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单词 congo
释义

Congoadj.n.

Brit. /ˈkɒŋɡəʊ/, U.S. /ˈkɑŋɡoʊ/
Forms: 1700s– Congo, 1800s– Kongo; also occasionally with lower-case initial.
Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Congo.
Etymology: < Congo, the name of a region and a river in western central Africa (see Kongo adj. and compare Congolese n.). Compare earlier Kongo adj. and Kongo n.In the Caribbean, some of the derogatory uses of the word (see senses A. 1 and B. 2) are reportedly due to the later arrival of slaves from the Congo region, who were regarded as outsiders by the more established local population (most of whom had roots in other parts of West Africa).
A. adj.
1. Designating a person from the region around the Congo river in western central Africa. Hence more generally (colloquial, offensive): designating a black person, spec. (Caribbean) one who is impoverished or considered uneducated or unrefined. It is not always clear whether the terms Congo and Kongo are being used to refer to a member of the Kongo (Kongo n. 1), a specific ethnic group of the lower Congo river region, or more generally to a person from, or associated with, the wider Congo region.
ΚΠ
1760 in Acts of Assembly, Jamaica (1771) II. 57 Nero, Congo Molly and Beckford, belonging to Arthur Forest, Esquire.
1906 S. Ford Shorty McCabe 93 Mr. Rufus Rastus, the Congo brunet that's master of ceremonies on the car.
1929 M. W. Beckwith Black Roadways xiii. 215 An occasional noodle story told of a ‘Congo nager’, like that of the slave who, sent to bring home a clock from the repair shop, kicked it to pieces because it persisted in striking, or of the Congo man who, seeing that the tree he was chopping was about to fall upon his head, adjusted his cotta to break the blow.
2012 S. K. Bryant et al. Afr. to Spanish Amer. ii. 64 Twenty-eight of sixty-seven Congo slaves who married prior to 1650 selected Congo spouses.
2. Of or relating to this region or its inhabitants.
ΚΠ
1876 Hampshire Tel. & Sussex Chron. 15 Jan. 3/5 Unfortunately the Congo trade is chiefly in the hands of the Dutch, French, and Portuguese.
1936 Jrnl. Negro Hist. 21 27 The failure to find..more than the slightest trace of either Senegalese or Congo traditions.
2008 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 5 Aug. A census by the Wildlife Conservation Society raised the estimate for gorillas in the Congo jungle from between 50,000 and 100,000 to around 200,000.
B. n.
1. Any of various dances performed in New Orleans, the Caribbean, and South America, which are influenced by African dance traditions.The dances to which this name is given take different forms but are typically characterized by the circling of the hips and are accompanied by drumming.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other dances > [noun]
dance of Macabre?c1430
springc1450
lege de moya1529
bobc1550
lusty gallant1569
duret1613
fading1613
huckler1617
ground-measure1621
entry1631
slatter de pouchc1640
ballo1651
Irish trot1651
omnium gatheruma1652
clutterdepouch1652
upspring1654
passacaglia1659
shuffle1659
passacaille1667
flip-flap1676
chaconne1685
charmer1702
Cheshire-round1706
Louvre1729
stick dance1730
white joke1730
baby dance1744
Nancy Dawson1766
fricassee1775
bumpkin1785
Totentanz1789
Flora('s) dance1790
goombay1790
egg-dance1801
supper dance1820
Congo dance1823
slip-jig1829
bran-dance1833
roly-poly1833
Congo1835
mazy1841
furry1848
bull-dance1855
stampede1856
double-shuffling1859
frog dance1863
hokee-pokee1873
plait dance1876
slow dancing1884
snake dance1895
beast dance1900
soft-shoe1900
cakewalk1902
floral dance1911
snake dance1911
apache dance1912
grizzly bear1912
jazz dance1917
jazz dancing1917
jazz1919
wine-dance1920
camel-walk1921
furry dance1928
snake-dance1931
pas d'action1936
trance dancing1956
touch dance1965
hokey-cokey1966
moonwalk1969
moonwalking1983
Crip Walk1989
mapantsula1990
1835 A. B. Longstreet Georgia Scenes 128 The minuet,..and the congo, which was only to chase away the solemnities of the minuet.
