-atesuffix¹

Primary stress is retained by a syllable of the preceding element though this may shift from its usual stressed syllable. In most formations the vowel in this suffix may be reduced accordingly, but in some formations this vowel is never reduced (most notably in some formations pertaining to sense 1c).

Forms: Formerly -at.

Etymology: Forming nouns derived < Latin nouns in -ātus (-ato- and -atu-), -ātum, -āta, and their modern Romanic representatives.

1. In popular words which lived on into Old French, Latin -ātus, -ātum, became (through -ato, -ado, -ad, -ed, -et) -é, as cūrātus, senātus, avocātus, stātus, peccātum, Old French curé, sené, avoué, esté, péché; learned words, adapted from Latin, took -at, as in estat, prelat, primat, magistrat. After 13th cent. many of the popular words were refashioned with -at, as sené, senat, avoué, avocat; and all new words have been thus formed, e.g. assassinat, attentat, épiscopat, palatinat, professorat, syndicat. In English these were originally adopted in their French form, estat, prelat, etc.; after 1400, -e was added to mark the long vowel, estate, prelate, etc., and all later words from French took -ate at once. After these, English words are formed directly on Latin, as curātus ‘curate,’ or on Latin analogies, as alderman-ate, cf. triumvir-ate. In meaning, words in -ate are chiefly:

a. Substantives denoting office or function, or the persons performing it, as marquisate, professorate, episcopate, syndicate, aldermanate.

b. Participial nouns, as legate ‘one deputed,’ prelate ‘one preferred,’ mandate ‘a thing commanded,’ precipitate ‘what is thrown down.’

c. Chemical terms, denoting salts formed by the action of an acid on a base, as nitrate, acetate, sulphate, carbonate, alcoholate, ethylate. In the 18th cent. chemists said plumbum acetatum ‘acetated lead,’ lead acted on by vinegar, whence substantively acetatum the acetated (product), the ‘acetate’; cf. precipitate n., sublimate n., distillate n. (In the dog-latin of pharmacy, acetas, -ātis, is used for acetātum.)

2. In some words, -ate = French -ate, < Latin or Italian -āta, as in pirate, frigate.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

-atesuffix²

Forms: late Middle English–1600s -at, late Middle English– -ate.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin -ātus.

Etymology: Partly (in sense 1, forming participial adjectives) < classical Latin -ātus (feminine -āta , neuter -ātum ), past participial ending, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content adj.² ( < contentus ), convict adj. ( < convictus ), direct adj. ( < directus ), remiss adj. ( < remissus ), or with phonetic final -e , e.g. complete adj. ( < complētus ), finite adj. ( < finītus ), revolute adj. ( < revolūtus ), sparse adj. ( < sparsus ). The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus ( < confūsus ), content ( < contentus ), divers ( < diversus ). This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix¹ (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at , subsequently -ate , e.g. desolātus , desolat , desolate adj., separātus , separat , separate adj. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix³), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as ‘the land was desolat(e by war;’ but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed suffix¹, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in ‘the desolate land,’ ‘a compact mass.’ (But compare situate adj., equivalent to situated adj.) So aspirate adj., moderate adj., prostrate adj., separate adj.; and (where a verb has not been formed) innate adj., oblate adj.², ornate adj., sedate adj., temperate adj., etc. As the French representation of Latin -ātus is -é , English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in -é , e.g. affectionné affectionate adj. Partly (in sense 2) < classical Latin -ātus, forming adjectives from nouns (as with English -ed ; compare -ed suffix²), when no other part of the verb was required, as caudātus caudate adj. ( < cauda tail), and often with negatives, as insensātus insensate adj. ( < sensus sense). In modern times these have been liberally adopted in English, and on their analogy, or that of corresponding French words in -é , new words are constantly formed where Latin did not in fact have the formation, as apiculate adj. ( < apiculus a little point); lunulate adj. ( < lunula little moon); roseate adj. ( < roseus rosy); angustifoliate at angusti- comb. form ( < angustum narrow + folium leaf).

1. Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us.See further discussion of the history of such formations in etymology section.

2. As with English -ed, Latin participial adjectives in -ātus were also formed on nouns, etc., when no other part of the verb was required, as cauda tail, caudātus tailed, and often with negatives, as sensus sense, insensātus unprovided with sense.See further discussion of the history of such formations in etymology section.

