consuln.

/ˈkɒnsəl/

Forms: Also 1600s consull.

Etymology: < Latin consul (in sense 1), < con- together + -sal- root of salīre to leap, jump, = Sanskrit sar- to go: compare consilium counsel n., and consultāre to consult v.

I. In the Roman and French Republics.

1. The title of the two annually elected magistrates who exercised conjointly supreme authority in the Roman Republic; the title without the function was retained under the Empire.The Roman reckoning of time was by the names of the two consuls for the year.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > consul

consulc1384

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in ancient Roman republic

consulc1384

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. xv. 15 Lucius, consul [a1425 L.V. cheef gouernour] of Romayns, to Kyng Ptholome, helthe.

1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 179 Gaius Fabricius, Which whilom was consul of Rome.

1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1822) iv. 323 L. Quincius Capitolinus, quhilk wes five times afore consul.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. i. 258 'Tis thought, that Martius shall be Consull .

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xvii. 449 The title of consul was still the most splendid object of ambition.

1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi I. ii. viii. 297 ‘Long live the Consul Rienzi!’ cried several voices.

1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 481 The last consul after whom the year was denominated was Basilius, junior, in the year 1294 a.u.c. or 541 a.d. in the reign of the Emperor Justinian.

2. Hence given as a title to the three chief magistrates of the French Republic, from 1799 to 1804. The First Consul (who was Napoleon Bonaparte) had all the real power, the Second and Third Consuls having only a consultative voice.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in specific French republic

consul1802

1802 G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 460 The late discussion with the First Consul.

1836 Penny Cycl. V. 127 The consuls, or rather the first or chief consul (for the other two were appointed by him, and acted only as his advisers and assistants) proposed the laws.

II. Senses chiefly founded upon etymological connection with Latin consulĕre to counsel, consult.

†3. Used by medieval Latin writers in England and elsewhere as = comes, count, earl. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > earl, count, or countess > [noun] > earl or count > feudal

earlOE

consula1513

10.. Laws of Edw. Conf. ii. (Du Cange).

c1250 H. de Bracton De Legibus Angliæ i. viii. §2 (Du Cange) Comites..qui etiam dici possunt consules a consulendo; reges enim tales sibi associant ad consulendum.]

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. cliiii^v In theyr Apparell they were lyke vnto Consules and nat vnto Monkes.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 168 a The Sherife was deputy of the Consull or Earle, and therefore the Romanes called him Viceconsul, as we at this day call him vicecomes.

1677 F. Sandford Geneal. Hist. Kings Eng. 75 Isabell, one of the Daughters and Heirs of William Consul of Gloucester.

1864 Freeman in Sat. Rev. XVIII. 461/2 One is amused to find the great opponent of King Stephen described as ‘Robert, surnamed “the Consul”, natural son of King Hen. I’..Robert was ‘surnamed “the Consul”’, only in the sense in which every other contemporary Earl was equally surnamed the Consul..Henry of Huntingdon, and others who used the same affected style, thought it fine to say ‘Consul’ instead of ‘Comes’.

†4. A member of a council: spec. of the early English Merchant or Trading Companies. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > resident abroad

consula1513

coucher1607

comptoir1722

proconsul1939

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. viii. sig. o.iii^v A Noble gentilman, a consul in office.

1553 S. Cabot in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) i. 261 To be presented to the Gouernour, Consuls, and Assistants in London.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. F3^v Making them Dictators, that their wordes should stand, and not Counsels [erratum: Consulls] to giue aduise. ]

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. Ded. p. iii To the..Governor, the Consuls and court of Assistants of the Russia Company.

†5. Used as the English appellation of various foreign officials. By Shakespeare applied apparently to the savii of Venice. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > in Venetian republic

proveditor1549

provedore1571

provisor1579

consula1616

magistrate of the pomps1705

society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > senior or chief public officials > [noun] > foreign senior or chief official

consula1616

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. ii. 43 Many of the Consuls rais'd, and met, Are at the Dukes already.

1618 P. Holderus tr. J. van Oldenbarneveld Barneuel's Apol. sig. C^v The true hearted Hollander, Consul and Captaine Peter Boom.

