T. More Answere Poysened Bk. i. xxv. f. cvii His calling is no constraynt of necessyty.

a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. i. 28 I did suppose it should be on constraint, But (heau'n be thank'd) it is but voluntary.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) iii. ii. 120 The rauine Lyon when he roar'd With sharpe constraint of hunger.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1372 The Philistian Lords command. Commands are no constraints .

1769 W. Robertson View State of Europe Proofs in Hist. Charles V I. 210 They engage in any military enterprize, not from constraint, but choice.

1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. vi. 446 How far the electors acted under constraint, we know not.

b. transferred. Compulsion of circumstances, necessity of the case.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > [noun] > necessity of circumstances

necessitya1382

fine forcec1400

constraint1607

necessity1629

1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue 216 Use Peats, Turffe, Heath, Furse, Broome, and such like fuel for firing..yea, and Neats dung, as in some places of Wiltshire. Margin, Fewell of constraint.

1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 100 The enterance..is not so proper in the middle as at the end..But if there be a constraint, which is most prejudicious to a Building, the entrance must be set as much towards the end as possible.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 9 b Never used..unless upon absolute Necessity, or the Constraint of the Nature and Manner of the Situation.

1779 S. Johnson Garth in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets IV. 13 Nor is it easy to find an expression used by constraint, or a thought imperfectly expressed.

†c. Force of arms. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > [noun] > force of arms

constraint1656

1656 B. Harris tr. J. N. de Parival Hist. Iron Age i. iv. vi. 109 Onely Brunsbergh, a Catholick Town, durst make defence, and was taken by constraint.

2. Confinement, bound or fettered condition; restriction of liberty or of free action.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > restriction of free action > [noun]

locking1503

coarctinga1513

constraint1590

stint1593

coarctation1605

manacling1649

strait-waistcoating1859

hemming-in1905

strait-jacketing1950

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [noun]

safety?a1400

detentc1465

custodyc1503

straina1510

safeguard1528

violence?1535

safe custody1536

restrainta1547

detention?1570

retention1572

constraint1590

sickerness1678

deportation1909

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restriction or limitation > [noun] > of free action

coarctinga1513

constraint1590

stint1593

coarctation1605

manacling1649

strait-waistcoating1859

hemming-in1905

strait-jacketing1950

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. x. sig. I5 Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint, Which he endured in his late restraint.

1596 Raigne of Edward III sig. C2 Let the Captaine talke of boystrous warr, The prisoner of emured darke constraint .

1712 A. Pope To Young Lady in Misc. Poems 140 Still in Constraint your suff'ring Sex remains, Or bound in formal, or in real Chains.

1785 W. Cowper Task i. 612 His hard condition with severe constraint Binds all his faculties, forbids all growth Of wisdom.

1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §32. 118 By continual constraint and contradiction of his impulses.

1876 S. Smiles Huguenots in Eng. (rev. ed.) iii. 43 He had shown some symptoms of rebelling against the constraints to which he was subject.

†3.

a. Pressure of trouble or misfortune; oppression, affliction, distress. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun]

sorec888

teeneOE

sorrowOE

workOE

wrakeOE

careOE

gramec1000

harmOE

howc1000

trayOE

woweOE

angec1175

derfnessc1175

sytec1175

unwinc1175

wosithc1200

ail?c1225

barrat?c1225

derf?c1225

grief?c1225

misease?c1225

misliking?c1225

ofthinkingc1225

passion?c1225

troublec1230

pinec1275

distress1297

grievancea1300

penancea1300

cumbermentc1300

languorc1300

cumbering1303

were1303

angera1325

strifea1325

sweama1325

woea1325

painc1330

tribulationc1330

illa1340

threst1340

constraintc1374

troublenessc1380

afflictiona1382

bruisinga1382

miseasetya1382

pressurec1384

exercisec1386

miscomfortc1390

mislikea1400

smarta1400

thronga1400

balec1400

painfulnessc1400

troublancec1400

smartness?c1425

painliness1435

perplexity?a1439

penalty?1462

calamity1490

penality1496

cumber?a1513

sussy1513

tribule1513

afflict?1529

vexation of spirit1535

troublesomeness1561

hoe1567

grievedness1571

tribulance1575

languishment1576

thrall1578

tine1590

languorment1593

aggrievedness1594

obturbation1623

afflictedness1646

erumny1657

pathos1684

shock1705

dree1791

vex1815

wrungnessa1875

dukkha1886

thinkache1892

sufferation1976

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > oppression, persecution, or affliction

