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单词 combustion
释义

combustionn.

/kəmˈbʌstɪən//kəmˈbʌstʃən/
Forms: Also 1500s -yon.
Etymology: < Old French combustion (14th cent. in Littré), < late Latin combūstiōn-em , noun of action < combūrĕre ; see combure v.
1.
a. The action or process of burning; consumption or destruction by fire. (Not common in ordinary unscientific language.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > [noun]
bruneOE
brandOE
burninga1300
ustion1567
exustion1583
combustiona1600
combusture1609
inustion?1630
ustulation1658
a1600 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie vii. vii, in Wks. (1662) 19 The combustion of his Sanctuary..flaming before their eyes.
1609 Bible (Douay) I. Num. xix. 17 They shal take of the ashes of combustion and of sinne.
1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. xxiv The combustion of the Library of Alexandria. View more context for this quotation
1824 S. Smith Amer. in Wks. (1867) II. 44 The faggots which each is preparing for the combustion of the other.
1867 Christian Remembrancer 52 245 The combustion of incense.
b. A conflagration, fire. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [noun] > a kind of fire > destructive
fireeOE
wildfirea1122
burningc1425
embrasement1483
combustion1611
scathefire1632
conflagration1656
empyrosisa1676
firestorm1836
1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 8 Catiline..that sought to bring it [Rome] to a combustion, or Nero..that did indeed set it on fire.
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 47 Subiect it [Constantinople] hath bin to sundry horrible combustions.
1664 G. Etherege Comical Revenge iii. vii. 48 In combustions..To save their pretious Goods from raging fire.
c. spec. The burning of a corpse, cremation.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > cremation > [noun]
combustion?1611
cremation1623
incremation1826
incineration1880
?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxiii. 202 Nor more mourn at his burn'd bones, Than did the great prince to his friend at his combustions.
1658 Sir T. Browne Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall i. 4 Solemn combustion of Meneceus, and Archemorus.
d. spontaneous combustion: the burning of a substance (or mass) from heat generated within itself; see spontaneous adj.
e. combustion of money n. ‘the old way of trying mix'd and base Money by melting it down’ (Kersey).
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > money > coining > [noun] > trial of purity or weight
trial of the pyx1686
combustion of money1695
1695 W. Lowndes Rep. Amendm. Silver Coins 5 A constitution was made, called the Trial by combustion.
1809 T. E. Tomlins Jacob's Law-dict. I. at Combustio pecuniae In the time of King Henry II a constitution was made, called the trial by combustion: the practice of which differed little or nothing from the present method of assaying silver.
2.
a. The ordinary term in scientific use.
As all ordinary combustion consists in the energetic combination of a body with oxygen, with evolution of heat and light, this was alone contemplated in earlier definitions of the term; but since it has been known that similar phenomena attend the combination of other elements, e.g. that of hydrogen and metals with chlorine, bromine, and iodine, combustion has been defined more generally as ‘The development of light and heat accompanying chemical combination’. internal combustion engine, etc.: see internal adj. and n. Compounds.Formerly, oxygen was regarded as essentially the supporter of combustion, the bodies which burned in it being called combustibles. Afterwards the former term was extended to all substances capable of forming vapours in which others can burn, as chlorine, bromine, iodine, sulphur; but since the same substance may sometimes act in both capacities, and since the vapours in question are actually consumed in the process, as truly as the so-called ‘combustible’, the distinction has gradually become obsolete. (Watts, etc.) Cf. comburent adj. and n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > combustion
combustion1477
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > internal-combustion engine > [noun]
combustion1878
multi-engines1933
1477 T. Norton Ordinall of Alchimy v, in E. Ashmole Theatrum Chem. Britannicum (1652) 64 Of such Combustion greate hardnes shall be.
1617 J. Woodall Surgions Mate Termes 340 Combustion is ignition, conuerting bodies by burning them into calx.
1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 171 It has long been ascertained, that combustion will not take place unless it be nourished by air.
1811 R. Hooper Quincy's Lexicon-medicum (new ed.) 220/2 s.v. The supporters of combustion known at present are..six. Oxigen gas, Air, Gaseous oxid of nitrogen, Nitrous gas, Nitric acid, Oxigenated muriatic acid.
