confirmationn.

/kɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/

Forms: Also Middle English conferm-, Middle English–1500s confyrm-.

Etymology: < Old French confirmation (13th cent. in Godefroy), < Latin confirmātiōn-em , noun of action fromconfirmāre to confirm v. (The inherited form of the Latin word in Old French was confermaison.)

a. The action of making firm or sure; strengthening, settling, establishing (of institutions, opinions, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > strengthening or confirmation of immaterial things > [noun]

strenghinga1400

strengthc1400

affirmance1442

roboration1473

confirmation1520

corroboration1529

fortification1530

strengthening1535

hardening1544

establishment1561

re-enforcement1577

comforting1605

reinforcement1605

consolidation1611

establishing1846

undergirding1868

entrenchment1877

entrenching1950

1520 Chron. Eng. iv. f. 28/1 For the confyrmacyon of his kyngdome.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. c For the more confyrmacion of the fayth.

1585 Abp. E. Sandys Serm. iv. 74 For the confirmation of our weake faith.

1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan III. 343 Confirmation of your..belief.

1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxii. 24 For the better confirmation of their title.

†b. Physical strengthening. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > [noun]

establishment1561

corroboration1599

confirmation1646

firmament1650

strengthening1660

tone-up1943

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iii. 73 [The loadstone] may..afford a confirmation unto parts relaxed.

a. The action of confirming or ratifying by some additional legal form. confirmation of a charter: see confirm v. 2 Confirmation of the Charters (Confirmatio Chartarum) applied in English History spec. to the confirmation of Magna Charta and the Charter of the Forests by Edward I in 1297.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > ratification or confirmation > [noun] > by some additional legal form

confirmation1382

society > law > rule of law > [noun] > validity or legal force > validation or ratification

confirming1297

confirmment1297

confirmation1382

corroborating1530

corroboration1549

confirmance1588

vesting1611

affirmance1642

affirmation1645

validatinga1648

homologation1656

validation1656

sanction1658

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Heb. vi. 16 The ende of al her controuersye, or debate, is an ooth to confermacioun.

1473–4 in Acc. Ld. Treas. Scotl. (Jam. Suppl.) I. 2 Ane confirmacione of ane charter to Johne Lord Semple of the landis of Montgrenane.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 51.

1647 J. Sprigge Anglia Rediviva iv. ix. 309 That confirmation of all the precedent Articles shall be procured from the Parliament.

1789 A. Young Jrnl. 23 June in Trav. France (1792) i. 119 They then immediately passed a confirmation of their preceding arrets.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (1877) II. 147 The supplementary acts by which the Confirmation of the Charters was affirmed and recognised..especially as the close of the long dispute about the limits and jurisdictions of the Forests.

1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 365.

b. The confirming of a person in a dignity, etc., or of a possession, etc., to a person.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > ratification or confirmation > [noun]

confirmment1297

confirmationc1330

ratification1420

affirminga1425

interination1489

confirmance1588

rate?1611

endorsement1633

firmation1684

verification1789

seal of approval1833

interinement1883

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 143 Richard his pallion bi messengere did com, & his confirmacion fro þe courte of Rome.

1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 89 Obtained of the king the office of Admirall..and got the confirmation thereof.

1690–1700 Order of Hospitalls sig. Bvi After the confirmation of the said election by the Lord Maior.

1886 York Herald 7 Aug. 5/5 Confirmation of the Speaker.

c. spec. Christian Church. The formal ratification of the election or other appointment of a bishop.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > ordination > [noun] > as bishop

confirmationc1330

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 209 Þe pape þer of was paied, mad þe Confirmacion. Maister Steuen of Langtone Ersebisshop salle be.

c1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. v. 132 Ðe Byschope Robert..Of þe archebyschape of Yhork had Confirmatyowne.

1826 Chitty Blackstone I. 378 Without which confirmation and investiture the elected bishop could neither be consecrated nor receive any secular profits.

1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 37 Confirmation is performed under the authority of the Metropolitan, acting for the whole Province or Church.

a. The action of confirming, corroborating, or verifying; verification, proof: see confirm v. 7.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > [noun] > by validation

affirmationc1419

confirmation1419

certificatec1508

confirmance1588

validation1656

ascertainment1657

determinationa1676

firmation1684

ascertaining1685

fact-checking1936

1419 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. ii. I. 72 To haffe on off ther captaynes into Engelond, ffor to make confirmation of thys matier.