1618 P. Holderus tr. J. van Oldenbarneveld Barneuel's Apol. sig. Diij The Consulls, and Gouernours of Rotterdam.

1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. xiv. 421 The Government [of Cologne] is under the Senate and Consuls.

1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. III. 272 [In Venice] the third council..consists of the Doge, his six counsellors, the Capi della Quarantia Criminale, the Savii Grandi, the Savii di Terra Ferma, and the Savii de gl'ordini... The Savii are a kind of public inspectors, or consuls.

III. A municipal or commercial officer.

6. Formerly the name of certain municipal magistrates in Southern France and Catalonia, corresponding to the échevins of Northern France.(Du Cange refers to Consules municipales at Barcelona at an early date (cf. 7), and in Provence in 1209.)

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > European magistrates

schepen1480

scabine1526

consul1583

capitoul1607

echevin1670

1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum ii. xxii. 75 These Constables..be like to them, who are called Consuls in manie townes and villages in Fraunce.

1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon iii. ix. 421 A Consul of Agen, who had been created so at his recommendation.

1703 London Gaz. No. 3913/3 There are Letters from Marseilles..which say, the Inhabitants of that Place had..killed their Consul.

1787 C. Smith Romance Real Life I. 56 The consuls of the district waited on her to offer her a guard.

†7. The appointed or elected head of the body of merchants of any nation resident in a foreign seaport or town, to settle disputes among them, and be their channel of communication with the local government or authority. Obsolete.This appears to have arisen in the Mediterranean and to have been an extension of sense 4 or 6; Du Cange quotes a charter of King Jayme of Arragon of 1268, giving to the merchants of Barcelona, sojourning in parts beyond seas, power to appoint consuls over themselves.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > resident abroad > head

consul1601

c1320 Symon Simeonis Itin. (1778) 21 Communiter quaelibet Christianorum civitas maritima habet fundum in civitate ipsa et consulem.]

1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 125 They that doe traffike vpon the land, assemble many together, and elect a gouernor amongst them, whom they terme, Consul.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 758 A Consull of the Florentine Marchants at Alexandria.

8. Hence, by gradual development: An agent appointed and commissioned by a sovereign state to reside in a foreign town or port, to protect the interests of its traders and other subjects there, and to assist in all matters pertaining to the commercial relations between the two countries. So consul-general, vice-consul. (The ordinary current sense.)

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > diplomacy > [noun] > ambassador or envoy > resident ambassador > consul

consul1589

1589 R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations i. 191 The Venetians haue a Consul themselues. But all other nations goe to the French nations Consul.

1601 W. Parry New Disc. Trauels Sir A. Sherley 10 The English Consulls.

1694 E. Phillips tr. J. Milton Lett. of State 227 We deem'd it necessary to send to your Majesty Thomas Maynard..to reside in your Dominions, under the Character and Employment of a Consul, and to take care of the Estates and Interests of our Merchants.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xiv. 77 These proceedings..of which the consul general Wolff, was acquainted in 1745.

1826 J. Kent Comm. Amer. Law I. ii. 40 Consuls are commercial agents, appointed to reside in the sea ports of foreign countries, with a commission to watch over the commercial rights and privileges of the nation deputing them.

9. transferred. The local representative officer of the Cyclists' Touring Club.

ΚΠ

1882 Prospectus Bicycle Touring Club The appointment of Consuls, or representatives, in various towns, to point out the ‘lions’ of the place..and to inform members..as to the state of roads and other matters in their local districts.

Compounds

attributive and in other combinations.

ΚΠ

1562 P. Whitehorne tr. N. Machiavelli Arte of Warre iii. f. xliiii An ordinarie Romaine armie, whiche thei call a Consull armie.

1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 317 At Rome in the Consuall[sic]-feasts celebrated for the honour of Neptune.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2021).

