单词 | continuity |
释义 | continuityn. The state or quality of being continuous. 1. Of material things: The state or quality of being uninterrupted in extent or substance, of having no interstices or breaks; uninterrupted connection of parts; connectedness, unbrokenness. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > fact or action of being connected or connecting > [noun] > uninterrupted connection of parts continuance1398 continuity1543 continuedness1594 continuation1615 continuateness1644 continuousness1849 1543 [see solution of continuity n. at sense 5]. 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Elements Geom. Math. Præf. sig. dij Fire and Ayre..will descend: when..their Continuitie should be dissolued. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 48 Inflaming the bodie, loosing the continuitie of the partes. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 307 Now there is no continuity betweene the vmbilicall veine and the hollow veine. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. i. 55 Continuity of parts is the cause of perspicuity. View more context for this quotation 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Continuity, is usually defined among the Schoolmen, the immediate Cohesion of Parts in the same Quantum. 1804 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1837) III. 59 The continuity of the frontier. 1813 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. ii. 49 Sometimes the continuity of rocks and strata is..broken. 1855 A. Bain Senses & Intellect Introd. ii. 44 The continuity of the cord with the brain is necessary. 2. a. Of immaterial things, actions, processes, etc.: The state or quality of being uninterrupted in sequence or succession, or in essence or idea; connectedness, coherence, unbrokenness. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > continuity or uninterruptedness > [noun] continuance1586 continuedness1594 continuity1603 uninterruptedness1665 uninterruption1702 continence1726 continuousness1803 continuancy1850 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1356 All that shall be, hath a stint and dependance of that which is, by a certeine continuitie, which proceedeth from the beginning to the end. 1751 J. Harris Hermes i. vii. 101 We may gain some Idea of Time, by considering it under the notion of a transient Continuity. 1819 W. Irving Sketch Bk. i. 12 In travelling by land there is a continuity of scene, and a connected succession of persons and incidents, that carry on the story of life. 1855 W. R. Grove On Correlation Physical Forces (ed. 3) Pref. p. vii The continuity of attention necessary for the proper evolution of a train of thought. b. law or principle of continuity: the principle that all change, sequence, or series in nature is continuous, and that nothing passes from one state to another per saltum.The phrase originated with Leibniz. In 1687 he laid down as a general principle, that where there is continuity between data, such that one case continually approaches and at length loses itself in another, there will be a corresponding continuity in results or properties. For example, it is a property of the ellipse that all rays from the one focus are reflected from the curve to the other; in the parabola all such rays reflected at the curve are parallel; if there be given a series of ellipses continually approaching the parabola by the continuous increase of distance between the foci, the focal radii of these will continuously approach the relation of parallelism, so as at length to differ from it by less than any assignable amount. This was according to Leibniz ‘a principle of general order’, having its origin in the mathematical infinite, absolutely necessary in Geometry, but holding good also in Physics, because the Sovereign Wisdom, the source of all things, acts as a perfect Geometer, and according to a harmony that admits of no addition. In 1702 he referred to this principle as ‘the law of continuity’, and claimed that it operates in all natural phenomena; and in his Nouveaux Essais, he declared it to be part of his ‘Law of Continuity’ that everything in nature goes by degrees, and nothing per saltum. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > materiality > [phrase] > law of nature law or principle of continuity1753 1687 G. W. Leibniz Lettre à Mr. Bayle in Opera Philosophica (1840) 104. 1690 G. W. Leibniz Lettre à Mr. Arnauld in Opera Philosophica (1840) 107 Chacune de ces substances contient dans sa nature legem continuationis seriei suarum operationum. 1702 G. W. Leibniz Repl. aux Refl. de Bayle in Opera Philosophica (1840) 189/2 Qu'il ne se rencontre jamais rien, où la loi de la continuité (que j'ai introduite, et dont j'ai fait la première mention dans les Nouvelles de la République des Lettres de Mr. Bayle), et toutes les autres règles les plus exactes des Mathématiques soient violées. a1716 G. W. Leibniz Nouv. Ess. iv. xvi Tout va par degrés dans la nature et rien par saut, et cette règle, à l'égard des changements, est une partie de ma loi de la continuité.] 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) An eminent mathematician has supposed what he calls a law of continuity to obtain in the universe, by which law every thing that is executed or done in nature, is done by infinitely small degrees. 