1886 Cent. Mag. 31 527/2 There were other dances..the Voudou, and the Congo..The latter, called Congo also in Cayenne, Chica in San Domingo.
1956 M. W. Stearns Story of Jazz (1957) iii. 26 The Congo, as such, is no longer danced in New Orleans, but it is still danced in Haiti, along with the Bamboula.
1996 E. Lovelace Salt i. 5 They couldn't see them in the dark among the shadows and trees; but, they could hear. They had to listen to them dance the Bamboula Bamboula,..the Congo,..the Bongo.
2. A person from the Congo region. Hence more generally (colloquial, offensive): a black person, spec. (Caribbean) one who is impoverished or considered uneducated or unrefined.It is not always clear whether the terms Congo and Kongo are being used to refer to a member of the Kongo (Kongo n. 1), a specific ethnic group of the lower Congo river region, or more generally to a person from, or associated with, the wider Congo region.Earliest attested as a nickname or form of address.
ΚΠ
1841 F. A. Olmsted Incidents Whaling Voy. iii. 46 They were surpassed by our cook with his various appellations of ‘Spot’, ‘Jumbo’, ‘Congo’, ‘Skillet’, ‘Kidney foot’, &c.
1863 G. A. Jewett Let. 18 July in L. F. Litwack Been in Storm so Long (1979) ii. 100 There are about three regiments of darkies raised here..regular Congoes with noses as broad as plantains and lips like raw beefsteaks.
1904 Hummingbird 24 May 3 Why I measure dat horse of dat Congo, Burkett, fo'teen one, an' de d— nigger gie me a lot o' sass.
1929 M. W. Beckwith Black Roadways i. 4 Even today the term ‘Congo’ refers to one who is the butt of his fellows.
1994 I. Welsh Acid House 38 We're all white men. Do time for some bleeding Congo? Wise up, Jock.
3. Chiefly U.S. regional (southern). rare. Now historical.
a. The water moccasin, Agkistrodon piscivorus, or another snake resembling it; = Congo snake n. 2.
ΚΠ
1888 G. W. Cable Bonaventure 284 A large moccasin..of that yet deadlier..black sort, an ell in length, which the swampers call the Congo.
1996 A. H. Malcolm Mississippi Currents 210/2 There are copperheads around and what they locally call Congos. They are black snakes, very mean.
b. Any of three aquatic salamanders constituting the genus Amphiuma; = Congo snake n. 1.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > amphibians > order Urodela or Caudata > [noun] > member of family Amphiumidae (Congo snake)
Congo snake1824
Congo1947
1947 Chicago Sunday Tribune 21 Dec. vii. 7/3 There were malaria and typhus in the swamps, and many snakes: rattlers, moccasins, copperheads, and the Congo, a blue black eel, most feared of all.

Compounds

C1.
congo ape n. disused the mantled howler monkey, Alouatta palliata.Also called Congo monkey. [Perhaps so called on account of its colour, which is predominantly black, with allusion to the use of Congo adj. as a derogatory term for some black people (compare sense A. 1).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > order Primates > suborder Anthropoidea (higher primates) > [noun] > family Cebidae > genus Alouatta (howler monkey)
guariba1753
howling monkey1769
warine1774
alouatte1779
howler monkey1800
araguato1852
congo ape1859
red howler1865
Congo monkey1874
ursine howler1884
Stentor1891
1859 A. Trollope West Indies xx. 326 Monkeys chattered on the trees around us and the little congo ape roared like a lion.
1943 E. R. Johnson Life University Professor 43 I realized that the congo apes were singing their matins. They soon were leading a chorus of several kinds of monkeys.