单词	consul
释义	consuln. /ˈkɒnsəl/ Forms: Also 1600s consull. Etymology: < Latin consul (in sense 1), < con- together + -sal- root of salīre to leap, jump, = Sanskrit sar- to go: compare consilium counsel n., and consultāre to consult v. I. In the Roman and French Republics. 1. The title of the two annually elected magistrates who exercised conjointly supreme authority in the Roman Republic; the title without the function was retained under the Empire.The Roman reckoning of time was by the names of the two consuls for the year. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > consul consulc1384 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in ancient Roman republic consulc1384 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Macc. xv. 15 Lucius, consul [a1425 L.V. cheef gouernour] of Romayns, to Kyng Ptholome, helthe. 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 179 Gaius Fabricius, Which whilom was consul of Rome. 1533 J. Bellenden tr. Livy Hist. Rome (1822) iv. 323 L. Quincius Capitolinus, quhilk wes five times afore consul. a1616 W. Shakespeare Coriolanus (1623) ii. i. 258 'Tis thought, that Martius shall be Consull . View more context for this quotation 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xvii. 449 The title of consul was still the most splendid object of ambition. 1835 E. Bulwer-Lytton Rienzi I. ii. viii. 297 ‘Long live the Consul Rienzi!’ cried several voices. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 481 The last consul after whom the year was denominated was Basilius, junior, in the year 1294 a.u.c. or 541 a.d. in the reign of the Emperor Justinian. 2. Hence given as a title to the three chief magistrates of the French Republic, from 1799 to 1804. The First Consul (who was Napoleon Bonaparte) had all the real power, the Second and Third Consuls having only a consultative voice. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in specific French republic consul1802 1802 G. Rose Diaries (1860) I. 460 The late discussion with the First Consul. 1836 Penny Cycl. V. 127 The consuls, or rather the first or chief consul (for the other two were appointed by him, and acted only as his advisers and assistants) proposed the laws. II. Senses chiefly founded upon etymological connection with Latin consulĕre to counsel, consult. †3. Used by medieval Latin writers in England and elsewhere as = comes, count, earl. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > nobility > rank > earl, count, or countess > [noun] > earl or count > feudal earlOE consula1513 10.. Laws of Edw. Conf. ii. (Du Cange). c1250 H. de Bracton De Legibus Angliæ i. viii. §2 (Du Cange) Comites..qui etiam dici possunt consules a consulendo; reges enim tales sibi associant ad consulendum.] a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) I. ccxxiii. f. cliiii^v In theyr Apparell they were lyke vnto Consules and nat vnto Monkes. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 168 a The Sherife was deputy of the Consull or Earle, and therefore the Romanes called him Viceconsul, as we at this day call him vicecomes. 1677 F. Sandford Geneal. Hist. Kings Eng. 75 Isabell, one of the Daughters and Heirs of William Consul of Gloucester. 1864 Freeman in Sat. Rev. XVIII. 461/2 One is amused to find the great opponent of King Stephen described as ‘Robert, surnamed “the Consul”, natural son of King Hen. I’..Robert was ‘surnamed “the Consul”’, only in the sense in which every other contemporary Earl was equally surnamed the Consul..Henry of Huntingdon, and others who used the same affected style, thought it fine to say ‘Consul’ instead of ‘Comes’. †4. A member of a council: spec. of the early English Merchant or Trading Companies. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > resident abroad consula1513 coucher1607 comptoir1722 proconsul1939 a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) ii. viii. sig. o.iii^v A Noble gentilman, a consul in office. 1553 S. Cabot in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (1589) i. 261 To be presented to the Gouernour, Consuls, and Assistants in London. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. F3^v Making them Dictators, that their wordes should stand, and not Counsels [erratum: Consulls] to giue aduise. View more context for this quotation] 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. Ded. p. iii To the..Governor, the Consuls and court of Assistants of the Russia Company. †5. Used as the English appellation of various foreign officials. By Shakespeare applied apparently to the savii of Venice. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > [noun] > in Venetian republic proveditor1549 provedore1571 provisor1579 consula1616 magistrate of the pomps1705 society > authority > office > holder of office > public officials > senior or chief public officials > [noun] > foreign senior or chief official consula1616 a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. ii. 43 Many of the Consuls rais'd, and met, Are at the Dukes already. View more context for this quotation 1618 P. Holderus tr. J. van Oldenbarneveld Barneuel's Apol. sig. C^v The true hearted Hollander, Consul and Captaine Peter Boom. 1618 P. Holderus tr. J. van Oldenbarneveld Barneuel's Apol. sig. Diij The Consulls, and Gouernours of Rotterdam. 