threat971

constraintc1374

oppressiona1382

pressurec1384

aggrievancea1400

thronga1400

oppress1488

aggrievement1646

compression1759

c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iv. 713 Hire hew whilom bright þat þo was pale Bar witnesse of hire wo and hire constreynte.

1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 380 All day men here great compleint Of the disese, of the constreint, Wherof the people is sore oppressed.

1460 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 112 I had on petyr and magdaleyne pite For the gret constrent of there contricion.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 249 Well heard Kiddie al this sore constraint, And lengd to know the cause of his complaint.

†b. A cause or occasion of affliction. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > [noun]

sorrowOE

ail?c1225

scorpion?c1225

dolec1290

angera1325

anguishc1330

cupa1340

aggrievancea1400

discomfortc1405

afflictionc1429

sytec1440

pressurea1500

constraint1509

tenterhook1532

grief1535

annoying1566

troubler1567

griper1573

vexation1588

infliction1590

trouble1591

temptationc1595

load1600

torment1600

wringer1602

sorance1609

inflicting1611

brusha1616

freighta1631

woe-heart1637

ordeala1658

cut-up1782

unpleasure1792

iron maiden1870

mental cruelty1899

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure xviii. xiv How fervent love..My careful herte hath made low and faynte, And you therof are the hole constraynt.

4. Compulsion put upon the expression of feelings or the behaviour, whether by the restraint of natural feelings and impulses, or by assuming such as are not spontaneous: hence always implying unnaturalness or embarrassment.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > humility > feeling of shame > [noun] > embarrassment

embarras1627

constraint1706

embarrassment1751

gêne1787

the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > restrained or moderate behaviour > [noun] > constraint or suppression

self-restraint1656

self-limitation1692

constraint1706

suppression1706

self-repression1821

society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > on feelings or behaviour

constraint1706

1706 W. Walsh Let. 24 June in A. Pope Wks. (1737) V. 46 You see I write to you without any sort of constraint or method, as things come into my head.

1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 204. ⁋11 A smile that betrayed solicitude, timidity, and constraint.

1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 248 The Christian..Will speak without disguise,..Abhors constraint, and dares not feign a zeal..he does not feel.

1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful III. xi. 197 She welcomed me with a constraint I had never witnessed before.

1840 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. V. 32 We shall in time..manifest, not with constraint and effort, but spontaneously and naturally, that we fear Him while we love Him.

1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond I. xiv. 313 There was a sadness and constraint about all persons that day.

a. Physics. Any special physical or molecular condition into which a body is brought by the operation of some force, and lasting during its operation, e.g. a state of tension.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [noun] > the operation of force > condition caused by

constraint1831

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric polarization > [noun]

polarity1808

polarization1866

constraint1881

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxviii. 239 An operation during which the solids are often broken, in consequence of the state of constraint in which the particles are held.

1881 J. C. Maxwell Treat. Electr. & Magnetism (ed. 2) I. 156 The state of constraint, which we call electric polarization.

b. Dynamics. See constrain v. 1e.A body has in the most general case six degrees or freedom, viz. three of translation and three of rotation; if there is a hindrance to one or more of these, the motion of the body is so far constrained; hence, degrees of constraint. Thus if one point in the body is fixed, it cannot have motion of translation, but has all the degrees of rotation: if two points are fixed, its only motion can be that of rotation about an axis passing through these two points; it has thus one degree of freedom, and five degrees of constraint: a sphere moving between two parallel tangent planes has only one degree of constraint; a cube under the same conditions has three. kinetic constraint: the condition that a body shall move subject to certain relations: e.g. that a body shall roll on a plane. principle of least constraint: the theorem enunciated by Gauss in 1829, that when there are connections between parts of a system, the motion is such as to make the sum of the constraints a minimum.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > mechanics > kinematics > [noun] > restriction of motion

constraint1856

1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle Contents (1871) 13 Constraint by Tortuous Smooth Curve..Constraint by string attached to a moving Point, etc.