1846 W. R. Grove On Correlation Physical Forces 25 Combustion being, in fact, chemical union, attended with heat and light.
1853 W. Gregory Inorg. Chem. (ed. 3) 47 Combustion, or the combination of a combustible with oxygen.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 106 Being neither combustible like the one, nor a supporter of combustion like the other.
b. In the sense of ‘combination of a body with oxygen’, the word has been applied to processes of oxidation unaccompanied by evolution of light, and not popularly considered as ‘burning’, such as take place in the tissues of organisms (internal combustion), in decomposing organic matter, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > oxidation > combustion
combustion1800
1800 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 4 561 Every combination of an acid with other substances, is a process of combustion, which cannot take place without the combination of the oxygen with the combustible element.
1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 80 A kind of slow combustion goes on in the body.
1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 722 The decomposition of the non-nitrogenous reserve material and its combustion into carbon dioxide and water.
1882 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Internal combustion, those processes of oxidation..which effect the maintenance of the animal heat.
c. An operation consisting in the complete burning of a substance in a combustion-tube: used in quantitative analysis.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions or processes (named) > combustion > as used in quantitative analysis
combustion1863
1863 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 227 When the temperature required for a combustion is very high, the tube should be protected.
1885 A. Christison et al. Life Sir R. Christison I. 273 I had successfully finished my first combustion.
3. Pathology (a) A burn; (b) inflammation. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > inflammation > [noun]
heatc1000
fireOE
burning1382
phlegmona1398
disdainc1400
angerc1440
scaldingc1450
brounes1528
inflaming1530
combustion?1541
inflammation1541
incension1598
fieriness1600
angriness1612
exustion1657
phlogosis1666
phlegmasia1706
scald1882
the world > health and disease > ill health > injury > [noun] > burn or scald
scaldinga1398
fire burning?a1425
combustion?1541
burning1542
ambustion1590
burn1594
scald1601
ustion1607
scorch1611
powder burn1864
flash burn1946
?1541 R. Copland Formularie of Helpes of Woundes & Sores in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens sig. Tijv Vnguentum..merueylous to consolydate and drye the conbustyons and woundes of synewes.
1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 332 Take Lintseede..and applye it on the combustion. Some doe onlye annoynte the burne with Linteseede oyle.
1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 334/1 Heerewith annoynte the combustion both eveninge, and morninge.
1599 A. M. tr. O. Gaebelkhover Bk. Physicke 335/1 This draweth out the heate and combustion, and then it cureth.
1621 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy ii. iv. iii. 460 Cauteries or searings with hot yrons, combustions, boarings.
1656 J. Smith Compl. Pract. Physick 68 Combustion of the joynts, will admit of no sharp remedies.
4. Astrology. Obscuration of a planet or star by proximity to the sun. Obsolete. See combust adj. 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the universe > heavenly body > [noun] > state of being visible > eclipse > by sun
combustion1556
oppression1556
1556 R. Record Castle of Knowl. 196 The darkenynge or hidynge of the starre..within 15 degrees of the Sonne..is called of many men Combustion.
1642 J. Howell Instr. Forreine Travell ix. 112 With the naturall situation of Countreyes, a Traveller should observe..the Political position thereof, how some are seated like Mercury amongst the Planets, who for the most part is either in combustion or obscurity.
1647 W. Lilly Christian Astrol. xxvi. 165 Her Dispositor was in his Detriment, and entring Combustion.
1721–97 in N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict.
1743 E. Stone New Math. Dict. (ed. 2) (at cited word) A Planet..not above eight Degrees and Thirty Minutes distant from the Sun..is said then to be combust, or in Combustion.
5. figurative and transferred.
a. with explicit reference to sense 1.
ΚΠ
1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. i. 109 By their pious tears to quench the combustions in the Empire.
1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ ii. xv. 20 This powr'd oyl on the fire..and put all in combustion.
1778 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. (ed. 2) II. vi. 265 Where there were disappointed leaders ripe for revolt..it was not difficult to kindle combustion.