1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1272/1 For the confirmation whereof..thou shalt find an ample discourse in my booke.

1747 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1851) V. 150 In confirmation of what we say we give you this string of Wampum.

1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xxix. 204 It hardly wants the confirmation of experience.

a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. ii. 50 I should think, to use the newspaper phrase, the thing merited confirmation.

1831 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under Seven Admin. (1837) II. 99 The achievements of St. George want confirmation in the particular of the Dragon.

b. A confirmatory statement or circumstance; in Rhetoric the confirmatory part of an argument.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [noun] > evidence given, testimony > piece of > serving as corroboration

corroboration1542

confirmation1553

confirmance1588

confirmative1589

corroborant1805

the mind > attention and judgement > testing > debate, disputation, argument > putting forward for discussion > [noun] > arguments for or against > argument in favour

proc1450

confirmation1553

1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 4 b The confirmacion is a declaracion of our awne reasons, with assured and constaunt profes.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iii. iii. 327 Trifles light as ayre, Are to the iealous, confirmations strong As proofes of holy writ.

1648 H. Gresby tr. J. L. G. de Balzac Prince 102 [To observe] the parts of Eloquence, and to separate the Exordium from the Narration, and the Confirmation from the Epilogue.

1709 R. Steele & J. Addison Tatler No. 136. ⁋8 This Day came in a Mail from Holland, with a Confirmation of our late Advices.

1876 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches I. ii. xi. 293 He..adroitly converts apparent objections into confirmations of his argument.

4. Law. See quots. Also as in 2.

ΚΠ

1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 44 §2 All patentes, confirmacions and grauntes made to any persone..of the same Castelles.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xliii^v A dede of confyrmacyon is good & vaylable where in the same case a dede of reles is not good nor vaylable.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 295 b A Confirmation is a conueyance of an estate or right in esse, whereby a voidable estate is made sure and vnauoidable, or whereby a particular estate is encreased.

1767 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (new ed.) II. 325.

1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 131 Where a lease becomes absolutely void by the death of the lessor..no..act by the person in remainder or reversion will..operate as a confirmation of it.

1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 201 A fine may also operate as a confirmation of a former estate, which was before defeasible.

a. Christian Church. A rite administered to baptized persons in various Christian Churches; formerly called ‘bishoping’.In the Roman and Greek Churches, always reckoned one of the seven sacraments, and in these and in the Church of England held to convey or be the vehicle of special grace which ‘confirms’ or strengthens the recipient for the practice of the Christian faith.Down to the 13th cent. confirmation was administered immediately or soon after baptism (as still in the Greek Church); since that time, it has been usually deferred in the Western Churches till the ‘years of discretion’. In the Church of England and some other Reformed Churches, candidates are required publicly and personally to renew, ratify, and ‘confirm’ their baptismal vows (see confirm v. 2), and are then admitted to the full privileges of the Church.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > sacrament > confirmation > [noun]

bishopingc1175

confirmment1297

confirmation1303

confirminga1400

chrism1597

consigning1642

chrisom-loosing1869

1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 9790 Þe secunde sacrament..Ys grauntede of þe bysshop honde, Men kalle hyt confyrmacyoun.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 159 Þo his propre name was i-chaunged, as it happeþ in confirmacioun of children.

a1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 27 Confirmacione..confermys þe Haly Gaste one man þat es cristenede.

1520 Chron. Eng. iv. f. 33/1 Ordeyned that a chylde sholde have a godfather and a godmother at the tyme of baptysynge, and also one at the confyrmacyon.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Confirmacion f. ix* To thende that confirmacion may be ministred to the more edifying of suche as shall receiue it.

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions ii. xii. 278 Bishopping, whiche the Latines calle Confirmacion, a confirming..or allowyng of that went before: is the seconde Sacramente.

1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 120 The old order of Confirmation by Bishops, which was to be done upon Profession of the Faith.