1862 B. Price Treat. Infinitesimal Calculus IV. 116 Gauss' theorem of least constraint..If we measure constraint by the square of the distance between the actual place of rm and the place which it would have if it were under the action of the same forces and were a single unconstrained particle, then the theorem is, that the sum of the products of each particle and its constraint is a minimum.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	constraint
释义	constraintn. Brit. /kənˈstreɪnt/, U.S. /kənˈstreɪnt/ Forms: Middle English constreynt(e, constreint, Middle English constrent, 1500s constraynt(e, 1500s– constraint. Etymology: < Old French constreinte, feminine noun, < constreint past participle: see constraint adj. 1. a. The exercise of force to determine or confine action; coercion, compulsion. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] needeOE distressc1384 force1387 stressc1390 artingc1400 coactionc1400 constrainauncec1400 compulsion1462 enforcement1477 coercion1495 forcement1524 enforcing1531 strain1532 constraint1533 coercement1592 constrainment1593 duress1596 compulse1616 obligement1641 cogency1702 coercive control1827 steamrolling1879 compression1880 1533 T. More Answere Poysened Bk. i. xxv. f. cvii His calling is no constraynt of necessyty. a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. i. 28 I did suppose it should be on constraint, But (heau'n be thank'd) it is but voluntary. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) iii. ii. 120 The rauine Lyon when he roar'd With sharpe constraint of hunger. View more context for this quotation 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1372 The Philistian Lords command. Commands are no constraints . View more context for this quotation 1769 W. Robertson View State of Europe Proofs in Hist. Charles V I. 210 They engage in any military enterprize, not from constraint, but choice. 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. vi. 446 How far the electors acted under constraint, we know not. b. transferred. Compulsion of circumstances, necessity of the case. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > [noun] > necessity of circumstances necessitya1382 fine forcec1400 constraint1607 necessity1629 1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue 216 Use Peats, Turffe, Heath, Furse, Broome, and such like fuel for firing..yea, and Neats dung, as in some places of Wiltshire. Margin, Fewell of constraint. 1663 B. Gerbier Counsel to Builders 100 The enterance..is not so proper in the middle as at the end..But if there be a constraint, which is most prejudicious to a Building, the entrance must be set as much towards the end as possible. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 9 b Never used..unless upon absolute Necessity, or the Constraint of the Nature and Manner of the Situation. 1779 S. Johnson Garth in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets IV. 13 Nor is it easy to find an expression used by constraint, or a thought imperfectly expressed. †c. Force of arms. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > [noun] > force of arms constraint1656 1656 B. Harris tr. J. N. de Parival Hist. Iron Age i. iv. vi. 109 Onely Brunsbergh, a Catholick Town, durst make defence, and was taken by constraint. 2. Confinement, bound or fettered condition; restriction of liberty or of free action. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > restriction of free action > [noun] locking1503 coarctinga1513 constraint1590 stint1593 coarctation1605 manacling1649 strait-waistcoating1859 hemming-in1905 strait-jacketing1950 society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > [noun] safety?a1400 detentc1465 custodyc1503 straina1510 safeguard1528 violence?1535 safe custody1536 restrainta1547 detention?1570 retention1572 constraint1590 sickerness1678 deportation1909 society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restriction or limitation > [noun] > of free action coarctinga1513 constraint1590 stint1593 coarctation1605 manacling1649 strait-waistcoating1859 hemming-in1905 strait-jacketing1950 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. x. sig. I5 Through long enprisonment, and hard constraint, Which he endured in his late restraint. 