3. Many words, originally adjectival, are also used substantively, e.g. delegate, reprobate, precipitate, carbonate, alcoholate, and have gone to reinforce the number of the earlier nouns in -ate suffix¹.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

-atesuffix³

Primary stress is retained by a syllable of the preceding element though this may shift from its usual stressed syllable. The vowel in this suffix is not reduced.

Forms: late Middle English– -ate, 1500s -att, 1500s–1600s -at.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin -āt-, -āre.

Etymology: < classical Latin -āt-, past participial stem of verbs in -āre.

A verbal formative, used to English Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to form English verbs on other Latin words or elements. This use originated in the formation of verbs from the participial adjectives in -ate mentioned under -ate suffix².

1. In Old English, verbs had been regularly formed on adjectives, as hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan, etc. With the loss of the inflections, these verbs became, by the 15th cent., identical in form with the adjectives, e.g. to white, warm, busy, dry, empty, dirty, etc.

2. In Latin, verbs were also freely formed on adjectives, as siccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre. This prevailed still more extensively in French, e.g. sec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser, etc. Thence also English received many verbs, which by the 15th cent. were identical in form with their adjectives, e.g. to clear, humble, manifest, confuse, etc.

3. On these analogies English adjectives formed from Latin past participles began generally, in the 16th cent., to yield verbs of identical form, e.g. adjective direct, verb to direct; adjective separate, verb to separate; adjective aggravate, verb to aggravate: precisely analogous to adjective busy, verb to busy; adjective content, verb to content.

4. These verbs, though formed immediately from participial adjectives already in English, answered in form to the past participles of Latin verbs of the same meaning. It was thus natural to associate them directly with these Latin verbs, and to view them as their regular English representatives.

5. This once done, it became the recognized method of englishing a Latin verb, to take the participial stem of the Latin as the present stem of the English; so that English verbs were now formed on Latin past participles by mere analogy, and without the intervention of a participial adjective. In accordance with this, fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate, and hundreds of others, have been formed directly on the participial stems of Latin fascināre, concatēnāre, assevērāre, venerāri, etc., without having been preceded by a cognate adjective. In the case of many words introduced in the 16th cent., evidence is wanting to show whether the verb was preceded by, or contemporaneous with, the participial adjective in -ate.

6. These English verbs in -ate correspond generally to French verbs in -er (:—Latin -āre), as English separate, create, French séparer, créer: this in its turn gave an analogy for the formation of English verbs from French; as French isoler ( < Italian isolare:—Latin insulāre), English isolate; French féliciter, English felicitate.

7. Latin verbs in -āre might, analogically, have been formed on many words, on which they were not actually formed; wherever such a verb might have existed, a French verb in -er, and an English verb in -ate, are liable to be formed. Thus nōbilitas gave in Latin nōbilitāre, the English representative of which is nobilitate; fēlīcitas, which might have given fēlīcitāre, has given French féliciter and English felicitate; and capācitas, which might have given Latin capācitāre and French capaciter, has actually given English capacitate. Hence numerous modern verbs, as differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate; including many formed on modern or foreign words, as adipocerate, assassinate, camphorate, methylate.(It is possible that the analogy of native verbs in -t, with the past participle identical in form with the infinitive, as set, hit, put, cut, contributed also to the establishment of verbs like direct, separat(e, identical with their past participles.)

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

-atesuffix⁴

Primary stress is retained by a syllable of the preceding element though this may shift from its usual stressed syllable. The vowel in this suffix is not commonly reduced; see e.g. cyclamate n.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: -ate suffix¹.

Etymology: A specific use of -ate suffix¹: see -ate suffix¹ 1c.

Categories »

in Chemistry: see -ate suffix¹ 1c.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