1819 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. (ed. 3) I. 271 When bodies, whether solid or fluid, act on one another by impulse or percussion, in such a manner that their action is subject to the law of continuity. 1830 J. F. W. Herschel Prelim. Disc. Study Nat. Philos. 189 It prevents a breach of the law of continuity between transparent and opake bodies. 1841 J. R. Young Math Diss. ii. 74 That the angle changes at once from 90° to zero, is to admit so palpable a violation of the principle of continuity..that, etc. 1862 Mulcahy Mod. Geom. (ed. 2) 1878 B. Stewart & P. G. Tait Unseen Universe (1880) p. xii We endeavour to show..that immortality is strictly in accordance with the principle of Continuity (rightly viewed). c. equation of continuity n. Hydrodynamics the equation connecting the rate of change of density of a fluid within any closed surface constantly full of fluid with the flow of fluid through the surface. ΚΠ 1836 T. Webster Equilibr. & Motion of Fluids 1880 S. Haughton Six Lect. Physical Geogr. iii. 141. 1882 G. M. Minchin Uniplanar Kinematics 142. 3. The state or quality of being continuous in time; uninterrupted duration. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > time > duration > [noun] lengtha1240 date?1316 durationc1384 hautesse1399 quantity?a1425 periodc1475 tracta1513 allowance1526 continuance1530 wideness1535 continue1556 protense1590 countenance1592 stay1595 standing1600 dimension1605 longanimity1607 longinquity1607 insisture1609 existence1615 unprivationa1628 continuity1646 protension1654 measure1658 course1665 contention1666 propagation1741 protensity1886 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica iv. xiii Wee need not have recourse unto any starre but the Sunne and the continuity of its action. View more context for this quotation 1841 D. Brewster Martyrs of Sci. ii. iv. 180 A painful disease, which had, doubtless, its origin in the severity and continuity of his studies. 1844 E. B. Barrett Drama of Exile in Poems I. 35 Their continuity of gaze. 4. a. quasi-concrete. A continuous or connected whole; a continuous or unbroken course or series. (Of material or immaterial things.) ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > continuity or uninterruptedness > [noun] > continuous succession > a continuous series or course seriousnessc1487 continuity1601 train1606 series1613 thread1642 continuum1650 clue1656 run1709 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 423 Running throughout one continuity without interruption. a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. ix. §3. 296 All magnitudes and continuities are deduced from one originall prick. 1644 J. Milton Areopagitica 32 When every stone is laid artfully together, it cannot be united into a continuity, it can but be contiguous in this world. 1818 S. T. Coleridge Friend (new ed.) II. 256 A chain that ascends in a continuity of links. b. A part continuous with something else. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > wholeness > incompleteness > part of whole > [noun] > part forming continuous whole with something continuity1819 1819 W. Irving Hist. N. Y. (ed. 3) I. vii. v. 405 The New-Netherlands..a continuity of the territory taken possession of..by the Pilgrims, when they landed on Plymouth Rock. 5. solution of continuity n. the fact or condition of being or becoming discontinuous; fracture, rupture, breakage, ‘break’. Originally used of wounds, etc. in an animal body; thence also in other senses. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > continuity or uninterruptedness > discontinuity or interrupted condition > [noun] solution of continuity1543 discontinuity1570 discontinuation1605 discontiguity1632 discreteness1835 discontinuousness1837 brokenness1842 discretion1848 incontinuity1865 1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. i. f. 7/1 The herte can not suffre solution of continuite wythout death. 1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. ii. 14 Schisme is an exteriour breach, or a solution of continuity in the body Ecclesiastick. 1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 77 The Solution of Continuity may hinder the Juice from mounting. 1790 E. Burke Refl. Revol. in France 24 With what address this temporary solution of [historical] continuity is kept from the eye. View more context for this quotation 1877 J. Tyndall in Daily News 2 Oct. 2/5 We are brought without solution of continuity into the presence of problems, which..lie entirely outside the domain of physics. 6. a. Cinematography. A detailed scenario for a cinema film; also, the maintenance of consistency or a continuous flow of action in successive shots or scenes of a cinema or television film. Originally U.S. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > [noun] > consistent sequence continuity1921 1921 Collier's 25 June 26/3 It is a hobby of mine never to pay no attention to a continuity, as it only gets a man balled up. 1926 G. F. Buckle Mind & Film i. 18 I am deliberately using the word scenario here instead of continuity (which is the correct name for the working script) in order to avoid confusion when discussing faults in the scenario which result in bad continuity in the film. 1927 [see continuity clerk n. at Compounds 1]. 1930 Times 12 July 4/6 Mr. Knoblock became joint author..of the scenario of the talking film and he also wrote the ‘continuity’ or stage directions. 