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单词 conjugation
释义

conjugationn.

/kɒndʒʊˈɡeɪʃən/
Etymology: < Latin conjugātiōn-em yoking together, connection, mingling, coupling of sexes, etymological relationship between words, noun of action from conjugāre to conjugate v. Compare French conjugaison (in 16th cent. also conjugation).
1.
a. The action of joining together or uniting; the condition of being joined together; conjunction, union, combination.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > [noun]
conjunctionc1374
jointurec1374
juncture1589
conjugation1605
syntax1615
injunction1643
colligation1651
togetherness1656
conjuncture1665
junction1711
symphysy1712
conjointment1814
jointedness1881
symphysis1891
knit1892
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Vv2v The doctrine of Coniugation of men in Socyety. View more context for this quotation
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §103 In the Conjugation of Letters, whence Articulate Sounds proceed.
1660 Bp. J. Taylor Worthy Communicant i. iv. 74 The worthy receiving of the holy communion, is but one conjugation of holy actions and parts of repentance.
1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. i. 47 They are neither contained in those things before mentioned, nor can result from any συζυγίαι or Conjugations of them.
1824 C. Wordsworth Who wrote Εἰκὼν Βασιλική 151 A conjugation of labours, a joint authorship.
b. A conjunction, combination, assemblage, united series. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > condition or state of being combined > [noun] > a combination
combination?1533
composition1556
composure1609
composture1614
compound1621
annexationa1626
conjugation1626
complexiona1637
composta1640
consistence1641
conferrumination1647
compositum1652
copulation1774
amalgam1790
amalgamation1828
combo1929
the world > relative properties > wholeness > mutual relation of parts to whole > fact or action of being joined or joining > [noun] > product of joining > that which is joined together
conjunction?1541
conjugation1626
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §835 The Elements, and their Conjugations.
1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. i. ii It supposes daily heaps and conjugations of miracles.
1675 N. Grew Compar. Anat. Trunks i. i. 2 Some parcels in the figure of little specks.
1692 R. Bentley Boyle Lect. ii. 18 All the various Mixtures and Conjugations of Atoms.
1718 Mem. Life J. Kettlewell iii. §69 These were a Conjugation of probabilities.
c. Union in wedlock. (humorous.)
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > [noun] > union in
yokeOE
couplec1320
alliancec1325
unionc1475
accouplement1483
accouplinga1535
conjunction1541
coupling1641
conjuncture1679
conjugationc1783
c1783 W. Cowper Pairing Time 41 Dick heard: and tweedling, ogling, bridling..Attested, glad, his approbation Of an immediate conjugation.
2.
a. Connection, relation, relationship. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun]
yokeOE
relationa1398
respecta1398
report1523
society?1545
habitude1561
conjugation1605
necessitudea1626
attinency1632
dependencea1634
belonginga1648
respectiveness1650
nexure1652
synapsis1655
relative1657
rapport1660
proportion1664
schesis1678
relationship1724
appurtenance1846
relationality1866
interosculation1883
tie-up1927
tie-in1934
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Cc1v The Simple Coniugations of Man and Wife; Parent, and Child, Maister and Seruant, which are in euery Cottage. View more context for this quotation
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Pp2 For the Art of Characters..it hath neerest coniugation with Grammar. View more context for this quotation
b. The relation of words directly derived from the same root: see conjugate adj. 2. Obsolete. [ < Latin conjugātio.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [noun] > derivation > state of being derived from same word
conjugation1628
cognation1862
congruence1958
1628 T. Spencer Art of Logick 141 All those that are of the same roote, Case, Coniugation, or ranke: as Iustice, Iust, Iustly, Strength, Strong, Strongly.
1656 T. Blount Glossographia Conjugation, a joyning together, a derivation of words of one kind.
3. Grammar.
a. A connected scheme of all the inflectional forms belonging to a verb; a division of the verbs of any language according to the general differences of inflection.A table of the series of ‘conjugate’ forms of a verb was called by the Greeks συζυγία, and this was in Commianus and Charisius, Latin grammarians of the 4th cent., rendered by the corresponding Latin term conjugatio. The former says ‘conjugationes quas Græci συζυγίας appellant, sunt apud nos tres’; the latter reckons 4, as in subsequent Latin grammars. (Charisius Inst. Gramm., ed. Keil, 168, 175.)
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > conjugation > a conjugation
conjugationa1529
conjunction1578
a1529 J. Skelton Speke Parrot in Certayne Bks. (?1545) sig. A.v Can skantly the tensis, of his coniugacyons.
1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum Pref. To know the coniugations: we haue set ouer (e) the infinitiue moode of the seconde coniugations, this circumflex (ê) as docêre, etc.
1580 C. Hollyband Treasurie French Tong Introd. The examples of all the Coniugations declyned at length through all moods and tenses.
1612 J. Brinsley Ludus Lit. vi. 61 They will by this meanes goe through all the coniugations.
1872 R. Morris Hist. Outl. Eng. Accidence (1879) 168 The verbs of the strong conjugation..form the past tense by a change of the root-vowel.
b. The setting forth (in speech or writing) of the various inflected forms of a verb, or of one of its moods, tenses, etc.; verbal inflection.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > conjugation