suffix¹

suffix²

suffix³

suffix⁴

单词	-ate
释义	-atesuffix¹ Primary stress is retained by a syllable of the preceding element though this may shift from its usual stressed syllable. In most formations the vowel in this suffix may be reduced accordingly, but in some formations this vowel is never reduced (most notably in some formations pertaining to sense 1c). Forms: Formerly -at. Etymology: Forming nouns derived < Latin nouns in -ātus (-ato- and -atu-), -ātum, -āta, and their modern Romanic representatives. 1. In popular words which lived on into Old French, Latin -ātus, -ātum, became (through -ato, -ado, -ad, -ed, -et) -é, as cūrātus, senātus, avocātus, stātus, peccātum, Old French curé, sené, avoué, esté, péché; learned words, adapted from Latin, took -at, as in estat, prelat, primat, magistrat. After 13th cent. many of the popular words were refashioned with -at, as sené, senat, avoué, avocat; and all new words have been thus formed, e.g. assassinat, attentat, épiscopat, palatinat, professorat, syndicat. In English these were originally adopted in their French form, estat, prelat, etc.; after 1400, -e was added to mark the long vowel, estate, prelate, etc., and all later words from French took -ate at once. After these, English words are formed directly on Latin, as curātus ‘curate,’ or on Latin analogies, as alderman-ate, cf. triumvir-ate. In meaning, words in -ate are chiefly: a. Substantives denoting office or function, or the persons performing it, as marquisate, professorate, episcopate, syndicate, aldermanate. b. Participial nouns, as legate ‘one deputed,’ prelate ‘one preferred,’ mandate ‘a thing commanded,’ precipitate ‘what is thrown down.’ c. Chemical terms, denoting salts formed by the action of an acid on a base, as nitrate, acetate, sulphate, carbonate, alcoholate, ethylate. In the 18th cent. chemists said plumbum acetatum ‘acetated lead,’ lead acted on by vinegar, whence substantively acetatum the acetated (product), the ‘acetate’; cf. precipitate n., sublimate n., distillate n. (In the dog-latin of pharmacy, acetas, -ātis, is used for acetātum.) 2. In some words, -ate = French -ate, < Latin or Italian -āta, as in pirate, frigate. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online June 2021). -atesuffix² Primary stress is retained by a syllable of the preceding element though this may shift from its usual stressed syllable. In most formations the vowel in this suffix may be reduced accordingly, but in some formations this vowel is never reduced. Forms: late Middle English–1600s -at, late Middle English– -ate. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin -ātus. Etymology: Partly (in sense 1, forming participial adjectives) < classical Latin -ātus (feminine -āta , neuter -ātum ), past participial ending, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content adj.² ( < contentus ), convict adj. ( < convictus ), direct adj. ( < directus ), remiss adj. ( < remissus ), or with phonetic final -e , e.g. complete adj. ( < complētus ), finite adj. ( < finītus ), revolute adj. ( < revolūtus ), sparse adj. ( < sparsus ). The analogy for this was set by the survival of some Latin past participles in Old French, as confus ( < confūsus ), content ( < contentus ), divers ( < diversus ). This analogy was widely followed in later French, in introducing new words from Latin; and both classes of French words, i.e. the popular survivals and the later accessions, being adopted in English, provided English in its turn with analogies for adapting similar words directly from Latin, by dropping the termination. This began about 1400, and as in -ate suffix¹ (with which this suffix is phonetically identical), Latin -ātus gave -at , subsequently -ate , e.g. desolātus , desolat , desolate adj., separātus , separat , separate adj. Many of these participial adjectives soon gave rise to causative verbs, identical with them in form (see -ate suffix³), to which, for some time, they did duty as past participles, as ‘the land was desolat(e by war;’ but, at length, regular past participles were formed with the native suffix -ed suffix¹, upon the general use of which these earlier participial adjectives generally lost their participial force, and either became obsolete or remained as simple adjectives, as in ‘the desolate land,’ ‘a compact mass.’ (But compare situate adj., equivalent to situated adj.) So aspirate adj., moderate adj., prostrate adj., separate adj.; and (where a verb has not been formed) innate adj., oblate adj.², ornate adj., sedate adj., temperate adj., etc. As the French representation of Latin -ātus is -é , English words in -ate have also been formed directly after French words in -é , e.g. affectionné affectionate adj. Partly (in sense 2) < classical Latin -ātus, forming adjectives from nouns (as with English -ed ; compare -ed suffix²), when no other part of the verb was required, as caudātus caudate adj. ( < cauda tail), and often with negatives, as insensātus insensate adj. ( < sensus sense). In modern times these have been liberally adopted in English, and on their analogy, or that of corresponding French words in -é , new words are constantly formed where Latin did not in fact have the formation, as apiculate adj. ( < apiculus a little point); lunulate adj. ( < lunula little moon); roseate adj. ( < roseus rosy); angustifoliate at angusti- comb. form ( < angustum narrow + folium leaf). 