1596 Raigne of Edward III sig. C2 Let the Captaine talke of boystrous warr, The prisoner of emured darke constraint . View more context for this quotation 1712 A. Pope To Young Lady in Misc. Poems 140 Still in Constraint your suff'ring Sex remains, Or bound in formal, or in real Chains. 1785 W. Cowper Task i. 612 His hard condition with severe constraint Binds all his faculties, forbids all growth Of wisdom. 1841–8 F. Myers Catholic Thoughts II. iii. §32. 118 By continual constraint and contradiction of his impulses. 1876 S. Smiles Huguenots in Eng. (rev. ed.) iii. 43 He had shown some symptoms of rebelling against the constraints to which he was subject. †3. a. Pressure of trouble or misfortune; oppression, affliction, distress. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun] sorec888 teeneOE sorrowOE workOE wrakeOE careOE gramec1000 harmOE howc1000 trayOE woweOE angec1175 derfnessc1175 sytec1175 unwinc1175 wosithc1200 ail?c1225 barrat?c1225 derf?c1225 grief?c1225 misease?c1225 misliking?c1225 ofthinkingc1225 passion?c1225 troublec1230 pinec1275 distress1297 grievancea1300 penancea1300 cumbermentc1300 languorc1300 cumbering1303 were1303 angera1325 strifea1325 sweama1325 woea1325 painc1330 tribulationc1330 illa1340 threst1340 constraintc1374 troublenessc1380 afflictiona1382 bruisinga1382 miseasetya1382 pressurec1384 exercisec1386 miscomfortc1390 mislikea1400 smarta1400 thronga1400 balec1400 painfulnessc1400 troublancec1400 smartness?c1425 painliness1435 perplexity?a1439 penalty?1462 calamity1490 penality1496 cumber?a1513 sussy1513 tribule1513 afflict?1529 vexation of spirit1535 troublesomeness1561 hoe1567 grievedness1571 tribulance1575 languishment1576 thrall1578 tine1590 languorment1593 aggrievedness1594 obturbation1623 afflictedness1646 erumny1657 pathos1684 shock1705 dree1791 vex1815 wrungnessa1875 dukkha1886 thinkache1892 sufferation1976 the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > oppression, persecution, or affliction threat971 constraintc1374 oppressiona1382 pressurec1384 aggrievancea1400 thronga1400 oppress1488 aggrievement1646 compression1759 c1374 G. Chaucer Troilus & Criseyde iv. 713 Hire hew whilom bright þat þo was pale Bar witnesse of hire wo and hire constreynte. 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 380 All day men here great compleint Of the disese, of the constreint, Wherof the people is sore oppressed. 1460 in Pol. Rel. & L. Poems 112 I had on petyr and magdaleyne pite For the gret constrent of there contricion. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. May 249 Well heard Kiddie al this sore constraint, And lengd to know the cause of his complaint. †b. A cause or occasion of affliction. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > [noun] sorrowOE ail?c1225 scorpion?c1225 dolec1290 angera1325 anguishc1330 cupa1340 aggrievancea1400 discomfortc1405 afflictionc1429 sytec1440 pressurea1500 constraint1509 tenterhook1532 grief1535 annoying1566 troubler1567 griper1573 vexation1588 infliction1590 trouble1591 temptationc1595 load1600 torment1600 wringer1602 sorance1609 inflicting1611 brusha1616 freighta1631 woe-heart1637 ordeala1658 cut-up1782 unpleasure1792 iron maiden1870 mental cruelty1899 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure xviii. xiv How fervent love..My careful herte hath made low and faynte, And you therof are the hole constraynt. 4. Compulsion put upon the expression of feelings or the behaviour, whether by the restraint of natural feelings and impulses, or by assuming such as are not spontaneous: hence always implying unnaturalness or embarrassment. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > humility > feeling of shame > [noun] > embarrassment embarras1627 constraint1706 embarrassment1751 gêne1787 the world > action or operation > behaviour > good behaviour > restrained or moderate behaviour > [noun] > constraint or suppression self-restraint1656 self-limitation1692 constraint1706 suppression1706 self-repression1821 society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [noun] > on feelings or behaviour constraint1706 1706 W. Walsh Let. 24 June in A. Pope Wks. (1737) V. 46 You see I write to you without any sort of constraint or method, as things come into my head. 1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 204. ⁋11 A smile that betrayed solicitude, timidity, and constraint. 1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 248 The Christian..Will speak without disguise,..Abhors constraint, and dares not feign a zeal..he does not feel. 1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful III. xi. 197 She welcomed me with a constraint I had never witnessed before. 