conjugating1530
conjugation1530
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement Introd. 31 Conjugation is the dyvers alteryng of the last ende of a theme, by reason of these thre accidentes, mode, tens and declination personall.
1591 R. Percyvall Bibliotheca Hispanica Gram. sig. Cv A Coniugation is the course of declining a verbe, by mood and tense.
1795 L. Murray Eng. Gram. 45 The Conjugation of a verb is the regular combination and arrangement of its several numbers, persons, modes, and tenses.
1883 J. Parker Tyne Chylde 290 Faith..is not a transient mood in the conjugation of life's throbbing verb.
c. In the Semitic languages, the name given to the simple form, and to each of the derivative forms which express a modification of meaning such as is expressed in Aryan languages by derivative verbs and by the distinction of voice. Each of these has its full inflection for tense and person.In Hebrew, the conjugations normally belonging to a verb are seven, expressing 1. Simple Active, 2. Passive, 3. an Emphatic derivative, 4. its Passive, 5. Causative, 6. its Passive, 7. a Reflexive voice.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [noun] > conjugation > in Semitic languages
conjugation1593
1526 Alphonsus Zamorensis Introd. Artis Gram. Hebraice ii. vii. sig. E2 Coniugationes verborum apud hebræos quattuor sunt.]
1593 J. Udall tr. P. Martinius Key Holy Tongue i. x. 45 Everie of these several verbs are declined thorow divers conjugations. The conjugation of a verb is either Levis or gravis.
1854 Arabic Reading Lessons (Bagster) p. xv There are thirteen forms or species of conjugation most of them having their passives, and every verb may be inflected according to one or more of them.
1859 Nicholls Samaritan Gram. (Bagster) 31 A Paradigm of a regular verb through its different conjugations.
4.
a. Physiology. Each pair of the cerebral nerves. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > nervous system > nerve > specific nerves > [noun] > pairs of cranial nerves
conjugation1615
syzygy1681
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 701 The Auditory nerue, or the Nerue of the fifte Coniugation and that of the seauenth which mooueth the Tongue.
1696 J. Edwards Demonstr. Existence God ii. iv. 76 There are seven Pairs or Conjugations of them [nerves] for that Use.
1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. v. viii. 345 This Fifth Conjugation of Nerves is branched to the Ball, the Muscles and Glands of the Eye.
b. A group of conjoined parts. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > physical arrangement or condition > [noun] > arrangement in group or cluster
clustera1382
conjugation1578
rosette1831
pentamery1902
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man viii. f. 110v The coniugations produced from Os sacrum..may be called..the sinewes of the feete.
1677 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Oxford-shire 87 Dividing the whole body as it were into certain conjugations, of two, three, or more joynts.
5.
a. Biology. The union or fusion of two (apparently) similar cells for reproduction, occurring in certain plants and animals of lowly organization.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > physical arrangement or condition > [noun] > union, junction, or attachment
coalescence?1541
insertion1578
coalition1605
suture1677
conjugation1843
1843 tr. J. Müller Elements Physiol. II. 1505 The process of Conjugation was first observed by O. Fr. Müller in the Confervæ.
1857 M. J. Berkeley Introd. Cryptogamic Bot. 126 The process of conjugation..The two frustules being brought near to each other by their concave surfaces, two little swellings arise in each, meeting two similar ones in the opposite frustule.
1859 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. V. 9/1 The combination of the contents of two cells..as in the process of conjugation.
1876 C. Darwin Effects Cross & Self Fertilisation Veg. Kingdom x. 409 The conjugation of the Algæ and some of the simplest animals is the first step towards sexual reproduction.
b. attributive, as in conjugation-body, conjugation-cell, conjugation-nucleus.

Draft additions 1993

d. Chemistry and Biochemistry. Chemical combination, esp. of large or dissimilar molecules which retain their identity.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical admixture or isolation > [noun] > chemical combination > conjugation
conjugation1855
1855 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 7 332 (heading) On the phenomenon of conjugation (Paarung), and the formulæ by which they are represented.
1863 Watts Dict. Chem. vii. 11 It would be well..if the idea of conjugation, as denoting any peculiar mode of chemical combination, were altogether banished from the science.
1914 J. A. Mandel tr. Hammarsten & Hedin Text-bk. Physiol. Chem. (ed. 7) xiv. 777 By conjugation with sulphuric acid, the alcohols which are otherwise readily oxidizable may be protected against combustion.
1924 T. B. Robertson Princ. Biochem. (ed. 2) xxiii. 663 The non-toxic phenols..are excreted without undergoing conjugation.
1974 R. Passmore & J. S. Robson Compan. Med. Stud. III. xx. 7 The exact defect is unknown but may lie in the transport of unconjugated bilirubin into the liver cell and possibly in its conjugation.
1982 J. F. van Pilsum in T. J. Devlin Textbk. Biochem. xxi. 1033 A large number of compounds are detoxified by conjugation reactions in the liver.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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n.a1529
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