1940 F. S. Fitzgerald Let. 11 May (1964) 116 I've written a really brilliant continuity..it seems to be a last life line that Hollywood has thrown me. 1940 War Illustr. 12 Jan. p. ii/2 Touching this matter of ‘continuity’—to use a word from film-technique. 1951 ‘J. Wyndham’ Day of Triffids vi. 116 Sandra is our professional remembrancer—continuity is her usual work. b. A series of linking announcements, interpolations, or the like in a radio programme or broadcast; the maintenance of a continuous sequence in broadcasting (see quot. 1941). ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > putting on or producing broadcast > [noun] > linking material between programmes continuity1934 1934 B.B.C. Year-bk. 107 The Ceremony of the Keys is a good example of a broadcast which requires elaborate technical arrangements to ensure ‘continuity’. 1941 B.B.C. Gloss. Broadc. Terms 7 Continuity, (1) structure of verse or prose, linking sections of a dramatic or of a magazine programme; (2) announcements or interlude material filling intervals between programmes in a sequence of programmes. 1968 Listener 4 Jan. 28/2 All the Best..is..full of limp interviews and badly written continuity. Compounds C1. General attributive. continuity announcement n. ΚΠ 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio i. 17 The output of individual studios is..linked together by..continuity announcements. continuity announcer n. ΚΠ 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio i. 17 Continuity announcer. continuity clerk n. ΚΠ 1927 Sunday Express 29 May 10 Promising to let her be a continuity clerk if she did not get ahead as an actress. C2. continuity girl n. Cinematography a woman who is responsible for ensuring that there are no discrepancies of detail between linked scenes filmed at different times. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > filming unit or team > [noun] > others involved in filming director of photography1916 grip1918 continuity writer1921 script girl1922 gaffer1926 production manager1927 best boy1931 production assistant1932 continuity girl1933 titler1933 clapper-boy1937 AD1957 1933 ‘I. Hay’ & ‘A. Armstrong’ Orders are Orders ii. 46 Meet Miss Marigold, my secretary and continuity girl. 1937 M. Robinson (title) Continuity girl. 1944 R. Manvell Film i. vi. 68 The director is the admitted co-ordinator of the actors' work, with the continuity girl killing the details. 1970 Daily Tel. 3 July (Colour Suppl.) 23 The world of folding chairs, megaphones and continuity girls is put firmly behind him when he turns to domestic film-making. continuity studio n. (see quot. 1941). ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > putting on or producing broadcast > [noun] > studio studio1922 continuity studio1941 continuity suite1957 1941 B.B.C. Gloss. Broadc. Terms 7 Continuity studio, small studio from which an announcer, supervising the running of a sequence of programmes, makes opening and closing announcements and interpolates interlude material when required. continuity suite n. (see quot. 1962). ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > putting on or producing broadcast > [noun] > studio studio1922 continuity studio1941 continuity suite1957 1957 B.B.C. Handbk. 52 The machines are started and stopped by remote control..from a continuity suite in the case of reproductions. 1962 A. Nisbett Technique Sound Studio 246 Continuity suite, a centre through which programmes are routed or where they are reproduced to build a particular service ready for feeding to a transmitter. continuity title n. an explanatory title inserted into a film to ensure continuity. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > [noun] > consistent sequence > text inserted to ensure continuity title1953 1953 K. Reisz Technique Film Editing 279 Continuity title, title designed to bridge a break in the pictorial continuity. continuity writer n. a writer of continuity titles. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > filming unit or team > [noun] > others involved in filming director of photography1916 grip1918 continuity writer1921 script girl1922 gaffer1926 production manager1927 best boy1931 production assistant1932 continuity girl1933 titler1933 clapper-boy1937 AD1957 1921 Moving Pict. Stories 9 Dec. 28/2 He knows that the continuity writer is going to make certain changes. 1928 Sunday Express 18 Mar. 4/3 The necessity for such titles as ‘Time went on, and brought changes in the circus’ would bring most continuity writers into disgrace. Draft additions March 2006 continuity equation n. Physics = equation of continuity n. at sense 2c. ΚΠ 1871 Ld. Rayleigh in Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 161 100 If u, v be the component velocities, the continuity equation is du/ dx+1/ rd(rv)/ dr = 0. 1960 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. VII. 402/1 For an incompressible fluid, the continuity equation..is div v = 0; hence, combining this relation with irrotationality gives Laplace's equation, div (grad ϕ) = 0. 2005 Jrnl. Environmental Managem. 76 293 The hydrodynamic model was developed on the foundation of the continuity equation, the momentum equation, and the mass-balance equation for salt. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1543 |
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