1840 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. V. 32 We shall in time..manifest, not with constraint and effort, but spontaneously and naturally, that we fear Him while we love Him. 1852 W. M. Thackeray Henry Esmond I. xiv. 313 There was a sadness and constraint about all persons that day. 5. a. Physics. Any special physical or molecular condition into which a body is brought by the operation of some force, and lasting during its operation, e.g. a state of tension. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > dynamics > [noun] > the operation of force > condition caused by constraint1831 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electric polarization > [noun] polarity1808 polarization1866 constraint1881 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxviii. 239 An operation during which the solids are often broken, in consequence of the state of constraint in which the particles are held. 1881 J. C. Maxwell Treat. Electr. & Magnetism (ed. 2) I. 156 The state of constraint, which we call electric polarization. b. Dynamics. See constrain v. 1e.A body has in the most general case six degrees or freedom, viz. three of translation and three of rotation; if there is a hindrance to one or more of these, the motion of the body is so far constrained; hence, degrees of constraint. Thus if one point in the body is fixed, it cannot have motion of translation, but has all the degrees of rotation: if two points are fixed, its only motion can be that of rotation about an axis passing through these two points; it has thus one degree of freedom, and five degrees of constraint: a sphere moving between two parallel tangent planes has only one degree of constraint; a cube under the same conditions has three. kinetic constraint: the condition that a body shall move subject to certain relations: e.g. that a body shall roll on a plane. principle of least constraint: the theorem enunciated by Gauss in 1829, that when there are connections between parts of a system, the motion is such as to make the sum of the constraints a minimum. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > mechanics > kinematics > [noun] > restriction of motion constraint1856 1856 Tait & Steele Dynamics of Particle Contents (1871) 13 Constraint by Tortuous Smooth Curve..Constraint by string attached to a moving Point, etc. 1862 B. Price Treat. Infinitesimal Calculus IV. 116 Gauss' theorem of least constraint..If we measure constraint by the square of the distance between the actual place of rm and the place which it would have if it were under the action of the same forces and were a single unconstrained particle, then the theorem is, that the sum of the products of each particle and its constraint is a minimum. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † constraintadj. Forms: In Middle English -eint, 1500s -aynt. Etymology: < Old French constreint, -aint (past participle of constreindre) < popular Latin type constrinctus for constrictus: compare cingĕre, cinctus. Obsolete. = constrained adj. 1. Used as past participle* of constrain v. ΚΠ c1360 Early Compl. Eng. Prose Psalter (1891) 194 As we ben constreint þurȝ cristen soþenes to knowelich on-lich God and Lord. 2. as adj. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > obedience > compulsion > [adjective] > done, produced, or obtained by compulsion threata1400 constraintc1430 compelled1541 compulsed1541 violent?1550 extorted1552 wrested1565 coacted1570 enforced1576 forced1576 compulsory1581 commandeda1586 coactive1596 infortiate1601 extortious1602 coact1610 compulsive1611 exacted1618 necessitous1632 violented1641 necessary1655 on-forced1656 commandatorya1659 extorsive1669 compellable1677 compulsatory1748 obbligato1780 coerced1877 mandatory1891 shotgun1937 c1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 298 How paynfullie hir hert brest in hir constreint sorow. ?1541 R. Copland Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens iv. sig. Miv At all tymes necessarye and constraynte. The time constraynte is the tyme whan the bledynge ought to be made. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2021). < n.c1374adj.c1360
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constraintn.

† constraintadj.