Congo dance n. any of various dances performed in New Orleans, the Caribbean, and South America, which are influenced by African dance traditions; = sense B. 1.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > dancing > types of dance or dancing > other dances > [noun]
dance of Macabre?c1430
springc1450
lege de moya1529
bobc1550
lusty gallant1569
duret1613
fading1613
huckler1617
ground-measure1621
entry1631
slatter de pouchc1640
ballo1651
Irish trot1651
omnium gatheruma1652
clutterdepouch1652
upspring1654
passacaglia1659
shuffle1659
passacaille1667
flip-flap1676
chaconne1685
charmer1702
Cheshire-round1706
Louvre1729
stick dance1730
white joke1730
baby dance1744
Nancy Dawson1766
fricassee1775
bumpkin1785
Totentanz1789
Flora('s) dance1790
goombay1790
egg-dance1801
supper dance1820
Congo dance1823
slip-jig1829
bran-dance1833
roly-poly1833
Congo1835
mazy1841
furry1848
bull-dance1855
stampede1856
double-shuffling1859
frog dance1863
hokee-pokee1873
plait dance1876
slow dancing1884
snake dance1895
beast dance1900
soft-shoe1900
cakewalk1902
floral dance1911
snake dance1911
apache dance1912
grizzly bear1912
jazz dance1917
jazz dancing1917
jazz1919
wine-dance1920
camel-walk1921
furry dance1928
snake-dance1931
pas d'action1936
trance dancing1956
touch dance1965
hokey-cokey1966
moonwalk1969
moonwalking1983
Crip Walk1989
mapantsula1990
1823 I. Holmes Acct. U.S.A. 332 In Louisiana, and..Mississippi, the slaves..dance for several hours... The general movement is in what they call the Congo dance.
1929 W. B. Seabrook Magic Island i. iii. 43 Some..danced, not the mad Rada of the night, but boisterous, gay Congo dances.
2006 M. Largey Vodou Nation v. 203 The group's unfamiliarity with the rhythms of the Vodou ceremony meant that they didn't know if their Congo dance was done to Congo rhythms or to Ibo rhythms.
Congo minuet n. (formerly also †Minuet Congo) now chiefly historical a two-person dance consisting of small, quick, springy steps and incorporating elements of African dance traditions, popular in the late 18th and early 19th cent.; (also) the music which accompanies this dance. [Compare French menuet congo (1779 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1772 Daily Advertiser 22 Apr. To the above will be added the Minuet Dauphin, the Minuet Congo, and two new Minuets never yet published.
1802 ‘Saltator’ Treat. Dancing 73 Congo Minuet, is a dance consisting of two persons—The gentleman places his partner on his right hand facing the company, they make a salute in the time of chassé [etc.].
2002 J. C. Chasteen in R. Young Music, Pop. Culture, Identities 66 As for the Havana elite, between 1790 and 1810, apparently, they often concluded fancy balls with the so-called Congo Minuet.
Congo monkey n. the mantled howler monkey, Alouatta palliata; cf. congo ape n.In quot. 1859: an unidentified long-tailed African monkey, perhaps one from the Congo region. [With later uses compare congo ape n.]
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > order Primates > suborder Anthropoidea (higher primates) > [noun] > family Cebidae > genus Alouatta (howler monkey)
guariba1753
howling monkey1769
warine1774
alouatte1779
howler monkey1800
araguato1852
congo ape1859
red howler1865
Congo monkey1874
ursine howler1884
Stentor1891
1859 Frank Leslie's New Family Mag. Sept. 253/1 I do not believe that it is peculiar to the Congo monkeys, but it is a lamentable fact, how addicted are animals of the kind to the commission of two crimes, murder and suicide!]
1874 T. Belt Naturalist in Nicaragua iii. 35 High up in one tree..were seated some of the black Congo monkeys (Mycetes palliatus).
2010 S. Osman Stumbling into Paradise iii. 84 There were so many big congo monkeys that he was afraid to walk the trails alone.
Congo pea n. chiefly Caribbean the pigeon pea, Cajanus cajan; (also) the seeds of this plant, widely eaten as a pulse. [Perhaps an alteration of Jamaican English gungo pea < gungo , denoting the plant and its seeds ( < Kongo ngungu pea) + pea n.2, either after the name of the Congo region, or perhaps with (derogatory) reference to some of the black population of Jamaica (compare sense A. 1).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > pulses or plants producing pulses > [noun] > bean > other types of bean-plant
horse-bean1684
Angola pea1756
pole bean1770
Congo pea1812
Canavalia1828
no-eye pea1837
overlook1837
bean-vine1838
asparagus-bean1856
sword-bean1875
jack bean1885
horse-gram1886
winged bean1910
tepary1912
adzuki1914
siratro1962
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > pulse > [noun] > bean > other beans
bean1548
black bean1569
calavance1620
red bean1658
seven-year bean1666
lablab1670
Cajan1693
dal1698
adzuki1727
tick-bean1744
tick1765
toker1786
mash1801
Congo pea1812
stick bean1823
moog1840
moth1840
Lima1856
feijão1857
asparagus pea1859
mung1866
wall1884
Rangoon bean1903
1812 G. Shaw Gen. Zool. VIII. i. 223 The flowers of the Cytisus Cajan, commonly called the Congo Pea, which is much cultivated by the Negroes.