1837 T. Carlyle French Revol. II. iii. i. 147 In spiritual invisible combustion, [mounts up] one authority after another.
b. Violent excitement or commotion, disorder, confusion, tumult, hubbub. (Exceedingly common in 17th and 18th centuries.)
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > commotion, disturbance, or disorder > [noun] > violent
tempestc1315
combustion1589
turbulence1598
turbulency1607
turbulentness1610
simoom1813
tornado1818
1589 T. Cooper Admon. People of Eng. 45 Seeking to set al in combustion with schisme.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Macbeth (1623) ii. iii. 57 Prophecying..Of dyre Combustion, and confus'd Euents. View more context for this quotation
1640–4 in J. Rushworth Hist. Coll.: Third Pt. (1692) I. 477 The House required the five Members to depart..to the end to avoid Combustion in the House.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 225 Armie against Armie numberless to raise Dreadful combustion warring. View more context for this quotation
1754 D. Hume Hist. Great Brit. I. 280 A new discovery..served to throw every thing into still greater flame and combustion.
1821 W. Scott Kenilworth I. xi. 279 The inn-yard was in a sort of combustion.
1838 W. H. Prescott Hist. Reign Ferdinand & Isabella I. i. v. 169 He again prepared to throw his country into combustion.
c. (with a and plural)
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > commotion, disturbance, or disorder > [noun] > violent > instance of
combustion1579
hurricane1639
bluster1656
tear-up1886
1579 G. Fenton tr. F. Guicciardini Hist. Guicciardin xx. 1182 Fearing a greater combustion they came to composition.
1649 J. Milton Εικονοκλαστης Pref. sig. B4 The beginning of these Combustions [civil wars].
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 323 I heard a Combustion among..the Women Servants.
1815 Ld. Byron Let. 12 June (1975) IV. 297 Whitbread wants us to assess the pit another sixpence..which will end in an O.P. combustion.

Compounds

combustion chamber n. (a) a space behind a furnace in which the hot gases from a boiler-grate become consumed; (b) in an internal combustion engine, the space in or above the cylinder where the charge is compressed and ignited; also attributive; (c) (see quot. 1950).
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > air or space travel > a means of conveyance through the air > spacecraft > rocket > [noun] > types of rocket engine > combustion chamber
combustion chamber1854
reaction chamber1909
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > steam engine > [noun] > parts of > chambers or reservoirs
receiver1702
hot well1729
catchwater drain1744
steam-vessel1769
explosion chamber1839
uptake1839
smoke-box1846
combustion chamber1854
receiver1873
tube-case1890
society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > machines which impart power > engine > internal-combustion engine > [noun] > parts of > combustion chamber
combustion chamber1854
combuster1909
combustor1914
1854 R. S. Burn Steam-engine iii. 90 d is the fire-door, ff the combustion-chamber.
1854 Mechanics' Mag. 16 Sept. 271/1 The combustion chamber allows of the mixture of the gaseous products of the two fires.
1888 Lockwood's Dict. Mech. Engin. 80 Combustion chamber, that portion of a boiler flue in which the hot gases are burnt.
1908 Westm. Gaz. 1 Oct. 4/2 Carbon deposits from the piston or combustion-chamber walls.
1937 Discovery Sept. 269/2 The proper construction of combustion chambers.
1950 Sci. News 15 80 The third major item is the combustion chamber, which may include some means of lighting the propellants and certainly some means of injecting them; this chamber is the limiting factor in rocket design at the moment.
combustion-tube n. a tube of hard glass in which a substance may be reduced by combustion.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > general vessels > glass > test-tubes
dildo glassa1627
proof1791
tube1800
test-glass1827
test-tube1846
combustion-tube1861
1861 H. B. Jones & A. W. Hoffman Fownes's Man. Elem. Chem. (ed. 8) 391 The mode of heating the combustion-tube with red-hot charcoal is the original process.
1863 H. Watts Dict. Chem. I. 227 (heading) Combustion-tubes... The best are made of the hard Bohemian glass.
This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1891; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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