1803 W. Godwin Life Chaucer I. 54 The rite of confirmation, according to the Roman Catholic discipline, is always subsequent..to the first communion.

1836 J. H. Stewart Mem. W. C. Stewart (ed. 3) iv. 72 The Bishop..had directed them not to present themselves for Confirmation till they were fifteen.

b. name of confirmation n. see quots.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > confirmation name

name of confirmation1628

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 3 a If a man be baptized by the name of Thomas, and after at his confirmation by the bishop he is named John, he may purchase by the name of his confirmation.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 3 a Whose name of baptism was Thomas, and his name of confirmation Francis.

1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) It is usual to take another Christian name at confirmation, which however is not used afterwards in signing the name.

6. Formerly confused with conformation n.

Compounds

confirmation theory n. Logic the theoretical investigation of ways in which the probability of hypotheses can be confirmed, esp. by induction.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > inductivism or elements of

inductivisma1866

confirmation theory1947

1947 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. VIII. 149 (title) On infirmities of confirmation-theory.

1964 Amer. Philos. Q. 1 273/2 Confirmation theory does not provide an inductive logic.

1973 Sci. Amer. May 83/1 Bayes's theorem contributed to confirmation theory a scheme that seems far more adequate to inference in science than the fallacy of affirming the consequent can ever hope to be.

Draft additions June 2019

confirmation bias n. originally Psychology the tendency to seek or favour new information which supports one’s existing theories or beliefs, while avoiding or rejecting that which disrupts them.

ΚΠ

1977 Q. Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 29 85 (title) Confirmation bias in a simulated research environment: an experimental study of scientific inference.