1. Forming participial adjectives from Latin past participles in -ātus, -āta, -ātum, being only a special instance of the adoption of Latin past participles by dropping the inflectional endings, e.g. content-us, convict-us, direct-us, remiss-us, or with phonetic final -e, e.g. complēt-us, finīt-us, revolūt-us, spars-us.See further discussion of the history of such formations in etymology section. 2. As with English -ed, Latin participial adjectives in -ātus were also formed on nouns, etc., when no other part of the verb was required, as cauda tail, caudātus tailed, and often with negatives, as sensus sense, insensātus unprovided with sense.See further discussion of the history of such formations in etymology section. 3. Many words, originally adjectival, are also used substantively, e.g. delegate, reprobate, precipitate, carbonate, alcoholate, and have gone to reinforce the number of the earlier nouns in -ate suffix¹. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022). -atesuffix³ Primary stress is retained by a syllable of the preceding element though this may shift from its usual stressed syllable. The vowel in this suffix is not reduced. Forms: late Middle English– -ate, 1500s -att, 1500s–1600s -at. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin -āt-, -āre. Etymology: < classical Latin -āt-, past participial stem of verbs in -āre. A verbal formative, used to English Latin verbs of the first conjugation, and to form English verbs on other Latin words or elements. This use originated in the formation of verbs from the participial adjectives in -ate mentioned under -ate suffix². 1. In Old English, verbs had been regularly formed on adjectives, as hwít hwítian, wearm wearmian, bysig bysgian, drýge drýgan, etc. With the loss of the inflections, these verbs became, by the 15th cent., identical in form with the adjectives, e.g. to white, warm, busy, dry, empty, dirty, etc. 2. In Latin, verbs were also freely formed on adjectives, as siccus siccāre, clārus clārāre, līber līberāre, sacer sacrāre. This prevailed still more extensively in French, e.g. sec sècher, clair clairer, content contenter, confus confuser, etc. Thence also English received many verbs, which by the 15th cent. were identical in form with their adjectives, e.g. to clear, humble, manifest, confuse, etc. 3. On these analogies English adjectives formed from Latin past participles began generally, in the 16th cent., to yield verbs of identical form, e.g. adjective direct, verb to direct; adjective separate, verb to separate; adjective aggravate, verb to aggravate: precisely analogous to adjective busy, verb to busy; adjective content, verb to content. 4. These verbs, though formed immediately from participial adjectives already in English, answered in form to the past participles of Latin verbs of the same meaning. It was thus natural to associate them directly with these Latin verbs, and to view them as their regular English representatives. 5. This once done, it became the recognized method of englishing a Latin verb, to take the participial stem of the Latin as the present stem of the English; so that English verbs were now formed on Latin past participles by mere analogy, and without the intervention of a participial adjective. In accordance with this, fascinate, concatenate, asseverate, venerate, and hundreds of others, have been formed directly on the participial stems of Latin fascināre, concatēnāre, assevērāre, venerāri, etc., without having been preceded by a cognate adjective. In the case of many words introduced in the 16th cent., evidence is wanting to show whether the verb was preceded by, or contemporaneous with, the participial adjective in -ate. 6. These English verbs in -ate correspond generally to French verbs in -er (:—Latin -āre), as English separate, create, French séparer, créer: this in its turn gave an analogy for the formation of English verbs from French; as French isoler ( < Italian isolare:—Latin insulāre), English isolate; French féliciter, English felicitate. 7. Latin verbs in -āre might, analogically, have been formed on many words, on which they were not actually formed; wherever such a verb might have existed, a French verb in -er, and an English verb in -ate, are liable to be formed. Thus nōbilitas gave in Latin nōbilitāre, the English representative of which is nobilitate; fēlīcitas, which might have given fēlīcitāre, has given French féliciter and English felicitate; and capācitas, which might have given Latin capācitāre and French capaciter, has actually given English capacitate. Hence numerous modern verbs, as differentiate, substantiate, vaccinate; including many formed on modern or foreign words, as adipocerate, assassinate, camphorate, methylate.(It is possible that the analogy of native verbs in -t, with the past participle identical in form with the infinitive, as set, hit, put, cut, contributed also to the establishment of verbs like direct, separat(e, identical with their past participles.) This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022). -atesuffix⁴ Primary stress is retained by a syllable of the preceding element though this may shift from its usual stressed syllable. The vowel in this suffix is not commonly reduced; see e.g. cyclamate n. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: -ate suffix¹. Etymology: A specific use of -ate suffix¹: see -ate suffix¹ 1c. Categories » in Chemistry: see -ate suffix¹ 1c. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1885; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < suffix¹suffix²suffix³suffix⁴
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-atesuffix1

-atesuffix2

-atesuffix3

-atesuffix4

-atesuffix¹

-atesuffix²

-atesuffix³

-atesuffix⁴