1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. xiv. 421 The Government [of Cologne] is under the Senate and Consuls. 1757 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. III. 272 [In Venice] the third council..consists of the Doge, his six counsellors, the Capi della Quarantia Criminale, the Savii Grandi, the Savii di Terra Ferma, and the Savii de gl'ordini... The Savii are a kind of public inspectors, or consuls. III. A municipal or commercial officer. 6. Formerly the name of certain municipal magistrates in Southern France and Catalonia, corresponding to the échevins of Northern France.(Du Cange refers to Consules municipales at Barcelona at an early date (cf. 7), and in Provence in 1209.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > European magistrates schepen1480 scabine1526 consul1583 capitoul1607 echevin1670 1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum ii. xxii. 75 These Constables..be like to them, who are called Consuls in manie townes and villages in Fraunce. 1670 C. Cotton tr. G. Girard Hist. Life Duke of Espernon iii. ix. 421 A Consul of Agen, who had been created so at his recommendation. 1703 London Gaz. No. 3913/3 There are Letters from Marseilles..which say, the Inhabitants of that Place had..killed their Consul. 1787 C. Smith Romance Real Life I. 56 The consuls of the district waited on her to offer her a guard. †7. The appointed or elected head of the body of merchants of any nation resident in a foreign seaport or town, to settle disputes among them, and be their channel of communication with the local government or authority. Obsolete.This appears to have arisen in the Mediterranean and to have been an extension of sense 4 or 6; Du Cange quotes a charter of King Jayme of Arragon of 1268, giving to the merchants of Barcelona, sojourning in parts beyond seas, power to appoint consuls over themselves. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > resident abroad > head consul1601 c1320 Symon Simeonis Itin. (1778) 21 Communiter quaelibet Christianorum civitas maritima habet fundum in civitate ipsa et consulem.] 1601 R. Johnson tr. G. Botero Trauellers Breuiat 125 They that doe traffike vpon the land, assemble many together, and elect a gouernor amongst them, whom they terme, Consul. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 758 A Consull of the Florentine Marchants at Alexandria. 8. Hence, by gradual development: An agent appointed and commissioned by a sovereign state to reside in a foreign town or port, to protect the interests of its traders and other subjects there, and to assist in all matters pertaining to the commercial relations between the two countries. So consul-general, vice-consul. (The ordinary current sense.) ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > diplomacy > [noun] > ambassador or envoy > resident ambassador > consul consul1589 1589 R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations i. 191 The Venetians haue a Consul themselues. But all other nations goe to the French nations Consul. 1601 W. Parry New Disc. Trauels Sir A. Sherley 10 The English Consulls. 1694 E. Phillips tr. J. Milton Lett. of State 227 We deem'd it necessary to send to your Majesty Thomas Maynard..to reside in your Dominions, under the Character and Employment of a Consul, and to take care of the Estates and Interests of our Merchants. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xiv. 77 These proceedings..of which the consul general Wolff, was acquainted in 1745. 1826 J. Kent Comm. Amer. Law I. ii. 40 Consuls are commercial agents, appointed to reside in the sea ports of foreign countries, with a commission to watch over the commercial rights and privileges of the nation deputing them. 9. transferred. The local representative officer of the Cyclists' Touring Club. ΚΠ 1882 Prospectus Bicycle Touring Club The appointment of Consuls, or representatives, in various towns, to point out the ‘lions’ of the place..and to inform members..as to the state of roads and other matters in their local districts. Compounds attributive and in other combinations. ΚΠ 1562 P. Whitehorne tr. N. Machiavelli Arte of Warre iii. f. xliiii An ordinarie Romaine armie, whiche thei call a Consull armie. 1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 317 At Rome in the Consuall[sic]-feasts celebrated for the honour of Neptune. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online March 2021). consulv. Etymology: < consul n.Previous versions of the OED give the stress as: ˈconsul. Commerce. Categories » transitive. To submit to a consul for official examination and approval; to get (an invoice or the like) stamped by a consul. When Merchandise above the value of £20 is sent to the United States an Invoice must be sworn to before the U.S. Consul at the place of dispatch, who stamps it. A commercial letter of 9 July, 1891, calls this ‘to consul the invoice’. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1893; most recently modified version published online June 2019). < n.c1384v.
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consuln.

Compounds

consulv.