1978 Kingston (Jamaica) Daily Gleaner 19 Apr. 10/2 Method: 1. Cook congo peas and diced fresh vegetables.
2013 S. Rostain Islands Rainforest v. 215 Their two principal crops are bananas and manioc, but beans, sweet potatoes, yams, and Congo peas, etc. are also grown.
C2. Chemistry.
a.
Congo red n. a red dye originally used to colour cotton without the use of a mordant, and now chiefly used as a tissue stain in microscopy.Congo red is an azo compound derived from benzidine, and can be used as a pH indicator as it turns blue in acid conditions. [After German Kongorot (1885), probably so called as a marketing strategy to evoke romantic associations with Africa (a popular subject at the time due to the Berlin West Africa conference of 1884–5 and the beginnings of German colonialism); compare also (after German) French rouge Congo (1885).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [adjective] > yielding dye > types of dye
substantive1794
alizarin1857
Congo red1885
neutral1892
Janus1898
metachrome1901
direct1902
indigoid1908
reactive1941
thioindigoid1943
1885 Jrnl. Soc. Dyers & Colourists 1 146/2 Congo Red... This colouring matter..is of special interest, owing to its remarkable property of dyeing cotton..without the aid of a mordant.
1940 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. IV. 12/1 Benzidine finds..its greatest application in the manufacture of direct cotton dyestuffs, which result on tetrazotisation..e.g. Congo Red..results from coupling with naphthionic acid.
1960 I. A. Stanton Dict. for Med. Secretaries 36/1 Congo Red test of renal function, a test for amyloidosis.
2014 S. B. Prusiner Madness & Memory ix. 113 When filters that polarize the bright light from the microscope lamp were used, the Congo red bound to the amyloid fibres displayed a characteristic green-gold appearance.
b. In the names of various dyes, stains, and indicators which resemble Congo red in being azo compounds mostly derived from benzidine or tolidine, as in Congo blue, Congo brown, Congo corinth, Congo orange, Congo rubine, etc. Also in other terms denoting or relating to this group of dyes, as in Congo-acid, Congo dye, Congo paper. Now chiefly historical. [In some formations probably after German models, e.g. Kongorubin, Kongobraun, Kongopapier (apparently all late 19th cent.); Congo corinth may be directly < German Kongokorinth (late 19th cent.).]
ΚΠ
1886 London Med. Rec. 15 Nov. 487/1 To test the secretion it will be necessary to give a trial meal, and in about six hours to examine the contents of the stomach. The latter must also be examined with regard to the presence of free hydrochloric acid... For this, Congo paper is of great value.
1898 Applic. Benzidine Colours All Branches Printing 49 (caption) Aniline Black discharged with Congo Orange G.
1905 J. C. Cain & J. F. Thorpe Synthetic Dyestuffs xi. 70 A mixed benzidine dyestuff—Congo Corinth—is produced.
1905 J. C. Cain & J. F. Thorpe Synthetic Dyestuffs xi. 73 Congo brown G [A]..Congo brown R [A].
1910 Polytechnic Engineer 10 21 (heading) The investigation of Congo blue and the preparation of Congo white.
1915 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 108 i. 321 Blue and Red Congo Dyes.
1915 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 108 i. 322 Isomeric Congo-acids have been isolated.
1920 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 118 ii. 171 Colour Change of Congo-rubin.
1922 R. N. Shreve et al. Dyes Classified i. 127 Dyes derived from Benzidine..Congo Rubine.
1940 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. IV. 219 Congo Corinth GW: Benzidine, Naphthionic acid, N.W.-acid.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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adj.n.1760
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