2016 C. O'Neil Weapons Math Destr. x. 187 Voters are likely to accept the information at face value because it confirms their previous beliefs, a phenomenon psychologists call confirmation bias.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	confirmation
释义	confirmationn. /kɒnfəˈmeɪʃən/ Forms: Also Middle English conferm-, Middle English–1500s confyrm-. Etymology: < Old French confirmation (13th cent. in Godefroy), < Latin confirmātiōn-em , noun of action fromconfirmāre to confirm v. (The inherited form of the Latin word in Old French was confermaison.) 1. a. The action of making firm or sure; strengthening, settling, establishing (of institutions, opinions, etc.). ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > easiness > aid, help, or assistance > strengthening or confirmation of immaterial things > [noun] strenghinga1400 strengthc1400 affirmance1442 roboration1473 confirmation1520 corroboration1529 fortification1530 strengthening1535 hardening1544 establishment1561 re-enforcement1577 comforting1605 reinforcement1605 consolidation1611 establishing1846 undergirding1868 entrenchment1877 entrenching1950 1520 Chron. Eng. iv. f. 28/1 For the confyrmacyon of his kyngdome. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. c For the more confyrmacion of the fayth. 1585 Abp. E. Sandys Serm. iv. 74 For the confirmation of our weake faith. 1825 J. Neal Brother Jonathan III. 343 Confirmation of your..belief. 1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxii. 24 For the better confirmation of their title. †b. Physical strengthening. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > strengthening > [noun] establishment1561 corroboration1599 confirmation1646 firmament1650 strengthening1660 tone-up1943 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica ii. iii. 73 [The loadstone] may..afford a confirmation unto parts relaxed. View more context for this quotation 2. a. The action of confirming or ratifying by some additional legal form. confirmation of a charter: see confirm v. 2 Confirmation of the Charters (Confirmatio Chartarum) applied in English History spec. to the confirmation of Magna Charta and the Charter of the Forests by Edward I in 1297. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > ratification or confirmation > [noun] > by some additional legal form confirmation1382 society > law > rule of law > [noun] > validity or legal force > validation or ratification confirming1297 confirmment1297 confirmation1382 corroborating1530 corroboration1549 confirmance1588 vesting1611 affirmance1642 affirmation1645 validatinga1648 homologation1656 validation1656 sanction1658 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Heb. vi. 16 The ende of al her controuersye, or debate, is an ooth to confermacioun. 1473–4 in Acc. Ld. Treas. Scotl. (Jam. Suppl.) I. 2 Ane confirmacione of ane charter to Johne Lord Semple of the landis of Montgrenane. a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. iii. 51. 1647 J. Sprigge Anglia Rediviva iv. ix. 309 That confirmation of all the precedent Articles shall be procured from the Parliament. 1789 A. Young Jrnl. 23 June in Trav. France (1792) i. 119 They then immediately passed a confirmation of their preceding arrets. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (1877) II. 147 The supplementary acts by which the Confirmation of the Charters was affirmed and recognised..especially as the close of the long dispute about the limits and jurisdictions of the Forests. 1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 365. b. The confirming of a person in a dignity, etc., or of a possession, etc., to a person. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > ratification or confirmation > [noun] confirmment1297 confirmationc1330 ratification1420 affirminga1425 interination1489 confirmance1588 rate?1611 endorsement1633 firmation1684 verification1789 seal of approval1833 interinement1883 c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 143 Richard his pallion bi messengere did com, & his confirmacion fro þe courte of Rome. 1632 J. Hayward tr. G. F. Biondi Eromena 89 Obtained of the king the office of Admirall..and got the confirmation thereof. 1690–1700 Order of Hospitalls sig. Bvi After the confirmation of the said election by the Lord Maior. 1886 York Herald 7 Aug. 5/5 Confirmation of the Speaker. c. spec. Christian Church. The formal ratification of the election or other appointment of a bishop. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > ordination > [noun] > as bishop confirmationc1330 c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 209 Þe pape þer of was paied, mad þe Confirmacion. Maister Steuen of Langtone Ersebisshop salle be. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. vii. v. 132 Ðe Byschope Robert..Of þe archebyschape of Yhork had Confirmatyowne. 1826 Chitty Blackstone I. 378 Without which confirmation and investiture the elected bishop could neither be consecrated nor receive any secular profits. 1882 J. H. Blunt Reformation Church of Eng. II. 37 Confirmation is performed under the authority of the Metropolitan, acting for the whole Province or Church. 3. a. The action of confirming, corroborating, or verifying; verification, proof: see confirm v. 7. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > making certain, assurance > [noun] > by validation affirmationc1419 confirmation1419 certificatec1508 confirmance1588 validation1656 ascertainment1657 determinationa1676 firmation1684 ascertaining1685 fact-checking1936 1419 in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. ii. I. 72 To haffe on off ther captaynes into Engelond, ffor to make confirmation of thys matier. 1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. Contin. 1272/1 For the confirmation whereof..thou shalt find an ample discourse in my booke. 1747 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1851) V. 150 In confirmation of what we say we give you this string of Wampum. 1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. xxix. 204 It hardly wants the confirmation of experience. a1774 A. Tucker Light of Nature Pursued (1777) III. ii. 50 I should think, to use the newspaper phrase, the thing merited confirmation. 1831 A. W. Fonblanque Eng. under Seven Admin. (1837) II. 99 The achievements of St. George want confirmation in the particular of the Dragon. b. A confirmatory statement or circumstance; in Rhetoric the confirmatory part of an argument. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > testing > attestation, witness, evidence > [noun] > evidence given, testimony > piece of > serving as corroboration corroboration1542 confirmation1553 confirmance1588 confirmative1589 corroborant1805 the mind > attention and judgement > testing > debate, disputation, argument > putting forward for discussion > [noun] > arguments for or against > argument in favour proc1450 confirmation1553 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 4 b The confirmacion is a declaracion of our awne reasons, with assured and constaunt profes. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iii. iii. 327 Trifles light as ayre, Are to the iealous, confirmations strong As proofes of holy writ. View more context for this quotation 1648 H. Gresby tr. J. L. G. de Balzac Prince 102 [To observe] the parts of Eloquence, and to separate the Exordium from the Narration, and the Confirmation from the Epilogue. 1709 R. Steele & J. Addison Tatler No. 136. ⁋8 This Day came in a Mail from Holland, with a Confirmation of our late Advices. 1876 J. H. Newman Hist. Sketches I. ii. xi. 293 He..adroitly converts apparent objections into confirmations of his argument. 4. Law. See quots. Also as in 2. ΚΠ 1495 Act 11 Hen. VII c. 44 §2 All patentes, confirmacions and grauntes made to any persone..of the same Castelles. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xliii^v A dede of confyrmacyon is good & vaylable where in the same case a dede of reles is not good nor vaylable. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 295 b A Confirmation is a conueyance of an estate or right in esse, whereby a voidable estate is made sure and vnauoidable, or whereby a particular estate is encreased. 1767 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (new ed.) II. 325. 1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. IV. 131 Where a lease becomes absolutely void by the death of the lessor..no..act by the person in remainder or reversion will..operate as a confirmation of it. 1805 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. V. 201 A fine may also operate as a confirmation of a former estate, which was before defeasible. 5. a. Christian Church. A rite administered to baptized persons in various Christian Churches; formerly called ‘bishoping’.In the Roman and Greek Churches, always reckoned one of the seven sacraments, and in these and in the Church of England held to convey or be the vehicle of special grace which ‘confirms’ or strengthens the recipient for the practice of the Christian faith.Down to the 13th cent. confirmation was administered immediately or soon after baptism (as still in the Greek Church); since that time, it has been usually deferred in the Western Churches till the ‘years of discretion’. In the Church of England and some other Reformed Churches, candidates are required publicly and personally to renew, ratify, and ‘confirm’ their baptismal vows (see confirm v. 2), and are then admitted to the full privileges of the Church. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > confirmation > [noun] bishopingc1175 confirmment1297 confirmation1303 confirminga1400 chrism1597 consigning1642 chrisom-loosing1869 1303 R. Mannyng Handlyng Synne 9790 Þe secunde sacrament..Ys grauntede of þe bysshop honde, Men kalle hyt confyrmacyoun. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1876) VI. 159 Þo his propre name was i-chaunged, as it happeþ in confirmacioun of children. a1400 Relig. Pieces fr. Thornton MS. (1867) 27 Confirmacione..confermys þe Haly Gaste one man þat es cristenede. 1520 Chron. Eng. iv. f. 33/1 Ordeyned that a chylde sholde have a godfather and a godmother at the tyme of baptysynge, and also one at the confyrmacyon. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Confirmacion f. ix* To thende that confirmacion may be ministred to the more edifying of suche as shall receiue it. 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions ii. xii. 278 Bishopping, whiche the Latines calle Confirmacion, a confirming..or allowyng of that went before: is the seconde Sacramente. 1651 R. Baxter Plain Script. Proof Infants Church-membership & Baptism 120 The old order of Confirmation by Bishops, which was to be done upon Profession of the Faith. 1803 W. Godwin Life Chaucer I. 54 The rite of confirmation, according to the Roman Catholic discipline, is always subsequent..to the first communion. 1836 J. H. Stewart Mem. W. C. Stewart (ed. 3) iv. 72 The Bishop..had directed them not to present themselves for Confirmation till they were fifteen. b. name of confirmation n. see quots. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > confirmation name name of confirmation1628 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 3 a If a man be baptized by the name of Thomas, and after at his confirmation by the bishop he is named John, he may purchase by the name of his confirmation. 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. 3 a Whose name of baptism was Thomas, and his name of confirmation Francis. 1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) It is usual to take another Christian name at confirmation, which however is not used afterwards in signing the name. 6. Formerly confused with conformation n. Compounds confirmation theory n. Logic the theoretical investigation of ways in which the probability of hypotheses can be confirmed, esp. by induction. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > inductivism or elements of inductivisma1866 confirmation theory1947 1947 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. VIII. 149 (title) On infirmities of confirmation-theory. 1964 Amer. Philos. Q. 1 273/2 Confirmation theory does not provide an inductive logic. 1973 Sci. Amer. May 83/1 Bayes's theorem contributed to confirmation theory a scheme that seems far more adequate to inference in science than the fallacy of affirming the consequent can ever hope to be. Draft additions June 2019 confirmation bias n. originally Psychology the tendency to seek or favour new information which supports one’s existing theories or beliefs, while avoiding or rejecting that which disrupts them. ΚΠ 1977 Q. Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 29 85 (title) Confirmation bias in a simulated research environment: an experimental study of scientific inference. 2016 C. O'Neil Weapons Math Destr. x. 187 Voters are likely to accept the information at face value because it confirms their previous beliefs, a phenomenon psychologists call confirmation bias. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.1303
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